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1.
东北亚中生代火山岩可划分为陆内环状火山岩带、纬向火山岩带和陆缘北北东向火山岩带,本文通过对俄罗斯、蒙古、中国东北、日本和朝鲜半岛在内的东北亚中生代火山岩分布图的编制,以及火山岩地球化学对比研究,认为东北亚中生代火山岩是古亚洲洋构造域向太平洋构造域转换时期,深部地幔地球化学过程以及东亚大陆与古太平洋板块相互作用的产物。在晚古生代至早中生代古亚洲构造域的闭合和欧亚大陆形成过程中,古亚洲域冷板块向地幔深部潜入而引发的热地幔柱的上升,是东北亚中生代大地构造演化和岩浆作用的重要控制因素。 相似文献
2.
采用辉钼矿Re-Os测年法, 对西藏高原新发现的冈底斯斑岩铜矿带中3个典型矿床进行了精确测年. 南木铜矿5件辉钼矿给出一条高精度 187Re- 187Os等时线, 年龄为14.67 ± 0.2 Ma; 冲江铜矿6件辉钼矿构成另一条等时线, Re-Os年龄为14.04 ± 0.16 Ma; 拉抗俄铜矿2件辉钼矿给出2个Re-Os模式年龄, 变化于13.5 ~ 13.6 Ma间. 三个斑岩铜矿的13件辉钼矿构成了一条相关系数为0.99719的 187Re- 187Os等时线, 成矿年龄为14.18 ± 0.29 Ma, 证明整个斑岩铜矿带的成矿事件具有时间一致性, 暗示矿床成矿物质拥有源区的统一性. 冈底斯斑岩成矿带岩浆侵位年龄和斑岩成矿年龄的精细测定结果限定, 冈底斯带岩浆-热液系统出现于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山带的碰撞后伸展环境, 东西向强烈伸展, 在14 Ma左右形成一系列横切冈底斯的南北向正断层系统和地堑盆地, 导致长英质岩浆房破裂减压和含矿流体分凝, 进而使斑岩岩浆和成矿流体沿断裂通道浅成侵位和大量排放, 形成大规模的岩浆-热液成矿系统. 该岩浆-热液系统维系时间可能长达3 ~ 10 Ma, 但成矿事件通常瞬时发生, 成矿作用时限不超过1 Ma. 相似文献
3.
华北克拉通在中生代发生强烈的破坏作用,诱发强烈的岩浆、构造、热事件,同时形成金等金属矿床.然而,克拉通破坏如何控制巨量金等金属矿床的形成与分布尚不十分清楚.本文基于已发表大量资料和科技部重点研发专项项目研究成果,系统总结了华北东部中生代岩浆岩岩石组合、年代学、地球化学和岩石成因、金等金属矿床成矿年代学、中生代盆地演化等最新资料,恢复了华北东部中-新生代盆地伸展量和郯庐断裂的左行走滑位移距离,确定了不同地质历史时期古太平洋板块俯冲带的位置,重新构建了华北东部中生代金等金属矿床和岩浆活动的时空分布规律,并发现早中侏罗世期间,岩浆-成矿作用由东向西逐渐迁移,而160～140Ma之后则由西向东迁移,论证了华北东部中生代金等金属成矿与岩浆岩成岩之间的成因关系,岩浆为金属矿床的形成提供了部分物源和成矿流体,阐明克拉通破坏与巨量岩浆-成矿作用的深部动力学机制,提出侏罗纪期间华北受到古太平洋板块向西低角度俯冲,不仅在华北东部(乃至中国东部)形成了类似于南美安第斯型富含斑岩铜矿的大陆岩浆弧,而且俯冲带流体交代地幔楔为早白垩世热液成矿奠定了物质基础.在早白垩世时期,古太平洋板块俯冲角度由低变高,俯冲板块和俯冲带发生后撤,使华北克拉通东部发生强烈破坏,并形成巨量岩浆和金等金属矿床. 相似文献
4.
全球近四分之三的超大型斑岩铜矿形成于太平洋东岸,绝大部分斑岩铜矿形成于中新生代.斑岩铜矿常产于板块俯冲的上盘和陆内造山带.部分斑岩铜矿在形成时间上与板块俯冲作用存在一定的差异,全球绝大部分的斑岩铜矿的形成可能与张性环境有关.成矿斑岩起源于地幔,下地壳或洋壳物质的参与起到了重要作用.在重点对冈底斯和玉龙成矿带含矿斑岩的地球化学特征和构造背景分析的基础上,提出拆沉作用可能是斑岩铜矿形成的重要机制. 相似文献
5.
