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1.
Shear properties provide important information about the lithology, fluid content and stability of sediments but are difficult to measure using conventional seismics in the marine environment. Seafloor compliance measurements are sensitive to subsurface shear properties but have only been used in the Pacific Ocean and on shallow coastal shelves, where the source wave energy is known to be strong. We show here that seafloor compliance measurements can provide useful information about shear properties of marine sediments in less energetic settings and under high noise conditions caused by strong seafloor currents. We measured compliance at three sites in the Faroes‐Shetland sedimentary basin north of the Atlantic ocean. The sites have 1000 times higher noise levels than quiet seafloor sites and the source wave power is highly variable, but the data still reveal significant differences in sediment properties between two sites down to 2 kilometres beneath the seafloor. The first site, at the northern end of the basin, has an average shear velocity of 400 m/s in the upper 0.6 kilometres beneath the seafloor, increasing to approximately 2100 m/s at 2 kilometres beneath the seafloor. The second site, further south and to the west of the basin axis, has an average shear velocity of 150 m/s in the upper 0.6 kilometres beneath the seafloor, increasing to 1400 m/s at 2 kilometres beneath the seafloor. The sediments are probably unconsolidated in the upper 0.6 kilometres beneath the seafloor at both sites, with a mean grain size of 1 μm at the southern site and 20 μm at the northern site. The southern site has higher porosity at all depths and a higher risk of borehole collapse during drilling. 相似文献
2.
We investigated the development of a distinct later phase observed at stations near the Japan Trench associated with shallow, outer-rise earthquakes off the coast of Sanriku, northern Japan based on the analysis of three-component broadband seismograms and FDM simulations of seismic wave propagation using a heterogeneous structural model of the Japan Trench subduction zone. Snapshots of seismic wave propagation obtained through these simulations clearly demonstrate the complicated seismic wavefield constructed by a coupling of the ocean acoustic waves and the Rayleigh waves propagating within seawater and below the sea bottom by multiple reflections associated with shallow subduction zone earthquakes. We demonstrated that the conversion to the Rayleigh wave from the coupled ocean acoustic waves and the Rayleigh wave as they propagate upward along the slope of seafloor near the coast is the primary cause of the arrival of the distinct later phase at the station near the coast. Through a sequence of simulations using different structural models of the Japan Trench subduction zone, we determined that the thick layer of seawater along the trench and the suddenly rising sea bottom onshore of the Japanese island are the major causes of the distinct later phase. The results of the present study indicate that for realistic modeling of seismic wave propagation from the subduction zone earthquakes, a high-resolution bathymetry model is very crucial, although most current simulations do not include a water column in their simulation models. 相似文献
3.
通过对南海北部与西部大量反射地震剖面海水层部分进行再处理,与以往地震海洋学主要关注海水层内部的反射结构不同,本文重点对海底附近水体的各种复杂反射地震特征进行分类、分析与总结.与传统对海底边界层的定义不同,我们将海底边界附近的水体称之为海底边界层.本文利用传统地震相分析方法,分析海底边界层各种复杂反射地震结构的几何形态、内部反射结构、连续性、振幅以及视频率特征,结合过去相关的地震海洋学研究成果、海底边界层理论与其它各种海底附近作用/过程,不仅对中尺度涡旋、内孤立波和背风波在地震剖面上的反射地震特征进行了归类与分析,并推断最新发现的一些反射地震特征可能揭示的各种海洋作用/过程,例如不同的地震相特征可能反映了海底湍流边界层,海底沉积物再悬浮,天然气渗漏羽状流和麻坑内部异常上升流相关海底界面作用过程.结果分析表明,地震海洋学方法不仅能够对海洋内波、涡旋等物理海洋现象进行研究,同时也能够对海底附近各种复杂海洋作用/过程进行成像,从而拓展了地震海洋学的研究领域,一定程度上也能为过去不能有效对海底边界面发生的各种冷泉热液活动、生物和沉积等作用过程进行现场观测提供新的探测方法和研究视角. 相似文献
4.
The surface wave tomography from ambient seismic noise recorded at stations in Western Europe (WE) and on the East European Platform (EEP) revealed the structure of the crust and upper mantle in the transitional zone from the Precambrian platform to the younger geological units in Western Europe. The Tornquist-Teisseyre Line separating these structures is clearly traced as a transition zone from the high velocities beneath EEP to the low velocities beneath WE in the crust and upper mantle, which extends to a depth of 150?C170 km. Below 200 km the relationship between the velocities beneath EEP and WE becomes the opposite. A similar relationship between the velocities in the upper mantle down to a depth of 300 km is observed on the southern boundary, where EEP borders on the northern segment of the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt. 相似文献
5.
