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1.
确定地球从太阳获得的辐射能量问题,是日射测定中的基本问题。而其中太阳常数又是地面辐射到达量多种计算的基础数据。所谓太阳常数,是指订正到日地平均距离处的大气上界太阳辐射光谱辐照度的总和。掌握精确的太阳常数,对于地球物理学、气候学有着重要的意义,太阳常数及其光谱分布是确定太阳辐射在大气中的衰减和研究大气吸收因子(例如臭 相似文献
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3.
1 引言云通过把太阳辐射反射回太空和减少射出长波辐射损失对地球-大气系统辐射平衡进行强烈的控制。根据大气顶部(TOA)的净辐射定义,太阳辐射和长波放射作用的方向相反。这些作用中每一种作用本身都很大,但合并作用通常较小,而且主要取决于纬度、云的特性和海表状况。 相似文献
4.
利用1960—2005年京津冀地区的地面太阳辐射资料,综合分析了该地区45年太阳辐射的分布状况和变化趋势,并结合云量、降水量、气溶胶光学厚度和大气含水量,分析了该地区太阳辐射的变化原因。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区的太阳辐射并没有出现20世纪80年代末到90年代中期的"变亮"现象;同期冬、春季总辐射下降,夏、秋季上升;(2)在1985—1997年间,依据总辐射变化情况,京津冀地区被分为截然相反的两个区域:东部地区总辐射增加,倾向率为1.016 MJ.m-2.mon-1.(10a)-1;西部地区总辐射减少,倾向率为10.092MJ.m-2.mon-1.(10a)-1;(3)总辐射增加的区域,主要是由于云量减少、降水量减少所伴随的日照时数增加以及气溶胶光学厚度降低所造成的;(4)总辐射减少的区域,云量、气溶胶光学厚度和降水量变化并不显著,总辐射持续减少。 相似文献
5.
齐然 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1989,(10)
一、地—气表面系统能量平衡和二氧化碳的温室效应1.地—气表面系统能量平衡过程维持大气和地球表面温度现状的能源是太阳辐射。地球表面在吸收太阳辐射的同时又以红外辐射方式向太空放射热量,其结果使地—气系统保持热量平衡。从太阳光能入射到大气上界,直到地球表面以红外线向太空反射能量之间,进行着各种各样的能量交换与转移过程。文献表明,入射到地球的太阳光能中,有30%被空气分子散射以及云和地表面的反射而返回到宇宙空间,有19%被 相似文献
6.
珠穆朗玛峰北坡特殊地形下太阳辐射特征的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2006年5月27日～6月30日,对珠穆朗玛峰北坡的太阳辐射和气象参数进行了综合测量,主要包括总辐射、反射辐射、大气辐射、地面长波辐射、净辐射、温湿度和风速等。珠峰北坡的各个辐射量和气象参数都表现出明显的、非对称的日变化规律。珠峰北坡的太阳辐射远高于我国的平原地区,总辐射大于太阳常数的现象经常被观测到。研究发现,各个辐射量在9时都表现了一日最大的增长率,并因此导致了此时段及以后时段气温的增加和风速的快速增长,因而珠峰北坡特殊的地形对于地面接收到的辐射特征以及通过辐射过程对气温、大气运动等都产生了非常显著的作用。研究特殊地形条件下的辐射特征、辐射-地表-大气之间的相互作用以及地表和大气对于辐射作用的响应是非常重要的,它将有助于对局地物质与能量交换过程深入、全面的了解。 相似文献
7.
中国西北地区大气气溶胶散射光学厚度分析 总被引：8，自引：12，他引：8
提出一种利用地方气象台站测得的地表宽谱 ( 0 .3～ 4 μm)逐日太阳辐射日总量资料 (包括太阳总辐射和漫射太阳辐射 )来估算晴空无云天气条件下背景大气中大气气溶胶散射光学厚度的方法 ,这主要是基于地表的太阳总辐射和漫射太阳辐射对大气气溶胶散射光学特性的敏感性。该方法建立在观测数据和模式计算结果相互比较的基础上 ,而不需要知道某地相关的云、臭氧或水汽的探空资料。利用此方法 ,我们使用来自我国西北干旱地区 6个地方气象台站 (兰州、敦煌、民勤、格尔木、乌鲁木齐、喀什 ) 1986— 1992年的逐日太阳总辐射和漫射太阳辐射日总量资料 ,得到了大气气溶胶散射光学厚度在年际和月际间的时空变化特征 相似文献
8.
