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1.
Peter Mouginis-Mark 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(4):397-431
The volcano Olympus Mons is probably the best known extraterrestrial volcano. In the past decade, an unprecedented selection of high-resolution images with a spatial resolution of up to 25?cm/pixel has been collected, and these images now allow detailed morphologic analysis of the entire volcano. The summit comprises a nested caldera with six overlapping collapse pits. There are numerous wrinkle ridges and graben on the caldera floor, and topographic data indicate that the location of these features is controlled by subsidence of the central portion of the floor. Examination of the caldera walls reveals numerous layers interpreted to be lava flows. No clear evidence for eruption sites on the flanks of the volcano exist; rather, many previously identified sources of lava appear to be break-outs from flows up-slope which are controlled by local breaks in slope. The vents for these eruptions were most likely within the summit caldera but have been removed by the set of six large collapse events that have produced the 60?×?80?km diameter caldera, which are collectively called the “Olympus Paterae”. The origin of the basal escarpment surrounding the volcano remains enigmatic, but it is probably related to the origin of the surrounding lobate materials collectively called the Olympus Mons aureole. In places, this escarpment is >5?km high, but the elevation of the back-wall varies from ～1?km to ～8?km relative to the Mars datum. Inspection of kilometer-scale blocks within the aureole indicates that this material is not composed of lava flows, suggesting that the base of Olympus Mons consists of fragmented material comparable to the hyaloclastite material forming the base of Hawaiian volcanoes. Numerous additional features on Olympus Mons are discussed, including two large impact craters near the summit of the volcano, glacial deposits on the lower western flanks, channels and small shields around the base of the volcano, and ridges north of the escarpment which may have formed via the emplacement of dikes into ice-rich materials. Comparison with other Martian volcanoes may also help the analysis of Olympus Mons; the morphology of the basal escarpment of Apollinaris Patera suggests that erosion by wind or water may be restricted to the lowest elevations on Mars. If the basal materials of Olympus Mons are unconsolidated, then Olympus Mons may have been similar to Alba Mons or Tyrrhena Mons during the early phases of volcano growth. Certain basaltic volcanoes on Earth may serve as good analogs for features seen on Olympus Mons; the summit of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, displays similar features to Olympus Patera at the summit caldera of Olympus Mons. 相似文献
2.
内蒙锡林浩特鸽子山火山地质研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
鸽子山火山位于内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市东南,处于大兴安岭-大同新生代火山喷发带中段,是锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群中保存最为完好的一座玄武质火山。火山喷发物的分布面积约55km2,主要为降落火山渣、溅落熔结火山碎屑岩和熔岩流,成分主要为碧玄岩,晚期有少量的橄榄拉斑玄武岩,碧玄岩中含有较多二辉橄榄岩包体和辉石及歪长石巨晶。火山由锥体、熔岩流和火山碎屑席组成,锥体由早期的降落锥和晚期溅落锥复合而成。火山口经历多次塌陷而成为破火口。锥体西侧及北东侧出露两个仍保留了原始形态的熔岩溢出口,熔岩流类型为结壳熔岩,由多个岩流单元组成,局部地区的熔岩流中发育较多保存完好的喷气锥、喷气碟或喷气塔。火山碎屑席主要分布在锥体的东侧,厚度由锥体向外逐渐减薄。火山活动可分为早、晚两个阶段,早期为爆破式喷发,形成火山渣锥和碎屑席,属亚布里尼型喷发,晚期主要为溢流式喷发,形成溅落锥和大规模熔岩流,其活动时代为晚更新世末-全新世。 相似文献
3.
Rainfall-induced debris flows involving ash-fall pyroclastic deposits that cover steep mountain slopes surrounding the Somma-Vesuvius volcano are natural events and a source of risk for urban settlements located at footslopes in the area. This paper describes experimental methods and modelling results of shallow landslides that occurred on 5–6 May 1998 in selected areas of the Sarno Mountain Range. Stratigraphical surveys carried out in initiation areas show that ash-fall pyroclastic deposits are discontinuously distributed along slopes, with total thicknesses that vary from a maximum value on slopes inclined less than 30° to near zero thickness on slopes inclined greater than 50°. This distribution of cover thickness influences the stratigraphical setting and leads to downward thinning and the pinching out of pyroclastic horizons. Three engineering geological settings were identified, in which most of the initial landslides that triggered debris flows occurred in May 1998 can be classified as (1) knickpoints, characterised by a downward progressive thinning of the pyroclastic mantle; (2) rocky scarps that abruptly interrupt the pyroclastic mantle; and (3) road cuts in the pyroclastic mantle that occur in a critical range of slope angle. Detailed topographic and stratigraphical surveys coupled with field and laboratory tests were conducted to define geometric, hydraulic and mechanical features of pyroclastic soil horizons in the source areas and to carry out hydrological numerical modelling of hillslopes under different rainfall conditions. The slope stability for three representative cases was calculated considering the real sliding surface of the initial landslides and the pore pressures during the infiltration process. The hydrological modelling of hillslopes demonstrated localised increase of pore pressure, up to saturation, where pyroclastic horizons with higher hydraulic conductivity pinch out and the thickness of pyroclastic mantle reduces or is interrupted. These results lead to the identification of a comprehensive hydrogeomorphological model of susceptibility to initial landslides that links morphological, stratigraphical and hydrological conditions. The calculation of intensities and durations of rainfall necessary for slope instability allowed the identification of deterministic hydrological thresholds that account for uncertainty in properties and observed rainfall intensities. 相似文献
4.