A two dimensional velocity model of the upper mantle has been compiled from a long-range seismic profile crossing the West Siberian young plate and the old Siberian platform. It revealed considerable horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the mantle. A sharp seismic boundary at a depth of 400 km outlines the high-velocity gradient transition zone, its base lying at a depth of 650 km. Several layers with different velocities, velocity gradients and wave attenuation are distinguished in the upper mantle. They likewise differ in their inner structure. For instance, the uppermost 50–70 km of the mantle are divided into blocks with velocities from 7.9–8.1 to 8.4–8.6 km s?1.Comparison of the travel-time curves for the Siberian long-range profile with those compiled from seismological data for Europe distinguished large-scale upper mantle inhomogeneities of the Eurasian continent and allowed for the correlation of tectonic features and geophysical fields. The velocity heterogeneity of the uppermost 50–100 km of the mantle correlates with the platform age and heat flow, i.e., the young plates of Western Europe and Western Siberia have slightly lower velocities and higher heat flows than the ancient East European and Siberian platforms. At greater depths (150–250 km) the upper mantle velocities increase from the ocean to the inner parts of the continent. The structure of the transition zone differs significantly beneath Western Europe and the other parts of Eurasia. The sharp boundary at a depth of 400 km, traced throughout the whole continent as the boundary reflecting intensive waves, transforms beneath Western Europe into a gradient zone. This transition zone feature correlates with positions of the North Atlantic-west Europe geoid and heat-flow anomalies. 相似文献
6.
H.M. Bibby T.G. Caldwell F.J. Davey T.H. Webb 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1995,68(1-3)
The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) of New Zealand is characterised by extensive volcanism and by high rates of magma production. Associated with this volcanism are numerous high-temperature (> 250 °C) geothermal systems through which the natural heat output of 4200 ± 500 MW is channelled. Outside the geothermal fields the heat flow is negligible. The average heat flux from the central 6000 km2 of the TVZ, which contains most of the geothermal fields, is 700 mW/m3. This heat flux appears to be more concentrated along the eastern margin of the TVZ.Schlumberger resistivity measurements (AB/2 of 500 m and 1000 m) have identified 17 distinct geothermal fields with natural heat outputs greater than 20 MW. An additional six, low-heat-output geothermal fields also occur, and may represent formerly more active systems now in decline. Two extinct fields have also been identified. The average spacing between fields is 10–15 km. The distribution of geothermal fields does not appear to be directly associated with individual volcanic features except for the geothermal system that occurs within Lake Taupo and which occupies the vent of the 1800 yr.B.P. Taupo eruption. The positions of the geothermal fields do not appear to have varied for at least the last 200,000 years. These data are consistent with a model of large-scale convection occurring throughout the TVZ, in which the geothermal fields represent the upper portion of the rising, high-temperature, convective plumes. The majority of the recharge to the convection system is provided by the downward movement of cold meteoric water between the fields which suppresses the heat flow in these regions.Gravity measurements indicate that to a depth of about 2.5 km the upper layers of the TVZ consist of low-density pyroclastic infill. A seismic refraction interface with velocity change from 3.2 km/s to 5.5 km/s occurs at a similar depth. The cross-sectional area of the convection plumes (identified electrically) appears to increase at depths of 1–2 km, consistent with a decrease in permeability at the depth at which the velocity and density increase.The seismicity is dominated by swarm activity which accounts for about half of all earthquakes and is highly variable in both space and time. The small number of seismic events (and swarms) that have well determined depths show a cut off of seismicity at depths of 7–9 km. The depth of the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour of the rocks is identified with the transition from a regime where heat is transported by (hydrothermal) convection and pore pressures are near-hydrostatic to a regime where heat transport is dominantly conductive and pore pressures are lithostatic. Within the convective region, temperatures are moderated by the circulation of water so that the depth of the transition from convective to conductive heat transfer can be linked to the bottom of the seismogenic zone. Rocks must become ductile within about 1 km of the bottom of the overlying convective zone.Seismic refraction studies suggest that the crust beneath the TVZ is highly thinned with a seismic velocity of about 7.5 km/ s, typical of the upper mantle, occurring at depth of 15 km. Seismological studies indicate the upper mantle is highly attenuating beneath the TVZ. Conductive heat transfer between the bottom of the convective system, at about 8 km, and the base of the material with crustal velocities, at 15 km, is not able to provide all the heat that is discharged at the surface. Repeated intrusion from the mantle may provide the additional heat transport required. 相似文献
7.