根据部分气象台站1961-2006年期间的观测资料, 分析了鄂尔多斯高原地面太阳辐射的年变化和年际变化特征, 也联系该地区云量、 降雨日数、 能见度、 沙尘暴日数和相对湿度等相关气象要素的资料的变化, 分析了该地区太阳辐射变化的可能原因以及这些变化对该地区太阳能资源利用的影响。结果表明： 鄂尔多斯高原地面太阳辐射的年变化与该地区天文辐射的变化基本一致, 夏季的云量对太阳辐射的削弱作用最强, 春季的沙尘气溶胶和较多的中高云量使该地区散射辐射的比例明显增加, 而直接辐射的比例明显减少; 近46年鄂尔多斯高原的地面太阳辐射量和直射比均呈总体减少的趋势, 但在1992年以后略微增加\.因太阳辐射变化的原因十分复杂, 进一步更深入的研究是需要的。 相似文献
9.
太阳辐射能量是地球上获得能源的主要来源,了解它的变化规律一直为人们所重视。 随着首都工业的发展,各种燃料燃烧时所排放的废气和飘尘等污染物,将严重地影响人类的生活环境;同时也使地面获得的太阳辐射能量明显的衰减,这是值得重视的问题。用太阳辐射计可以连续地记录出太阳辐射能量的变化。这种变化不但能反映大气中“污染物”的多寡,而且还能对大气运动状况作定性分析。 一、测定太阳辐射的简易自记装置——太阳辐射计 用相对日射表的感应部分,装在定时器(自记钟)上,再将定时器安装在乔唐日照计底座上(见图1), 相似文献
10.
几种水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的对比分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用中国区域1961-1999年39 a间98个常规气象观测数据,建立6个模型分别以天文辐射、干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据,进行太阳辐射日总量的模拟,对比分析了6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的性能.结果表明:在三种起始数据中,干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射均能较好地体现宏观地势对太阳辐射空间分布的影响,以湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据的计算模型拟合精度相对较高.对6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的对比分析发现:2个以日照百分率为主导因子,气温日较差为修正项的综合模型拟合误差最小,精度最高;经典的日照百分率模型次之,但其模型系数最稳定可靠;3个气温日较差模型拟合效果最差.最终选用经验系数稳定、拟合精度较高的日照百分率模型,制作了2001年中国水平面太阳辐射日总量空间分布图. 相似文献
11.
Much work has gone into deciphering the causes of the large scale glacial/interglacial variations in the climate system over the last 900 000 years. While variations on the 41 thousand year (ky) and 23 ky time scales seem to be linearly linked to the variations in the distribution of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, Milankovitch solar radiation variations, the causes of the dominant 100 ky cycle in the geologic record are still unknown. One of the aspects of this cycle that is not well understood is how large scale ice sheet growth is initiated. Here we describe the mechanisms by which large scale ice sheet growth may have been initiated by the changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation over the past 160 ky. This is done through the use of a coupled energy balance climate-thermodynamic sea ice model that includes a hydrologic cycle which computes precipitation, and a land surface energy balance which determines the net accumulation of snow and ice. Results indicate that the initiation of ice sheet growth is possible during times of extremely low summer solstice solar radiation as a result of a large decrease in ablation during the critical melt season. 相似文献
12.
利用NCAR/PSU联合研发的第5代中尺度气象模式(MM5),结合最优插值方法,模拟获得高时空分辨率的我国太阳辐射分布特征。MM5模式模拟中采用敏感性分析方法挑选参数化方案,结合1975—1997年辐射日平均值资料验证模拟效果,采用最优插值方法优化辐射的模拟效果,并导入GIS平台进行统计分析。分析表明:最优插值后辐射模拟平均标准绝对误差由原来的24.4%下降到8.5%,平均标准偏差由20.6%下降到3.5%。模拟获得的全国平均年太阳辐射总量为5648.6 MJ·m~(-2),空间分布上,呈现以内蒙中西部—宁夏—甘肃西北部—四川西部—云南西北部为分界线的西高东低特征,分界线以西太阳辐射在6000 MJ·m~(-2)以上,东部以华北太阳辐射为最高;1975—1997年年太阳辐射总量呈现上升—下降—上升的变化趋势,1978年太阳辐射最高,1989年最低。此外,基于Arc GIS 8.3统计获得各省份平均年太阳辐射总量,对各省份太阳辐射丰富程度进行等级划分,统计结果表明:西藏、青海、新疆是太阳辐射最丰富的省份,其中,西藏平均年太阳辐射总量在6900MJ·m~(-2)以上。 相似文献
13.