文章系统分析了德兴斑岩铜矿热液蚀变岩的K-Mg同位素组成,发现蚀变斑岩和围岩的K-Mg同位素组成变化显著,其中δ41K值为-1.02～0.38‰,δ26Mg值为-0.49～0.32‰.除少量蚀变岩具有异常低的K-Mg同位素值外,大多数蚀变岩的K-Mg同位素值都高于相应的上陆壳基线值.这指示了在热液蚀变过程中,蚀变产物尤其是层状硅酸盐矿物优先富集重的K-Mg同位素.德兴斑岩铜矿蚀变岩的K-Mg同位素值与其K-Mg含量以及矿物学特征之间无相关性,可能指示了具有不同物理化学性质或同位素组成的流体作用.基于蚀变岩的K-Mg同位素特征,在德兴斑岩矿床中识别出了至少三种不同的热液流体.研究显示K-Mg同位素可用于示踪复杂热液体系中的不同地质流体. 相似文献
6.
全球近四分之三的超大型斑岩铜矿形成于太平洋东岸,绝大部分斑岩铜矿形成于中新生代。斑岩铜矿常产于板块俯冲的上盘和陆内造山带。部分斑岩铜矿在形成时间上与板块俯冲作用存在一定的差异,全球绝大部分的斑岩铜矿的形成可能与张性环境有关。成矿斑岩起源于地幔,下地壳或洋壳物质的参与起到了重要作用。在重点对冈底斯和玉龙成矿带含矿斑岩的地球化学特征和构造背景分析的基础上,提出拆沉作用可能是斑岩铜矿形成的重要机制。 相似文献
7.
系统总结了东北亚陆缘中生代-古近纪火成岩的岩石组合、地球化学特征及其空间变异,讨论了中生代多构造体系影响的时空范围以及古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲作用的起始时间及其俯冲历史.东北亚陆缘中生代-古近纪火成岩可划分为九期:早-中三叠世、晚三叠世、早侏罗世、中侏罗世、晚侏罗世、早白垩世早期、早白垩世晚期、晚白垩世和古近纪.东北亚陆缘三叠纪埃达克质岩石、双峰式火山岩、碱性岩、A-型花岗岩和A-型流纹岩的形成主要与古亚洲洋闭合及闭合后的伸展作用有关,而额尔古纳-兴安地块上三叠纪钙碱性火成岩组合揭示了蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生.三叠纪期间,东北亚陆缘处于被动陆缘背景;东北亚陆缘早侏罗世钙碱性火成岩具有弧型火成岩的地球化学特征,陆内为双峰式火成岩和A-型花岗岩组合,自陆缘向陆内火成岩成分极性变化与早侏罗世陆缘增生杂岩一起,揭示了古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲作用始于早侏罗世;东北亚陆缘普遍缺少中侏罗世-早白垩世早期(主要为晚侏罗世)岩浆作用,结合早白垩世陆缘增生杂岩低纬度的生物组合与碎屑锆石年龄组合,暗示该阶段东北亚陆缘与古太平洋板块之间主要处于走滑的构造属性;东北亚陆缘广泛分布的早白垩世晚期钙碱性火山岩、I-型花岗岩和埃达克质岩石指示古太平洋板块向东北亚开启大范围低角度俯冲作用;东北亚陆缘晚白垩世-古近纪火成岩分布范围向东明显缩小,并且由陆内向沿海地区迁移,指示欧亚大陆向东漂移和古太平洋俯冲板块逐渐回撤的构造过程. 相似文献
8.
延吉地区晚中生代-新生代火山岩的高精度Ar-Ar年代学研究表明，前人划分为三叠-侏罗系火山岩 (包括三仙岭组、屯田营组、天桥岭组、金沟岭组和火山岩组)的喷发时期为早白垩世 (118-106 Ma)，略晚于中亚造山带东段及邻区的大规模岩浆活动的主体形成时代；而与古太平洋板块 (Izanagi-Farallon 板块)俯冲作用有成因联系的泉水村组adakite岩石的喷发时间为55 Ma左右。根据新的火山岩年代学资料，我们重建了区域晚中生代-新生代的火山-沉积地层格架 相似文献
9.