松辽盆地改造残留的古火山机构与现代火山机构的类比分析 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
现代火山机构形态有盾状、锥状和穹状,可按喷发样式进一步划分为7种类型。据此分类,在松辽盆地周缘剖面及其北部徐家围子断陷区可识别出4类火山机构：盾状火山机构,由喷溢相熔岩组成,可夹有薄层爆发相火山碎屑岩;层火山机构,由互层的熔岩与火山碎屑岩组成,喷溢相与爆发相交替的序列明显;火山碎屑锥,几乎全部由火山碎屑（熔）岩组成,爆发相为主;熔岩穹丘由高粘度的流纹质、英安质熔岩堵塞火山口后缓慢挤出形成,喷溢相和侵出相发育,兼有火山通道相。盆地内埋藏火山机构最小坡度为3°,最大坡度为25°,底部直径为2～14 km,分布面积为4～50 km2,火山岩厚度为100～600 m;总体上呈现出数目多、个体规模小、受区域大断裂控制、具裂隙式-多中心喷发、彼此相互叠置的特征。火山岩岩性和岩相是控制松辽盆地古火山机构类型及形态的主要因素。 相似文献
5.
张锦泉 《沉积与特提斯地质》1988,8(2):32-41
横切碳酸盐台地可以出现不同的沉积环境和相,其中台地边缘、斜坡或盆地边缘的沉积环境复杂,相的类型多,变化大,而且它们是重要的油气储集岩层和层控矿床的重要控矿相位。另外,盆地边缘或斜坡的沉积相序类型及演化,是沉积盆地分析的重要方面。碳酸盐台地边缘、斜坡或盆地边缘早已引起沉积学者及构造学者的注视,并有不少的论述(Wilson,1975;Mountjoy和James,1982;Read,1982,1985;Cook,1984;曾允孚等,1984)。现将碳酸盐台地边缘或斜坡的类型及沉积模式作一简要论述。 相似文献
6.
《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy》1999,24(11-12):949-952
The formation of compound lava fields is a common feature of basaltic volcanic areas such as Mount Etna and Hawaii. It is generally promoted by a breakin-slope which results into a decrease of the mean flow velocity and the rapid adjustment to new rheological conditions. In fact, on a steep slope the flow is generally focused into long-lived lava tubes or channels. On the contrary, in correspondence of a flat ground the propagation of a lava field is guaranteed by the continuos opening of new ephemeral vents, and by the overlapping of lava lobes or tongues the length of which is order of 10−1−102 m. At Mount Etna these flow units show a complex structure which reflects the existence of a central plug zone and lateral shear zones, and an internal structure characterized by a succession of lava layers separated by gas-rich layers which occur in correspondence of vesicle alignments. Such internal structure insulates the active moving core and preserves high lava temperatures, favoring the advancement of the flow units. The evolution of a compound lava field may be thus envisaged as a spatial and temporal succession of lava tubes. An example of this situation may be found in the 1983 and 1991–93 Etnean eruptions, where the propagation of long-lived compound lava fields through a great number of small subarterial flow units gave origin to a source of natural hazards for some of the communities living on the flanks of the volcano. The detailed study of the structure of the described lava flows helps understand their emplacement dynamics and evaluate the associated volcanic, hazard. 相似文献
7.