8.
应用层析成像技术研究华北地壳速度结构 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用华北地区１６９个地震台站记录的１９８４￣１９９５年的１６９６个地震的Ｐ波到时资料,重建了华北地区地壳三维速度图像,不同深度的速度图像表明：地壳中地震波速度的横向不均匀性显著,上地壳的速度分布与地有已知构造特征相联系;太行山山前断裂带是切割到地壳底部的深断裂带,２５ｋｍ深度普遍存在速度间断面;地壳底部起伏明显;强震孕育发生与其周围介质的不均匀性和土地幔的隆起或凹陷密切相关。 相似文献
9.
S. T. Balesta A. I. Farberov V. S. Smirnov A. A. Tarakanovsky M. I. Zubin 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1977,40(4):260-266
Crustal structure in a number of Kamchatka volcanic regions is deduced from geophysical data. Anomalous structure and physical properties of the crust are found beneath some volcanic groups. Beneath the Klyuchevskaya and Avachinskaya volcanic groups crustal layers have high elastic properties. There is a thick transition layer from the crust to the upper mantle which has lower clastic properties and electrical resistance. These data, supported by experimental investigations of elastic properties of xenoliths in volcanic rocks at high pressures and temperatures, enable the probable substance composition of the crustal layers to be defined. The feeding zones and magma chambers of individual volcanoes are deduced from anomalies in gravity, electrical conductivity and seismic wave propagation. 相似文献
10.
归纳总结了在南极开展地震学研究中的各种主要方法及其研究成果,较全面地介绍了南极地震学研究的现状与进展．首先对南极地震活动性作了简单的介绍,然后分别介绍了利用面波和体波研究地壳上地幔结构的主要成果,最后从地震各向异性的角度归纳介绍了南极大陆部分区域面波方位各向异性及剪切波分裂研究的主要成果．研究表明,南极大陆地震活动性较低、地震强度较小,仅在横贯南极山脉区域、维多利亚地、阿黛利地、威尔克斯地等有较明显的地震活动; 横贯南极山脉将南极大陆分为东南极和西南极两个不同的地质构造区域,东南极地壳和上地幔地震波速度偏高,西南极则偏低;上地幔各向异性较为明显并普遍存在,且西南极各向异性强度稍高于东南极克拉通． 相似文献
11.
可控源海洋电磁勘探(MCSEM)中空气波对海底电磁响应的影响已为业界所熟知,且已提出了多种压制方法.然而,由于空气波与海水层中其它信号相互作用的复杂性,至今其作用机理及对有效信号的影响方式尚未完全清楚,这也阻碍了浅水域MCSEM油气勘探的应用.本文在前人研究的基础上, 基于一维层状介质的电磁位和电磁场分析,采用电磁场的模式分解理论导出了空气、海水层和海底地层之间的相互作用关系.分析了MCSEM电磁响应的影响因素和空气波的作用机理.以无限水深假想模型、三层介质模型和四层介质模型为基础,导出了水平电偶极子(HED)的横电(TE)和横磁(TM)模式的电磁场关系,分析显示了前人提出的上下行波分离进行空气波压制所存在的缺陷.通过理论和数值模拟知道, 利用横电(TE)和横磁(TM)模式受空气相互作用影响的差异和电磁场水平分量与垂直分量受空气层相互作用影响程度的不同可减弱空气波对有效信号的影响,这将有助于实现浅水域海洋电磁勘探数据的有效利用. 相似文献
12.
海底天然气渗漏是在海洋环境中广泛分布的自然现象.海底天然气渗漏可以指示沉积层中的烃类聚集带,渗漏出的大量气体（主要是甲烷）可能影响全球的气候变化,此外,与海底渗漏相关的浅层气改变了海底沉积物的土工性质,可能对海底工程构成威胁.因此海底渗漏研究意义重大.海底天然气渗漏不仅影响海底沉积物的物理性质,而且还极大地改变海底地形地貌,它能在海底形成麻坑、泥火山、冷泉碳酸盐岩以及化学自养生物群落等现象.在海底渗漏发生的地方,地形地貌特征可以在海洋测深和逆向散射数据上得到反映;沉积物的声学特征可以在地震剖面上得到反映,如形成声混浊、声空白、亮点、多次波、速度下拉等;有些渗漏在海面形成油渍膜,油渍膜可以在合成孔径雷达图像上得到反映.根据海底渗漏的上述地球物理特征,可以识别出可能渗漏区域,海底渗漏的证实需要用到海底观测和取样分析资料. 相似文献
13.