基于板块运动的主要驱动力(俯冲带大洋板片下沉引起的板片拖拉力)和岩浆产生的三种主要机制(加流体、升温和减压),将陆-陆碰撞过程定义为初始碰撞、正在进行的碰撞和构造转换三个阶段,分别以正常钙碱性安山质岩浆(洋壳脱水释放流体)、向海沟方向迁移的钙碱性岩浆(洋壳脱水释放流体或升温)或小规模壳源过铝质岩浆(壳内剪切热)、板片断离诱导的大规模成分多样性岩浆作用(升温和减压)为特征.在准确限定板片断离时间的基础上,结合汇聚速率、板片断离深度和俯冲角度,就可以反推陆-陆初始碰撞的时间.拉萨地体南部冈底斯岩基岩浆活动的时空迁移规律,及其与林子宗帕那组火山岩记录到的52~51Ma岩浆大爆发和岩浆温度增高的现象,很可能是雅鲁藏布新特提斯大洋板片在约53Ma开始断离的结果,由此限定的印度-亚洲初始碰撞时间为约55~54Ma,接近于各种地质现象限定的印度-亚洲初始碰撞时间(60~55Ma).将这一方法应用于阿拉伯-欧亚大陆碰撞带的土耳其南部Bitlis造山带,获得的阿拉伯-欧洲大陆初始碰撞时间为约29~22Ma,与最近根据磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(约20Ma)和区域构造缩短量(约27Ma)提出的初始碰撞时间接近.南部拉萨地体上白垩统强烈褶皱及其与上覆林子宗火山岩之间的角度不整合事件(90~69Ma),可能是新特提斯扩张脊南侧热且年轻的俯冲洋壳与上覆岩石圈强烈耦合或新特提斯洋底高原或海山俯冲作用的结果,与印度-亚洲大陆的初始碰撞无关.林子宗典中组和年波组之间的角度不整合事件持续了约3Ma,很可能标志了印度-亚洲大陆的初始碰撞.雅鲁藏布新特提斯大洋板片断离引起的俯冲带拖拉力消失可能是导致印度大陆在约51Ma明显减速的主要原因,现今的印度大陆北向漂移的驱动力主要来自榴辉岩化印度大陆下地壳的下沉.印度-亚洲大陆初始碰撞后与雅鲁藏布新特提斯大洋岩石圈回转有关的高角度俯冲、拉萨地体南缘大的地壳厚度和高的海拔以及印度大陆中上地壳与下地壳、下地壳与岩石圈地幔的解耦,可能是造成印度-亚洲碰撞带上盘岩石圈板块在60~40Ma期间发生弱变形的主要原因. 相似文献
10.
广东潮安四望坪铜矿以岩浆期后热液交代充填成矿为特征,在其三位一体（岩浆岩、断裂/层间滑动破碎带、围岩）的控矿组合中,以流纹斑岩、晶屑凝灰岩的层间滑动破碎带为最佳。本文从矿区资料的综合研究入手,深入剖析了岩浆岩、断裂、围岩圈闭条件与矿体规模、富集程度的关系;旨在通过对矿区地质环境与矿床成因的深入分析,建立火山期后热液矿床的断裂控矿模式,为粤东火山岩地区该类矿床的发现提供理论上的启示。 相似文献
11.
This paper deals with the geology and geochemistry of the Gacun and Laochang large-sized marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Sanjiang (Tri-River) area of southwestern China and of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Tianshan area of Xinjiang, and in the East area, China. It is considered that the marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits occur mainly in the second-ordered volcano-sedimentary basins developed in island-arc and rift tectonic environments. The Ag deposits show an obvious zonation, with vein-network mineralization in the lower parts and hot water sedimentary rock-hosted stratified mineralization in the upper parts. From the Earth's surface downwards the ore-forming elements follows the order of As(Au))→Ag, Pb, Zn→Cu. The whole rock Rb-Sr isotopic isochron age of layered orebodies in the Gacun deposit is 204±14 Ma, indicating that the main stage of mineralization is Late Triassic in age. The continental volcanic-subvolcanic (porphyry) rock-type Ag deposits were formed later than the country rocks. The ores exhibit disseminated, veinlet disseminated, network and lumped structures. In addition, this study also deals with the geochemical characteristics of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits and the relations between Ag deposits or silver itself and fluorite, halogen-family elements and manganese. 相似文献
12.