We present new 40Ar-39 Ar plagioclase crystallization ages from the dykes exposed at the northern slope of the Satpura Mountain range near Betul-Jabalpur-Pachmarhi area,~800 km NE of the Western Ghats escarpment.Among the two plateau ages,the first age of 66.56±0.42 Ma from a dyke near Mohpani village represents its crystallization age which is either slightly older or contemporaneous with the nearby Mandla lava flows(63-65 Ma).We suggest that the Mohpani dyke might be one of the feeders for the surrounding lava flows as these lavas are significantly younger than the majority of the main Deccan lavas of the Western Ghats(66.38-65.54 Ma).The second age of 56.95±1.08 Ma comes from a younger dyke near Olini village which cuts across the lava flows of the area.The age correlates well with the Mandla lavas which are chemically similar to the uppermost Poladpur,Ambenali and Mahabaleshwar Formation lavas of SW Deccan.Our study shows that the dyke activities occurred in two phases,with the second one representing the terminal stage. 相似文献
8.
Changes of the susceptibility to lava flow invasion at Mount Etna are quantified by using lava flow simulations on four Digital
Elevation Models documenting the morphostructural modifications of the volcano in the time interval 1986–2007. The probabilistic
code DOWNFLOW is used to derive the areas invaded by several thousands of lava flows obtaining, for each DEM, maps of the
susceptibility to lava flow invasion and of the lava flow hazard. These maps show, for the first time, the evolution of these
surficial properties with time, and render a quantitative image of the effects of topographic changes on the preferential
lava flow drainage paths. The results illustrate how the emplacement of new lava flows and the growth of scoria cones affect
the probability of inundation by lava flows. We conclude that the persistent activity of this volcano requires a frequent
updating of the topography for a reliable lava flow hazard assessment. 相似文献
9.
Characteristics of rapid giant landslides in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Factual data for 70 rapid, giant landslides since 1900 show that the occurrence of these landslides was largely predisposed by tectonics, geological structures, lithology and topography, and often triggered by rainfall and earthquakes. In terms of mobile behavior, the giant landslides can be classified into three types: slides, slide-flows and flows. It is found that each type of landslide was constrained to certain geologic and topographic regimes. There are good correlations between kinematic parameters of landslides and slope geometries, which confirm the important role played by topographical condition in the mobile behavior of landslides. Moreover, it is also found that each type of landslide presents distinct geotechnical characteristics in terms of nature of the slip zone and properties of sliding mass. Brief analyses of five typical cases illustrate that landslide mechanisms can be conceptually depicted by failure mechanisms of their slip zones prior to onset of movement and following energy conversion during movement. Problems and questions related to experience in China suggest that comprehensive and systematic investigation and study on rapid giant landslides are urgently needed. 相似文献
10.
Shuichi Hasegawa Ranjan Kumar Dahal Minoru Yamanaka Netra Prakash Bhandary Ryuichi Yatabe Hideki Inagaki 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(6):1423-1434
Geologically and tectonically active Himalayan Range is characterized by highly elevated mountains and deep river valleys.
Because of steep mountain slopes, and dynamic geological conditions, large-scale landslides are very common in Lesser and
Higher Himalayan zones of Nepal Himalaya. Slopes along the major highways of central Nepal namely Prithvi Highway, Narayangadh-Mugling
Road and Tribhuvan Highway are considered in this study of large-scale landslides. Geologically, the highways in consideration
pass through crushed and jointed Kathmandu Nappe affected by numerous faults and folds. The relict large-scale landslides
have been contributing to debris flows and slides along the highways. Most of the slope failures are mainly bechanced in geological
formations consisting phyllite, schist and gneiss. Laboratory test on the soil samples collected from the failure zones and
field investigation suggested significant hydrothermal alteration in the area. The substantial hydrothermal alteration in
the Lesser Himalaya during advancement of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and thereby clay mineralization in sliding zones of
large-scale landslide are the main causes of large-scale landslides in the highways of central Nepal. This research also suggests
that large-scale landslides are the major cause of slope failure during monsoon in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal. Similarly,
hydrothermal alteration is also significant in failure zone of the large-scale landslides. For the sustainable road maintenance
in Nepal, it is of utmost importance to study the nature of sliding zones of large-scale landslides along the highways and
their role to cause debris flows and slides during monsoon period. 相似文献
11.
汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析 总被引：25，自引：6，他引：19
大光包红洞子沟巨型滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,其体积达7.42亿m3, 堰塞坝高达690m,是我国已知的最大规模地震滑坡和最高的滑坡堰塞坝,也是目前全世界已知的为数不多的几个方量在5亿m3以上的超大规模滑坡之一,其高达690m的滑坡堰塞坝为目前世界最高的滑坡坝。滑坡位于发震断层上盘,距发震断裂映秀北川断裂不足7km。震前斜坡为三面切割的孤立型山脊,相对高差达1500m;斜坡岩层走向与坡面近于垂直,层面延展性极好,构成滑动面形成的基础。调查和分析表明,斜坡的临空条件和贯通性好的灰岩层面是滑坡产生的基础;而高强度和长持时强震地面运动是导致滑坡产生的根本因素。滑坡产生的机理和过程可分为以下4个阶段:即坡体震裂、松弛和解体阶段、高速溃滑阶段、震动堆积阶段、二次抛射和碎屑流堆积阶段。失稳高速下滑的坡体,形成了沿主滑方向长4.2km,宽2.2km的堆积体,高速流动的碎屑流越过下游侧风波岩山脊,沿红洞子沟形成了长1km的碎屑流堆积区。 相似文献
12.
基于对长白山天池及邻区火山地质和次生火山灾害的编图结果,从岩性、断裂、地形地貌和水系等方面,分析火山喷出物的地质特征与这些火山物质所导致的次生火山灾害之间的相关性。研究表明,崩塌发生在柱状节理发育的硬质岩中,多期火山喷发以及伴生的地震活动剥蚀掏空坚硬岩层间的松散堆积体,使岩体失稳发生崩塌,局部陡崖地貌在地震影响下亦会发生崩塌灾害。软质岩和松散堆积体受流水侵蚀,河谷下切,河流两岸斜坡前缘形成开阔的滑动空间,火山地震引起山体变形,斜坡岩体结构遭到破坏发生滑坡灾害。火山先期喷出的碎屑物和崩塌滑坡产生的碎石是火山泥石流的重要物质来源,火山喷发或强地震引发的洪水灾害以及地形地貌对火山泥石流的形成、搬运和分布范围起关键性作用。 相似文献
13.
基于国内外研究现状和岩质滑坡案例,总结出岩质滑坡的水力致灾机制,归纳考虑水力作用下的岩质斜坡主要失稳破坏模式,评述了岩质斜坡稳定性分析方法。岩质滑坡的水力致灾机制主要由于水对滑体产生的静水压力（岩体侧面的推力、滑面的扬压力和岩体的浮力）和动水压力（向坡外的渗透力）作用。从渗流—应力耦合的角度可较全面评价水渗流对坡体稳定性的影响。斜坡的岩体结构决定了水力作用方式和坡体的失稳破坏形式,考虑水力作用下的岩质斜坡失稳破坏形式主要有:顺层滑动、平推式滑动、楔形体滑移和危岩的崩塌。对于水力作用下岩质斜坡的稳定性分析方法主要有极限平衡法、有限元强度折减法、基于断裂力学的危岩稳定性分析法和渗流—应力耦合模型分析法,其中前两种方法应用较为广泛。 相似文献
14.
JESSICA TROFIMOVS JODIE K. FISHER HEATHER A. MACDONALD PETER J. TALLING R. STEPHEN J. SPARKS MALCOLM B. HART CHRISTOPHER W. SMART GEORGES BOUDON CHRISTINE DEPLUS JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE KOMOROWSKI ANNE LE FRIANT STEVEN G. MORETON MELANIE J. LENG 《Sedimentology》2010,57(3):735-759
Bioclastic flow deposits offshore from the Soufrière Hills volcano on Montserrat in the Lesser Antilles were deposited by the largest volume sediment flows near this active volcano in the last 26 kyr. The volume of these deposits exceeds that of the largest historic volcanic dome collapse in the world, which occurred on Montserrat in 2003. These flows were most probably generated by a large submarine slope failure of the carbonate shelf comprising the south‐west flank of Antigua or the east flank of Redonda; adjacent islands that are not volcanically active. The bioclastic flow deposits are relatively coarse‐grained and either ungraded or poorly graded, and were deposited by non‐cohesive debris flow and high density turbidity currents. The bioclastic deposit often comprises multiple sub‐units that cannot be correlated between core sites; some located just 2 km apart. Multiple sub‐units in the bioclastic deposit result from either flow reflection, stacking of multiple debris flow lobes, and/or multi‐stage collapse of the initial landslide. This study provides unusually precise constraints on the age of this mass flow event that occurred at ca 14 ka. Few large submarine landslides have been well dated, but the slope failures that have been dated are commonly associated with periods of rapid sea‐level change. 相似文献
15.