Three dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China from ambient noise surface wave tomography 
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下载免费PDF全文 Xinlei Sun Xiaodong Song Sihua Zheng Yingjie Yang Michael H. Ritzwoller 《地震科学（英文版）》2010,23(5):449-463
We determine the three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in China using Green's functions obtained from seismic ambient noise cross-correlation.The data we use are from the China National Seismic Network,global and regional networks and PASSCAL stations in the region.We first acquire cross-correlation seismograms between all possible station pairs.We then measure the Rayleigh wave group and phase dispersion curves using a frequency-time analysis method from 8 s to 60 s.After that,Rayleigh wave group and phase velocity dispersion maps on 1° by 1° spatial grids are obtained at different periods.Finally,we invert these maps for the 3-D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath China at each grid node.The inversion results show large-scale structures that correlate well with surface geology.Near the surface,velocities in major basins are anomalously slow,consistent with the thick sediments.East-west contrasts are striking in Moho depth.There is also a fast mid-to-lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the major basins surrounding the Tibetan plateau (TP) and Tianshan (Junggar,Tarim,Ordos,and Sichuan).These strong blocks,therefore,appear to play an important role in confining the deformation of the TP and constraining its geometry to form its current triangular shape.In northwest TP in Qiangtang,slow anomalies extend from the crust to the mantle lithosphere.Meanwhile,widespread,a prominent low-velocity zone is observed in the middle crust beneath most of the central,eastern and southeastern Tibetan plateau,consistent with a weak (and perhaps mobile) middle crust. 相似文献
14.
Crustal structure beneath Liaoning province and the Bohai Sea and its adjacent region in China based on ambient noise tomography 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The velocity structure of the crust beneath Liaoning province and the Bohai sea in China was imaged using ambient seismic noise recorded by 73 regional broadband stations. All available three-component time series from the 12-month span between January and December 2013 were cross-correlated to yield empirical Green's functions for Rayleigh and Love waves. Phasevelocity dispersion curves for the Rayleigh waves and the Love waves were measured by applying the frequencytime analysis method. Dispersion measurements of the Rayleigh wave and the Love wave were then utilized to construct 2D phase-velocity maps for the Rayleigh wave at8–35 s periods and the Love wave at 9–32 s periods,respectively. Both Rayleigh and Love phase-velocity maps show significant lateral variations that are correlated well with known geological features and tectonics units in the study region. Next, phase dispersion curves of the Rayleigh wave and the Love wave extracted from each cell of the 2D Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase-velocity maps,respectively, were inverted simultaneously to determine the3 D shear wave velocity structures. The horizontal shear wave velocity images clearly and intuitively exhibit that the earthquake swarms in the Haicheng region and theTangshan region are mainly clustered in the transition zone between the low-and high-velocity zones in the upper crust, coinciding with fault zones, and their distribution is very closely associated with these faults. The vertical shear wave velocity image reveals that the lower crust downward to the uppermost mantle is featured by distinctly high velocities, with even a high-velocity thinner layer existing at the bottom of the lower crust near Moho in central and northern the Bohai sea along the Tanlu fault, and these phenomena could be caused by the intrusion of mantle material, indicating the Tanlu fault could be just as the uprising channel of deep materials. 相似文献
15.
The paleogeotherm derived from spinel and garnet lherzolites xenoliths for the upper mantle beneath Zhejiang Province, China
is higher than the oceanic geotherm but is similar to the geotherm for the upper mantle beneath eastern China constructed
by Xu et al. and the upper mantle geotherm of southeastern Australia. The crust-mantle boundary defined by this geotherm is
about 34 km, while the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is about 75 km. This result coincides well with geophysical data.
The study of rheological features of the xenoliths has revealed that at least two periods of deformation events occurred in
the upper mantle beneath this region. The first event might be related to upper mantle diapir occurring in this region before
or during late Tertiary, and the second might be related to the occurrence of small-scale shear zones in the upper mantle.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49472105). 相似文献
16.
利用地热学、流变学和重力学方法，计算了南海岩石层温度结构、流变特征及地幔对流格局.南海莫霍面温度在600-1000℃之间.岩石层底界面温度在1150-1300℃之间，有效粘滞系数为1020-1021Pa·s，与冰期回弹资料确定的地幔粘度吻合，表明南海深部具备产生地幔热对流的物理条件.研究认为地幔物质由北西向南东方向的运移以及印澳-欧亚板块的碰撞，导致南海北部大陆边缘向洋扩张、离散和断裂解体.在向洋离散过程中，陆-洋岩石层底部地幔局部对流使中央海盆扩张和北部陆缘发生差异性块断运动. 相似文献
17.
