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The study focuses on the “moated” Iron Age sites of N.E. Thailand, first identified as significant prehistoric settlement sites in the 1940s from aerial photography. Two more recent photograph sets are used to map the surficial geology and prehistoric site distribution for a study area west of Phimai, N.E. Thailand, with a focus on site–landscape relationships and, in particular, relationships between site location and form and patterns of palaeodrainage. The derived record of the surficial geology reflects several phases of palaeodrainage, characterized by differing locations and types of former river channels. Of note is the differentiation between a recent period in which river channels, including those presently active, are single-string meandering channels, and an older period of broad belts of meandering multistring channels. The prehistoric site distribution correlates closely with the older drainage, and for many, the encircling channels (the “moats”) are closely associated with former river channels. These relationships provide a critical and novel model for site distribution; several implications arise, supported by emerging field evidence, and introducing issues for archaeological debate: (i) there is no need, as has been done in the past, to invoke prehistoric artificial forms of drainage associated with the sites; (ii) the definition of the encircling channels as “moats” is seriously called into question; and (iii) the inferred geomorphological evolution of the floodplain implies past changes in environmental parameters such as run-off, climate or biophysical environments. Since the sites are all located in or beside ancient meander belts, these parameters should now be introduced into archaeological discussions regarding the establishment, history, evolution, and abandonment of the Iron Age sites. Methodologically, this article illustrates the need to be aware of the complexity of aerial photograph interpretation in archaeological survey, showing that careful analysis of aerial photograph information may have a significant impact upon the modeling of prehistoric interpretations. Further stratigraphical studies will be reported subsequently, and will refine the models presented here. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Cristina M. Belfiore Mauro F. La Russa Paolo Mazzoleni Antonino Pezzino Marco Viccaro 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(5):995-1003
This paper presents new petro-chemical data on some typical mortars found in many buildings in the historic city centre of Catania (Eastern Sicily). Extensively used in the architecture of the city from the second half of the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century, these mortars are characterised by a particular aggregate locally known as “agghiara” or “ghiara”. This is the product of thermal transformation induced by the heating undergone by palaeo-soils, originally rich in organic matter, covered by lava flows, which change their colour to reddish nuances. The volcanic origin of ghiara is a peculiar feature of the Etnean area. Mixed with lime, it gives to mortars an intense reddish colour, as well as hydraulic properties, which are comparable with those of the historically used pozzolana. This work aimed at complete characterisation of these ghiara mortars, for providing information on several important technological aspects. In order to get information on used raw materials, sampling of some ancient underground quarries, located both in the historic city centre and at the periphery, was also performed. Results led to the complete characterisation of the selected ghiara mortars and yielded information on some technological features and the composition of both newly formed and secondary phases, these latter due to alteration processes. The hydraulic properties of mortars have been related to the occurrence of amorphous phases within the ghiara aggregate, which were identified by means of SEM morphological observations. These phases, formed during the “firing” process of palaeo-soils, react with lime producing hydraulic compounds (C–S–H and C–A–H), which are responsible for the mortars durability. 相似文献
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Sin Yih Teo 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):211-222
This study seeks to reground concepts of “diaspora” and “transnationalism” in the realities of everyday life through examining the lived experiences of immigrants. Based on in-depth household interviews and focus groups, it examines the newest Chinese diaspora in Vancouver—skilled immigrants from the People’s Republic of China. It explores the challenges that they face in an unfamiliar city, including employment and language barriers as well as domestic anxieties surrounding childcare, education and marital difficulties. The strategies that they adopt to counter these problems are at times transnational—in the form of astronaut families or transnational childcare—but almost always familial. Ultimately, the settlement challenges that they face, coupled with the available transnational possibilities, raise the question of whether they are settlers or “immigrant prisoners”, temporarily serving their time in Vancouver before a further relocation. 相似文献
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Dr. Elmar Sabelberg 《GeoJournal》1986,13(1):59-66
The “South-Italian city” is characterized at four different levels as an independent cultural-genetic city-type:
- The characteristics arrangement of the functional areas and the residential areas of different social groups is represented in a model.