坡脚型与偏转型地震滑坡运动距离及地形因素作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受到滑坡体积和落差的控制,还与滑坡的下垫面场地的地形作用相关。通过分析坡脚型和偏转型两类典型的地震滑坡运动特征,研究了滑坡体积V、落差 、坡度差 和偏转角度 对最大垂直运动距离H、水平运动距离L以及坡脚以下或偏转后的水平运动距离 的作用。由于偏转型滑坡受偏转前、后坡度和偏转角度对运动距离的共同影响,导致 指标小于坡脚型滑坡,而两类滑坡的 的均值较为一致,表明地形因素对不同类型滑坡的水平运动参数的作用具有一致性特征。分别建立了体积、落差与地形参数的坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离拟合方程。拟合方程的参数指标表明：体积对H的作用指数较小,体现了高位滑坡的运动特征; 对 的影响指数较小;坡脚型滑坡的坡度 对运动距离的影响指数都较为显著,偏转角度 对偏转型滑坡的 的影响较为显著。研究结果为滑坡运动距离的预测和地形因素控制提供了参考,并且对于坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离的模拟和机制研究而言,不应忽略坡脚坡度差和偏转角度的作用。 相似文献
16.
17.
JIANQI ZHUANG JIANBING PENG YONGLONG XU QIANG XU XINGHUA ZHU WEI LI 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(7):1439-1450
Precipitation frequently triggers shallow landslides in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi, China, resulting in loss of life, damage to gas and oil routes, and destruction of transport infrastructure and farmland. To assess the possibility of shallow landslides at different precipitation levels, a method to draw slope units and steepest slope profiles based on ARCtools and a new method for calculating slope stability are proposed. The methods were implemented in a case study conducted in Yan’an, north-west China. High resolution DEM (Digital Elevation Model) images, soil parameters from in-situ laboratory measurements and maximum depths of precipitation infiltration were used as input parameters in the method. Next, DEM and reverse DEM were employed to map 2146 slope units in the study area, based on which the steepest profiles of the slope units were constructed. Combining analysis of the water content of loess, strength of the sliding surface, its response to precipitation and the infinite slope stability equation, a new equation to calculate infinite slope stability is proposed to assess shallow landslide stability. The slope unit stability was calculated using the equation at 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-year return periods of antecedent effective precipitation. The number of slope units experiencing failure increased in response to increasing effective antecedent rainfall. These results were validated based on the occurrence of landslides in recent decades. Finally, the applicability and limitations of the model are discussed. 相似文献
18.
根据滑坡地形特征,将沟谷偏转型滑坡划分为坡脚偏转型、凹面偏转型和凸面偏转型三种类型,其主要地形参数为滑源区坡度、斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度和偏转角度。通过数值模拟,采用正交分析、极差分析和方差分析初步探讨主要地形参数对沟谷偏转型滑坡运动参数的影响。结果表明:沟谷偏转型滑坡的视摩擦系数、前缘速度恢复系数均主要受地形起伏的影响。斜坡坡度对视摩擦系数的影响最大,沟谷坡度次之,偏转角度最小;斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度对前缘速度恢复系数的影响大于偏转角度的影响。斜坡坡度是视摩擦系数的显著性因素,斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度是前缘速度恢复系数的显著性因素。视摩擦系数、前缘速度恢复系数与主控地形因子之间存在显著的非线性关系,可分别用二次函数、二次型函数进行描述。 相似文献
19.
Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena
at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to
lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific
papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been
compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods:
(a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 × 106 m3 of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m3/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava
volume (767 × 106 m3) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m3/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and
summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion
rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular
zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have
been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and
6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This
should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities. 相似文献
20.
西秦岭北缘断裂沿"一带一路"交通廊道展布,是南北活动构造带强震丛集发育的节点之一,地震地质灾害风险极高。基于地质调查、测绘与数值分析,查明了断裂在天水地区触发的地震滑坡分布特征,探讨了断裂触发滑坡的形成机制。研究表明:(1)西秦岭北缘活动触发的巨、大型滑坡为断裂地貌过程的一部分,易在断裂的阶区聚集发育,其枢纽部位也有零星的分布;(2)巨大型滑坡集中于历史极震区内,断裂破裂过程中的近场惯性滑移、远场地震动是主要触发因素,二者耦合作用导致巨大型滑坡在断裂带两侧具有对称分布特征,活动强度由近及远而逐渐变弱;(3)断裂水平滑移、破裂引起的斜坡滑动变形以结构面贯通为主要表现形式,具有强烈的方向效应、近直立断层的区域地震动效应及地震波的山体地形放大效应,这些力学效应在滑坡破坏过程产生断裂结构面、次级羽裂结构面与滑动面,它们协同控制了滑坡的运动;(4)极端降雨触发的泥流是巨大型滑坡堆积体复活运动的主要形式,是现今防灾减灾重点。 相似文献