This paper deals with the geology and geochemistry of the Gacun and Laochang large-sized marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Sanjiang (Tri-River) area of southwestern China and of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits in the Tianshan area of Xinjiang, and in the East area, China. It is considered that the marine volcanic rock-type Ag deposits occur mainly in the second-ordered volcano-sedimentary basins developed in island-arc and rift tectonic environments. The Ag deposits show an obvious zonation, with vein-network mineralization in the lower parts and hot water sedimentary rock-hosted stratified mineralization in the upper parts. From the Earth’s surface downwards the ore-forming elements follows the order of As(Au)) →Ag, Pb, Zn→Cu. The whole rock Rb-Sr isotopic isochron age of layered orebodies in the Gacun deposit is 204±14 Ma, indicating that the main stage of mineralization is Late Triassic in age. The continental volcanic-subvolcanic (porphyry) rock-type Ag deposits were formed later than the country rocks. The ores exhibit disseminated, veinlet disseminated, network and lumped structures. In addition, this study also deals with the geochemical characteristics of the continental volcanic-subvolcanic rock-type Ag deposits and the relations between Ag deposits or silver itself and fluorite, halogen-family elements and manganese. 相似文献
13.
The paper briefly describes the characteristics of the Chilean porphyry copper deposits, emphasizing the volcanic characteristics observed in the youngest ore bodies. Mention is made of the polymetallic ore bodies that are associated with rhyolitic porphyries intruding Jurassic sedimentary formations in the north of Chile, and the similarities and differences between the Chilean porphyry coppers and the Bolivian tin-bearing porphyries are pointed out.The models proposed by Sillitoe (1972), Brousse and Oyarzún (1971), and Mitchell and Garson (1972), are discussed and a new model is proposed agreeing with that of Mitchell and Garson for the genesis of the tin-bearing porphyries (the transportation of Sn as volatile halogenide by F liberated in the Benioff zone), but suggesting different generating mechanism for the porphyry coppers and polymetallic deposits related with porphyries. This mechanism, as a part of the global tectonic model, is based on the separation at depth of hydrogen sulphide from pyrite and water introduced with the upper layers of the lithospheric plate. The ascending migration of H 2S to high levels in the crust would be responsible for the porphyry copper mineralization by segregating sulphides of Fe, Cu, Mo and other sulphophile metals contained in the calc-alkaline magmas, brines, or sedimentary-volcanic formations intruded by the porphyries. The excess of H 2S would give rise to the formation of sulphur deposits normally present in the volcanic belt situated along the same line but at a higher level than those of the emplacement of porphyry coppers.The generation of copper and tin-bearing porphyries would be a consequence of the upward migration of volatile substances from different depths in the subduction zone, which explain its different emplacement with regards to the continental margins. 相似文献
14.
It is recognized that there are at least two sorts of significant environments for porphyry copper deposits, i.e. magmatic arcs and collisional orogens[1 4]. The deposits in the former environments are exampled by the circle-Pacific porphyry copper belt, such as An-dean-type deposits, which mainly formed in the period of the Andean tectonic cycle characterized by trans- pressional and transtensional movements along the arc-parallel strike-slip fault zone in the Late Eo-cene-Early Oligocene[5… 相似文献
15.
The aim of this work is to introduce the application of the fuzzy ordered weighted averaging method as a straightforward knowledge‐driven approach to explore porphyry copper deposits in an airborne prospect. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to airborne geophysical (potassium radiometry, magnetometry, and frequency‐domain electromagnetic) data, geological layers (fault and host rock zones), and various extracted alteration layers from remote sensing images. The central Iranian volcanic–sedimentary belt in Kerman province of Iran that is located within the Urumieh–Dokhtar (Sahand–Bazman) magmatic arc is chosen for this study. This region has high potential of mineral occurrences, especially porphyry copper, containing some active world‐class copper mines such as Sarcheshmeh. Two evidential layers, including the downward continued map and the analytic signal of such filtered magnetic data, are generated to be used as geophysical plausible traces of porphyry copper occurrences. The low values of the resistivity layer acquired from airborne frequency‐domain electromagnetic data are also used as an electrical criterion in this study. Four remote sensing evidential layers, including argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and hydroxyl alterations, are extracted from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer images in order to map the altered areas associated with porphyry copper deposits. The Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus images are used to map iron oxide layer. Since potassium alteration is the mainstay of copper alteration, the airborne potassium radiometry data are used. Here, the fuzzy ordered weighted averaging method uses a wide range of decision strategies in order to generate numerous mineral potential/prospectivity maps. The final mineral potential map based upon desired geo‐data set indicates adequately matching of high‐potential zones with previous working mines and copper deposits. 相似文献
16.