- From the model, developments and changes in the arrangement of the functional areas can be identified which clearly deviate from those which are derived from the universal city model.
- Some of the structural individuality can be directly explained by the peculiar features of the respective social and economic history.
- Some of the special features must, however, be traced back to a wider historico-cultural background. Through this run processes which flow through the universal city development in similar forms, to the deviating structure of the “South-Italian city”.
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生物标志化合物在地层划分与对比中的应用——以塔里木盆地下古生界为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物标志化合物是指沉积岩或原油和煤中碳—碳骨架稳定的特征化合物 ,它通常是用于油源对比和古沉积环境的恢复。本次研究在地层划分与对比中尝试利用正常甾烷分布的差异 ,研究表明 ,塔里木盆地寒武系—下奥陶统和中上奥陶统的甾烷分布特征完全不同 :前者的 C2 8甾烷含量高于后者 ,正常甾烷的分布是 C2 9>C2 8>C2 7,呈反“L”型分布 ;后者的 C2 7甾烷含量高于前者 ,甾烷的分布是 C2 9>C2 7>C2 8,呈“V”字型分布。寒武系—下奥陶统和中上奥陶统甾烷分布由反“L”型变为“V”型 ,说明生物在演化过程中 ,有机质的来源及化学结构组成发生了明显变化 ,据此可用于塔里木盆地下古生界的地层划分与对比。 相似文献
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倒虹吸是输水工程中常见的水工建筑物,研究倒虹吸进口上游的垂向流速分布是明晰其水力学性能的重要内容之一。以南水北调中线工程典型的唐河倒虹吸为研究对象,通过水力学概化模型试验,运用声学多普勒流速仪,实测不同水深和流量组合工况下倒虹吸进口上游的垂向流速分布。试验结果表明,受倒虹吸进口结构的影响,上游垂向流速分布呈现出明显的顶部流速降低和底部流速增加的现象,且淹没度越大、距离倒虹吸进口越近,上述趋势越显著;采用明渠对数型流速分布描述上述垂向流速分布时,其计算误差呈抛物线型分布,采用指数项修正后,新的修正公式可用于计算倒虹吸进口上游垂向流速分布。 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):1273-1278
Progress report deals with: 1) Geochronology — potassium-argon — principally Precambrian. Gives dates on Precambrian of Baltic Shield including eastern Sweden, Northeastern Norway, Finland, Karelia, and Kola Peninsula. Gives a correlation of the Precambrian for the entire European U.S.S.R. 2) Depth and origin of magmatic ore deposits using reconstructed erosion surfaces for the major periods of mineralization. The depth zones of ore formation of American and European theories is questioned. 3) Tectonic mapping in crustal studies. And in this conjunction 4) Bathy-metric map of the Pacific has been prepared, conspicuous features are major tectonic and volcanic forms of the ocean bottom, as well as minor detail. Brief mention is made of ore deposits from the ocean. 5) “Weathering Crust” studies of subaerial weathering erosion and deposition, mainly of ancient crusts. 6) Study on the origin and distribution of “agricultural areas”, mainly phosphates. 7) Compilation of a Manual of Minerals now underway.--M.A. Klugman. 相似文献
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沙漠沙丘污水处理系统:原理、方法和效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“沙漠沙丘系统(DDS)”是以地球化学工程学原理为指导的特殊水处理系统,它利用沙漠沙作为滤料,通过“机械过滤”、“化学作用”和“生物作用”净化污染水,一方面可使沙丘变得湿润而不再移动,以固定移动沙漠;另一方面又能净化污染水,最终起到“以害克害、固沙治水、一举多得”的良好综合生态环境效应。DDS是绿色的水处理系统,所需的原料和生成物都属于自然界存在的物质,无二次污染的发生。在DDS设计中,要注意的主要因素应包括:滤料的种类、湿干时间比、微生物培养方式、滤料层厚度、进水水质、时间、温度和pH等。DDS可以把官厅水库水由V类和超V类处理成2~3类水,从而恢复官厅水库的饮用水功能。 相似文献
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The geologic setting of an urban environment affects the development of that particular urban culture. Human activities can involve devegetation, soil loosening, soil‐water and ground‐water changes, soil erosion, and changes in surface‐water hydrology. This article focuses on how the geologic resources and history of the Punjab region have greatly influenced the cultural development of the Bronze Age city of Harappa, located in northeast Pakistan. Archaeological deposits at this site date between at least 3300 B.C. and 1700 B.C. A geologic and geomorphic framework is provided which presents the relationships of the ancient Harappans with their local and regional environment, with these geologic processes affecting both the initial settlement and development of this ancient urban center. Buried soil elevation data, mapped soil distributions, and geomorphic models are used to construct an approximation of the preoccupation paleotopography beneath this site. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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场地回填土与搅拌桩施工顺序将直接影响软土地坪复合地基的处理效果,其中沉降控制是影响地坪安全运行的关键。以近海软土地区工业厂房水泥土搅拌桩复合地基工程为例,探讨了复合地基水泥土搅拌桩、回填土两种不同施工顺序的影响因素及相应处理效果;通过数值模拟试验,计算分析了不同填土厚度下两种工况的地基固结总沉降、施工沉降、工后沉降。结果表明,采用“先土后桩”的施工顺序的施工期沉降大于“先桩后土”,但工后沉降大大减小,提高了软土地坪地基处理效果,有利于处理后地坪的安全运行,验证了前述分析结论,为合理设计方案的确定提供了重要的参考依据。 相似文献
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Considering the high population growth rate of Ankara, it is inevitable that landfill(s) will be required in the area in the near future to sustain the sanitary waste disposal needs of the city. The main scope of this study is to select alternative landfill sites for Ankara based on the growing trends of Ankara toward the northwest, particularly toward the Sincan municipality, and to eventually select the best alternative through utilizing multi-criteria decision making. Landfill site selection was carried out utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. A number of criteria, namely, settlement, slope, proximity to roads, geology, availability and proximity of landfill containment material (i.e., clay for composite lining system), suitability for agriculture, erosion, vegetation cover and lineament system were gathered in a GIS environment. Each criterion was assigned a weight value by applying the Pairwise Comparison Method and the Analytical Hierarchy Method. In order to choose the best alternative, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution, which is regarded as an ideal point method, was applied and a landfill site was selected. The geotechnical properties of the so-called “Ankara clay” that shows widespread distribution in Ankara were reviewed and assessed for its suitability as a compacted clay liner. 相似文献
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The settlement of highway embankments can directly affect the structural safety of road pavement. Comprehensive assessment of the long-term settlement characteristics of highway embankments is important in highway safety management. The present study conducted long-term settlement monitoring in an embankment of the Xi’an-Xianyang Highway in Shaanxi Province, China, that was constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste. Variations in sectional settlement, cumulative settlement, differential settlement, and settlement rates were made in a barricade section and an arc-shaped protective slope section. The maximum settlement observed in the barricade section was 51.75 mm, with the embankment exhibiting “basin-shaped” settlement. The maximum settlement in the arc-shaped protective slope section was 42.22 mm, and the embankment exhibited “W-shaped” settlement. Furthermore, there were two stages of great increase in the settlement rate. Based on the results, control standards for the sectional settlement of embankments constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste are proposed. Finally, a model for predicting the long-term settlement in road embankments constructed with recycled construction and demolition waste is established based on a Weibull distribution probability density function.
相似文献14.