本文通过地震层析成像研究获得了华北克拉通及其东邻地区（30°N-50°N,95°E -145°E）1°×1°的P波速度扰动图像.结果显示,在西太平洋俯冲带地区,上地幔中西倾的板片状高速异常体与其上方的低速异常区构成俯冲带与上覆地幔楔的典型速度结构式样.俯冲板片高速体在约300~400 km深度范围内被低速物质充填,暗示俯冲板片可能发生了断离.在华北克拉通地区的上地幔中发现三个东倾排列的高速异常带.在此基础上,本文构建了华北克拉通及其东邻西太平洋活动大陆边缘地区的上地幔速度结构模式图,并据此探讨克拉通岩石圈减薄与西太平洋活动大陆边缘的深部动力学联系.本文认为,太平洋板片的俯冲（断离）,触发热地幔物质上涌并在上覆地幔楔中形成对流,使克拉通岩石圈受到改造（底侵与弱化）.随着俯冲板片后撤,地幔楔中的对流场以及对岩石圈改造的影响范围均随之东移,最终导致华北克拉通岩石圈自下而上、从西向东分三个阶段依次拆沉减薄.这一模式能很好地解释现今克拉通岩石圈自西向东呈台阶状减薄的深部现象. 相似文献
18.
印度板块向欧亚俯冲前缘位于班公—怒江缝合带附近,但是印度岩石圈地幔的俯冲形态和形变过程仍然缺乏共识,在不同地区使用不同方法获得的结果之间存在明显差异.本文使用青藏高原中部INDEPTH-Ⅲ剖面远震S波波形数据,提取走时信息,通过层析成像方法获得剖面下方S波速度扰动图像.结果显示:在班公—怒江缝合带下方100至300km深度范围内存在一个高角度(约65°)北倾的S波高速体,推测可能是回退的印度岩石圈板片或/和小规模对流引起的岩石圈拆沉后残留的印度大陆岩石圈板片. 相似文献
19.
P wave velocity structure of upper and middle crust beneath the Three Gorges reservoir dam and adjacent regions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The three-dimensional P wave velocity structures of upper and middle crust beneath the Three Gorges reservoir dam and adjacent
regions were reconstructed by means of the seismic tomography, using the absolute P-arrivals from the events observed by the
Three Gorges seismic network. Our preliminary study of the deep structure shows: (1) the lithology of the Huangling anticline,
integral and highly solidified, exhibits a uniformity. Down to a depth of 20 km, the Huangling anticline still shows high-velocity
anomalies. Note that the characteristics of the velocity images with the different depths are not the same; (2) the depth
of the sedimentary rocks beneath the entire Zigui basin is not constant, which is less than 6 km; (3) the top boundary of
the crystalline basement varies from 0 to 7 km, whereas the bottom one between 14 and 16 km; (4) the partially molten substances
of the upper mantle are located in the Badong-Zigui and its adjacent regions as well as nearby Peishi area. The development
and evolution of the current tectonics are associated with the cooling and solidifying process of the molten substances within
the upper mantle; (5) the different velocity structures of the deep crust in both east and west side of the Jiuwanxi fault
are to be investigated in order to understand the origin of gravitational gradient zone in the Three Gorge areas; and (6)
the velocities within the upper crust would be affected by reservoir water permeability.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40574039), National Key Technology R& D Program (Grant
No. 2008BAC38B02) 相似文献
20.
收集了中国东北地区159个固定地震台2011年1月至2012年6月和27个流动地震台2011年1月至2011年6月间的垂向连续记录,根据噪声成像方法得到研究区（105°E-135°E, 39°N-52°N）较短周期（8~30 s）的瑞雷波群速度和相速度频散资料,再结合该区已有的天然地震长周期瑞雷波（36~145 s）的群速度频散资料,我们反演得到了中国东北地区200 km以浅深度范围内的三维壳幔S波速度结构,并得到了该区的岩石圈厚度分布图.结果表明：研究区中、下地壳S波速度结构的横向分布,在重力梯度带两侧有很大的不同,以东地区显示为大范围的高速,以西地区则呈现为大面积的低速;松辽盆地下方岩石圈地幔表现为显著的高速,岩石圈地幔底界面深度可能在90~100 km,薄的岩石圈盖层暗示东北地区的岩石圈可能发生了减薄;郯庐大断裂下方呈现出大范围的比较显著的低速特征,断裂下方上地幔顶部可能有热物质活动. 相似文献