About three quarters of superlarge porphyry copper deposits throughout the world occur along the eastern Pacific basin rim, most of which were formed during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Porphyry copper deposits often occur in the upper parts of a subduction zone and in a within-plate orogenic belt. Some porphyry copper deposits are inconsistent with plate subduction with respect to their formation time, and most of them in the world are associated with tensional environment. Metallogenic porphyries originated from the mantle, and the involvement of the lower-crust or oceanic crust materials have played an important role. Based on the geochemical characteristics and tectonic settings of the ore-bearing porphyries in the Gandise and Yulong metallogenic zones, it is proposed that delamination may be the important mechanism of formation of porphyry copper deposits. 相似文献
17.
About three quarters of superlarge porphyry copper deposits throughout the world occur along the eastern Pacific basin rim, most of which were formed during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Porphyry copper deposits often occur in the upper parts of a subduction zone and in a within-plate orogenic belt. Some porphyry copper deposits are inconsistent with plate subduction with respect to their formation time, and most of them in the world are associated with tensional environment. Metallogenic porphyries originated from the mantle, and the involvement of the lower-crust or oceanic crust materials have played an important role. Based on the geochemical characteristics and tectonic settings of the ore-bearing porphyries in the Gandise and Yulong metallogenic zones, it is proposed that delamination may be the important mechanism of formation of porphyry copper deposits. 相似文献
18.
Studies of late Tertiary silicic volcanic centres in the Western and Eastern Cordilleras of the Central Andes show that three volcanic environments are appropriate sites for mineralization: (1) ring-fracture extrusions post-dating large calderas; (2) similar extrusions within ignimbrite shields; and (3) isolated, small silicic volcanoes. Subvolcanic tin mineralization in the Eastern Cordillera is located in silicic stocks and associated breccias of Miocene age. The Cerro Rico stock, Potosi, Bolivia, contains tin and silver mineralization and has an intrusion age apparently millions of years younger than that of the associated Kari Kari caldera. Similar age relationships between mineralization and caldera formation have been described from the San Juan province, Colorado. The vein deposits of Chocaya, southern Bolivia, were emplaced in the lower part of an ignimbrite shield, a type of volcanic edifice as yet unrecognized in comparable areas of silicic volcanism. The El Salvador porphyry copper deposit, Chile, is related to silicic stocks which may have been intruded along a caldera ring fracture. Cerro Bonete, Chile, provides a modern example of the volcanic superstructure which may have overlain isolated mineralized stocks and breccia pipes such as that of Salvadora at Llallagua, Bolivia.Existing models for the genesis of porphyry copper deposits suggest that they formed in granodioritic stocks located in the infrastructure of andesitic stratovolcanoes. Sites of porphyry-type subvolcanic tin mineralization in the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia are distinguished by the absence of such andesitic structures. The surface expression of a typical subvolcanic porphyry tin deposit was probably an extrusive dome of quartz latite porphyry, sometimes related to a larger caldera structure. Evidence from the El Salvador porphyry copper deposit in the Eocene magmatic belt in Chile suggests that it too may be more closely related to a silicic volcanic structure than to an andesitic stratovolcano.The dome of La Soufriere, Guadeloupe is proposed as a modern analog for the surface expression of subvolcanic mineralization processes, the phreatic eruptions there suggesting the formation of hydrothermal breccia bodies in depth. Occurrence of mineralized porphyries, millions of years after caldera formation, does not necessarily indicate that intrusions and mineralization are not genetically related to the sub-caldera pluton, but may be a consequence of the long thermal histories (1–10 million years) of the lowermost parts of large plutons. Caldera formation can only inhibit mineralization by dispersal of ore metals when these are of magmatic origin, and ignimbrites should not be taken as being unlikely to be associated with porphyry mineralization. Whether ore metals are of wall rock or magmatic origin, the key to understanding the relationships between silicic volcanism and mineralization lies in the fractionation of trace elements within large zoned magma chambers during their igneous history, and their subsequent hydrothermal migration. Small, highly mineralized intrusions formed late in a caldera cycle (such as the Cerro Rico) may be due to the introduction of fresh supplies of mafic magma into the lower parts of the main pluton. 相似文献
19.