藏北双湖-安多地区侏罗纪菊石新资料及地层述评 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近期采集的菊石鉴定表明藏北安多地区布曲组、“夏里组”和“索瓦组”的时代为中巴通期至中卡洛维期。特别要指出的是 ,从藏北地区沉积演化和古生物地理区系的角度来看 ,该地不具备存在晚侏罗世提塘期“斯匹提页岩动物群”的地质背景 ,所以藏北地区近年来多次报道的晚侏罗世提塘期的“斯匹提页岩菊石动物群”值得怀疑 ,有关化石的鉴定是不可靠的 ;还应该指出的是 ,雁石坪地区侏罗纪岩石单位也不适宜在安多地区运用。双湖地区菊石层序指明该地富含油页岩的缺氧性沉积 ,即“海螂蛤页岩相”的时代为早侏罗世晚普林斯巴赫至早图阿尔期 ,它们是早侏罗世晚期全球性缺氧事件在东特提斯北缘的响应。 相似文献
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D. P. Crouch 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(3):233-245
Man-environment relations in the ancient Greek world, as now, were complex interactions. To understand them, we need to study a range of physical features and man's impact on the setting. The underlying geological reality of this area is karst, which is widely distributed, dominating Greece, the southern half of Turkey, and southern Italy and Sicily, where the Greco-Roman cities that we study were located. Year-round water from karst springs was important because of scarce rainfall, intense evaporation, and infertile soil—none under human control. Examples from the Greek mainland (Corinth), an Aegean island (Rhodes), Turkey (Priene), and Sicily (Syracuse) are selected and described to suggest the way that karst water potential played an important role in site selection and development. A wider look at criteria for urban location and a new classification of urban patterns help to revise conventional understandings of these ancient cities. In conclusion, some modern findings about the interaction between city and setting suggest new research agendas for geologists and engineers, ancient historians and archaeologists, and water policy makers—preferrably working together. 相似文献
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黄河北地区广泛发育各种沉积体系,通过对其沉积特征及沉积模式的分析发现黄河北地区晚古生代石炭-二叠纪海相、陆相和过渡相环境均有发育。该地区存在的主要沉积体系类型是潮坪沉积体系、障壁-潟湖沉积体系、河控浅水三角洲沉积体系和河流-湖泊沉积体系。研究发现:本区石炭-二叠系储层烃源岩发育有意义的三个沉积演化阶段分别是本溪期、太原期、山西期;黄河北地区属鲁西地区一部分,晚古生代石炭-二叠系含煤地层主要发育砂岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩、岩浆岩和可燃性有机岩(煤),是重要的烃源岩;黄河北煤田含煤地层含煤14层,其中1~5层煤赋存于山西组,6~14层煤赋存于太原组,就可采煤层的层数来说,存在“东多西少”的特点;在含煤地层剖面上的分布特点是“上薄下厚”,主要富煤带则主要分布在东部地区;泥页岩主要发育在石炭-二叠系太原组和山西组,泥页岩层厚度在横向上有一定的规律性,由北向南泥页岩层厚度有逐渐减小的趋势,南部济西矿区和长清矿区,西北部伦镇矿区、李屯矿区厚度发育较好,多在90m以上。 相似文献