"Little Ice Age" Research: A Perspective from Iceland 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the sciences of meteorology and climatology and their subdisciplines has made possible an ever-increasing understanding of the climate of the past. In particular, the refinement of palaeoclimatic proxy data has meant that the climate of the past thousand years has begun to be extensively studied. In the context of this research, it has often been suggested that a warm epoch occurred in much of northern Europe, the north Atlantic, and other parts of the world, from around the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, and that this was followed by a decline in temperatures culminating in a "Little Ice Age" from about 1550 to 1850 (see e.g. Lamb, 1965, 1977; Flohn, 1978). The appelations "Medieval Warm Period" and "Little Ice Age" have entered the literature and are frequently used without clear definition. More recently, however, these terms have come under closer scrutiny (see, e.g. Ogilvie, 1991, 1992; Bradley and Jones, 1992; Mikami, 1992; Briffa and Jones, 1993; Bradley and Jones, 1993; Hughes and Diaz, 1994; Jones et al., 1998; Mann et al., 1999; Crowley and Lowery, 2000). As research continues into climatic fluctuations over the last 1000 to 2000 years, a pattern is emerging which suggests a far more complex picture than early research into the history of climate suggested. In this paper, the origins of the term "Little Ice Age" are considered. Because of the emphasis on the North Atlantic in this volume, the prime focus is on research that has been undertaken in this region, with a perspective on the historiography of historical climatology in Iceland as well as on the twentieth-century climate of Iceland. The phrase "Little Ice Age" has become part of the scientific and popular thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. However, as knowledge of the climate of the Holocene continues to grow, the term now seems to cloud rather than clarify thinking on the climate of the past thousand years. It is hoped that the discussion here will encourage future researchers to focus their thinking on exactly and precisely what is meant when the term "Little Ice Age" is used. 相似文献
14.
Prediction of the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the coming decades is a challenge as the SST anomaly changes over time due to natural and anthropogenic climate forcing. The climate changes in the mid-1970s and late-1990s were related to the decadal Pacific SST variability. The changes in the mid-1970s were associated with the positive phase of decadal El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like SST variation, and the changes in the late-1990s were related to its negative phase. However, it is not clear whether this decadal SST variability is related to any external forcing. Here, we show that the effective solar radiation (ESR), which includes the net solar radiation and the effects of volcanic eruption, has modulated this decadal ENSO-like oscillation. The eastern Pacific warming (cooling) associated with this decadal ENSO-like oscillation over the past 139 years is significantly related to weak (strong) ESR. The weak ESR with strong volcanic eruption is found to strengthen the El Niño, resulting in an El Niño-like SST anomaly on the decadal time scale. The strong eruptions of the El Chicho’n (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) volcanoes reduced the ESR during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. The radiation reduction weakened the Walker circulation due to the “ocean thermostat” mechanism that generates eastern Pacific warming associated with a decadal El Niño-like SST anomaly. This mechanism has been confirmed by the millennium run of ECHO-G model, in which the positive eastward gradient of SST over the equatorial Pacific was simulated under the weak ESR forcing on the decadal time scale. We now experience a reversal of the trend in the ESR. The strong solar radiation and lack of strong volcanic eruptions over the past 15 years have resulted in strong ESR, which should enhance the Walker circulation, leading to a La Niña-like SST anomaly. 相似文献
15.
基于成都市1991至2020 年太阳总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、气温、蒸发、日照时数等气象资料,采用线性趋势、Maan-KendaⅡ等方法研究太阳辐射的年、月、日变化特征,以及太阳总辐射的变化对气温、蒸发等气候因子的影响。结果表明：太阳总辐射、直接辐射逐年增多趋势明显,线性倾向率分别为29.69、20.25 MJ·m-2/a;太阳总辐射2010 年出现突变,突变年后较突变年前年平均太阳总辐射增多497.22 MJ·m-2。散射系数呈逐年减小趋势,线性倾向率为每10 年减少0.6。太阳总辐射与气温、蒸发、日照时数呈正相关,均通过显著性检验。太阳总辐射每增加10 MJ·m-2/a,年平均气温升高0.006℃,日照时数增加1.7 h,蒸发量增大1.2 mm。对太阳辐射增加的原因分析,人类活动造成的气溶胶含量减少可能是太阳辐射增加的一个原因。 相似文献
16.