摘要：梨子坑火山盆地位于北武夷中生代月凤山-梨子坑火山岩带东段,已知铅锌（铜、银）矿体或矿化呈细脉-浸染型、脉状,产于流纹斑岩脉的内外接触带及其外侧围岩中,发育钾化、绿泥石化、硅化、绿帘石化等围岩蚀变。地球化学特征显示流纹斑岩为钙碱性系列,岩石具有高SiO2、富碱、高K2O、高钙铁、低镁、K2O／Na2O值偏高的特点,为强过铝质岩石。w（∑REE）值为76．28×10^-6～222．54×10＆-6（∑LREE／∑HREE）比值较大,为4．08-12．30,属于轻稀土元素富集型。成矿流纹斑岩形成于1372=2．1Ma（SHRIMP锆石U—Pb法）～138．8±1．4Ma（LA-MC—ICPMS锆石U—Pb法）,属早白垩世。铅锌矿属于次火山斑岩脉型铅锌（银铜）成矿系列,划分为次火山斑岩脉型和次火山热液破碎带型两种矿床成因类型。 相似文献
20.
There are six distinct classes of gold deposits, each represented by metallogenic provinces, having 100's to >1000 tonne gold production. The deposit classes are: (1) orogenic gold; (2) Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits; (3) epithermal gold-silver deposits; (4) copper-gold porphyry deposits; (5) iron-oxide copper-gold deposits; and (6) gold-rich volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VMS) to sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. This classification is based on ore and alteration mineral assemblages; ore and alteration metal budgets; ore fluid pressure(s) and compositions; crustal depth or depth ranges of formation; relationship to structures and/or magmatic intrusions at a variety of scales; and relationship to the P-T-t evolution of the host terrane. These classes reflect distinct geodynamic settings. Orogenic gold deposits are generated at mid-crustal (4–16 km) levels proximal to terrane boundaries, in transpressional subduction-accretion complexes of Cordilleran style orogenic belts; other orogenic gold provinces form inboard, by delamination of mantle lithosphere, or plume impingement. Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits develop at shallow crustal levels (<4 km) in extensional convergent margin continental arcs or back arcs; some provinces may involve asthenosphere plume impingement on the base of the lithosphere. Epithermal gold and copper-gold porphyry deposits are sited at shallow crustal levels in continental margin or intraoceanic arcs. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits form at mid to shallow crustal levels; they are associated with extensional intracratonic anorogenic magmatism. Proterozoic examples are sited at the transition from thick refractory Archean mantle lithosphere to thinner Proterozoic mantle lithosphere. Gold-rich VMS deposits are hydrothermal accumulations on or near the seafloor in continental or intraoceanic back arcs. The compressional tectonics of orogenic gold deposits is generated by terrane accretion; high heat flow stems from crustal thickening, delamination of overthickened mantle lithosphere inducing advection of hot asthenosphere, or asthenosphere plume impingement. Ore fluids advect at lithostatic pressures. The extensional settings of Carlin, epithermal, and copper-gold porphyry deposits result from slab rollback driven by negative buoyancy of the subducting plate, and associated induced convection in asthenosphere below the over-riding lithospheric plate. Extension thins the lithosphere, advecting asthenosphere heat, promotes advection of mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas to shallow crustal levels, and enhances hydraulic conductivity. Siting of some copper-gold porphyry deposits is controlled by arc parallel or orthogonal structures that in turn reflect deflections or windows in the slab. Ore fluids in Carlin and epithermal deposits were at near hydrostatic pressures, with unconstrained magmatic fluid input, whereas ore fluids generating porphyry copper-gold deposits were initially magmatic and lithostatic, evolving to hydrostatic pressures. Fertilization of previously depleted sub-arc mantle lithosphere by fluids or melts from the subducting plate, or incompatible element enriched asthenosphere plumes, is likely a factor in generation of these gold deposits. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits involve prior fertilization of Archean mantle lithosphere by incompatible element enriched asthenospheric plume liquids, and subsequent intracontinental anorogenic magmatism driven by decompressional extension from far-field plate forces. Halogen rich mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas likely are the causative intrusions for the deposits, with a deep crustal proximal to shallow crustal distal association. Gold-rich VMS deposits develop in extensional geodynamic settings, where thinned lithosphere extension drives high heat flow and enhanced hydraulic conductivity, as for epithermal deposits. Ore fluids induced hydrostatic convection of modified seawater, with unconstrained magmatic input. Some gold-rich VMS deposits with an epithermal metal budget may be submarine counterparts of terrestrial epithermal gold deposits. Real time analogs for all of these gold deposit classes are known in the geodynamic settings described, excepting iron oxide copper-gold deposits. 相似文献
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