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洞穴分布特征及地貌演化研究是洞穴科普活动及洞穴旅游开发与管理的重要支撑。为进一步了解九洞天景区洞穴系统大型串珠式天窗群的分布特征及规律,对溶洞的规模、形态、发育方向及分布高程进行实地考察。将地理学“将今论古”的思想与地理信息系统工具相结合,探讨九洞天洞穴系统的空间展布特征及其地貌演化过程。结果表明:九洞天洞穴系统发育地层以二叠系茅口组地层为主,发育受断层节理和水文条件控制,溶洞发育方向多为北北东、北西和东南方向,与区域构造线基本一致;受第四纪间歇性抬升运动和侵蚀基准面控制的影响,洞穴系统垂向分布大致集中在1 150~1 220 m、 1 220~1 270 m、1 270~1 340 m三个海拔范围内,与区内古河道垂向分布具有相似性;九洞天洞穴系统和地貌演化经历油菜河伏流及底纳寨干谷形成期、梯子崖伏流及张家寨干谷形成期、九洞天伏流和大天桥干谷形成期三次大的发育阶段,形成九洞天景区天窗溶洞、明暗流和古河道并存的典型喀斯特格局。 相似文献
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白垩纪祁连山隆升过程及其沉积学响应的研究,对认识青藏高原的形成及其环境效应具有重要意义。受控于祁连山隆升过程的甘肃张掖地区下白垩统,包括赤金堡组、下沟组和中沟组,其基本特征是：（1）分布局限而且厚度上千米的赤金堡组,主要由旋回性发育的“冲积扇（或洪积扇—辫状河—滨湖相风成沙丘”序列所组成,形成一种反映了“雨影效应”的粗碎屑岩序列;（2）下沟组总体为一套红层沉积,在盆地边缘发育更多的风成沙丘,可能代表了与祁连山更加快速隆升相对应的更加强烈的“雨影效应”时期的产物;（3）中沟组,从冲积体系演变为一个分布广泛的湖泊沉积体系,总体上属于潮湿气候背景下未受到“雨影效应”影响的产物,与祁连山均衡抬升存在成因联系;（4）研究区上白垩统总体缺失,可能与祁连山的卸载过程产生的山前地壳均衡反弹存在关联。因此,从赤金堡组到下沟组的风成砂岩序列、特殊的沉积相构成及其演化序列,不但成为窥视早白垩世祁连山隆升过程的物质记录,而且为早白垩世东亚大气环流格局的重建提供了另外一个重要的物质记录。 相似文献
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针对我国不同地区古城墙出现的多种病害破坏现象,在深入分析其破坏机理后,采用分类归纳的方法对古城墙变形破坏模式进行研究,提出了古城墙的多种变形破坏模式。依据引发古城墙变形破坏的控制因素进行分类,归纳总结出城墙地基不均匀变形、墙面鼓胀变形、墙面风蚀剥落、暴雨侵蚀等11种典型模式,给出每种变形破坏模式的发生条件及变形破坏机制,并提出了相应的防护措施建议。结合数值模拟分析方法对国内某古城墙变形破坏模式进行识别,结果表明,该古城墙主要的变形破坏模式为暴雨侵蚀,降雨量、降雨持续时间以及城墙内部排水通道均对城墙变形有显著影响,并且导致城墙端面中下部出现鼓胀变形。本文研究成果可为古城墙保护提供科学依据,有效避免局部不稳定现象发生,为多种变形破坏模式下的古城墙保护修复提供参考。 相似文献
20.
坡体地下水位上升是诱发滑坡的重要因素,实时排出地下水是防治边坡地质灾害的有效手段。虹吸排水具有免动力和流动过程由液位变化自动控制的物理特性,可满足实时排出坡体地下水的需要,但虹吸管中空气积累会导致虹吸过程中断,制约了边坡虹吸排水技术的推广应用。溶解于水的空气因虹吸管内压力降低而释出是形成气泡的物理基础。实验结果表明,虹吸进水口水面以上垂直高度3.5 m以上就会出现大量气泡,经过虹吸顶点后,气泡发生强烈的兼并形成大气泡。当虹吸管的进出水口的水头差较大时,气泡间的水弹容易推动气泡从出水口排出。当虹吸管直径大于5 mm时,缓慢的虹吸流动,会发生管内气泡的积累,最终破坏虹吸过程;虹吸管的直径小于4 mm时,可以形成基本稳定的弹状流。因此,为保持边坡虹吸过程长期有效,经常性降雨并且坡体地下水丰富的地区可选用直径为5 mm的虹吸管,非经常性降雨的地区应选择小于等于4 mm的虹吸管。 相似文献