近千年东亚季风变化统计动力反演与驱动机制研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用观测数据和非线性统计-动力学方法,构建了东亚季风变化的动力方程。量化了单因子强迫及各因子间相互作用在东亚季风演化中的相对贡献率,为东亚季风驱动机制研究提供了量化参考。研究发现:（1）过去千年东亚季风是多种因子共同作用下的复杂非线性动力系统。有些因子以起驱动作用为主,则有些以反馈调节作用为主,因子间交互作用与东亚季风演化存在耦合效应机制。（2）季风的驱动力主要来源于副热带太平洋海表温度、青藏高原动力热力强迫、CO2和N2O交叉项、太阳辐射和N2O交叉项、CO2与CH4交叉项等的耦合作用机制;调节作用主要是石笋δ18O指代的地理位置、单因子CO2浓度、太阳辐射变化、CH4与N2O交叉项、太阳辐射与ENSO交叉项等的耦合作用机制。温室气体（CO2、CH4与N2O）浓度对东亚季风演化的驱动与调节作用贡献较大。（3）通过动力反演机制推论副热带太平洋和热带西太平洋对东亚季风均有驱动作用,但主要驱动力来自副热带太平洋,即驱动东亚季风变化的主源地在副热带太平洋海区,次源地在热带西太平洋海区。（4）由海-陆温差对季风演变贡献大小推测石笋δ18O指代的也主要是夏季风信息。 相似文献
17.
河南水灾变化及典型水灾年大气环流异常特征分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用河南1950-2007年的逐年水灾统计数据,对水灾年的时间特征进行分析,并对典型水灾年大气环流的异常特征进行分析,结果表明:在1950-2007年的58 a中,河南年年都出现水灾,全省水灾受灾面积66.7万hm2的有28年;66.7万hm2的有30年,约2年一遇;受灾面积133.3万hm2的有17年,约4年一遇;333.3万hm2的有4年,约15年一遇。在河南的典型水灾年,中高纬度的长波和南支系统都有很强的稳定性;亚洲中高纬阻塞形势非常明显,在西西伯利亚上空出现了强烈的偏北风分量,因而冷空气暴发南下非常频繁;副热带高压脊线在24°N左右,584 dgpm线呈西南东北走向,将来自孟加拉湾和南海的充沛水汽带到内陆。河南省正处于来自北方的冷空气和南支系统带来的暖湿气流交汇的区域,这是造成河南省出现严重水灾的主要原因。 相似文献
18.
G. Mihalakakou M. Santamouris D. N. Asimakopoulos 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2000,66(3-4):185-197
Summary The present study describes a neural network approach for modeling and making short-term predictions on the total solar radiation
time series.
The future hourly values of total solar radiation for several years are predicted, by extracting knowledge from their past
values, using feedforward backpropagation neural networks. The results are tested using various sets of non training measurements,
the findings are very encouraging and the model is found able to simulate the future values of total solar radiation time
series based on their past values. “Multi-lag” output predictions are performed using the predicted values to the input database
in order to model future total solar radiation values with sufficient accuracy. Furthermore, an autoregressive model is developed
for analysing and representing the total solar radiation time series. The predicted values of solar radiation are compared
with the observed data series and it was found that the neural network approach leads to better predictions than the AR model.
Received November 22, 1999 Revised February 17, 2000 相似文献
19.
海南岛气象辐射的年变化特点 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1992－2000年的观测资料研究了海口、三亚的气象辐射特点。结果：指出，总辐射和反射辐射具有抛物线分布特点，净全辐射全年均为正值，各辐射量的9年平均值具有双峰型特点。 相似文献
20.
A. E. J. Ogilvie 《Climatic change》2010,100(1):33-47
Historical climatology is the use of documentary evidence for the reconstruction of past climate. This paper gives a brief
personal view of the development of the discipline from early times to the present day. Although several papers have been
published on the importance of carefully analysing and evaluating all historical sources before they are used in climate reconstructions,
several of them in Climatic Change, the use of unreliable, unanalysed data still persists. This may lead to false impressions of the climate of the past. In
these times, when climate data are being used for political, as well as purely scientific ends, the cause of accuracy, as
championed by Climatic Change, will best be served by emphasising, yet again, the importance of using only reliable data. A number of examples are given
which illustrate these points. These include discussions on wine growing in England in medieval times, the Norse settlement
of Greenland, and comments on the climate history of the past thousand years. 相似文献