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针对地矿、油气行业面临的钻探新挑战,将材料科学领域的自润滑技术引入热压烧结孕镶金刚石钻头领域,以期实现钻头在高温井底工作环境中的自润滑功能,从而降低摩擦放热,防止金刚石热损伤,提高钻头使用寿命。本文作为自润滑孕镶金刚石钻头设计的初步尝试,通过对固体润滑添加剂的优选与试验,首先确定了氟化钙（CaF2）、六方氮化硼（hBN）两种固体润滑添加剂,以Fe基胎体为基体,通过热压烧结制备了具有不同浓度的固体润滑添加剂的自润滑孕镶金刚石钻头胎体试样,利用一系列仪器测定了其物理力学性能和摩擦学特性;制备了微型自润滑孕镶金刚石钻头,在微钻实验台上进行了钻进试验。试验结果表明：随着固体润滑剂含量的增加,两组自润滑钻头胎体试样的物理力学性能均有所降低,但幅度不同,CaF2组明显小于hBN组;两组胎体试样摩擦系数均显著降低;CaF2组胎体试样的磨损率先增后减,hBN组试样磨损率大幅增加;钻头进尺CaF2组有所提高,hBN组逐渐减小。 相似文献
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为了提高钻进坚硬岩层的工作效率,将孕镶金刚石钻头胎体结构设计为栅格状,分析了栅格状孕镶金刚石钻头钻进岩层时的碎岩方式,并采用粉末冶金法制备Inconel 718和CoCrMo试样,通过分析不同烧结温度对两种胎体试样的硬度、耐磨性及抗弯强度的影响,确定了两种材料的最优烧结参数,并对其在该烧结温度下的力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:Inconel 718和CoCrMo均具有较好的抗弯强度,满足钻进坚硬岩层对胎体抗弯强度的要求。Inconel 718的硬度比传统WC基胎体材料小,试样磨损量较大,适合用于地质灾害应急勘查等要求钻进速度快的极端情况;CoCrMo的硬度及耐磨性与传统WC基胎体接近,适合作为孕镶金刚石钻头的胎体材料。 相似文献
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设计了适用于用热压法制造φ２７５大口径镶旬石钻头的石墨模具结构;给出了合理的石墨模具尺寸数据和公差;讨论了大口径孕镶金刚石钻头的配方参数;提出了大口径热压孕镶金刚石钻头的烧结工艺方法;列举了大口径热压孕镶金刚石钻头在三峡工程工地中的现场使用情况。 相似文献
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针对塔里木油田博孜区块巨厚砾石层的岩性差异大、可钻性差、钻头机械效率低和使用寿命短的问题,本文从刀翼式结构、中心强化、表孕镶多级人造金刚石配方、分体烧结工艺等方面对配套高速涡轮钻具钻进的新型表孕镶金刚石全面钻头进行了设计与研究。研制的?333 mm表孕镶金刚石全面钻头在博孜区块进行现场应用,钻头的平均机械钻速2.01 m/h,寿命300 m,与进口孕镶金刚石全面钻头相当,但成本远低于进口钻头,大幅度提高了该地层勘探开发的施工效率,降低了勘探成本。 相似文献
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胎体配方预合金化近年来已成为有关孕镶金刚石钻头研究的一个新热点。根据相同的热压富铁基含金刚石钻头胎体配方,通过改变CSB-2预合金的加量和烧结温度,制作试样进行摩擦磨损测试,并对抗弯强度测试后的试样进行SEM分析和EDS能谱测试。摩擦磨损试验结果表明,4种烧结温度条件下,胎体磨损量均随着CSB-2加量的增大而减小,且相同CSB-2加量条件下,胎体磨损量随烧结温度的升高先增大后减小。SEM分析表明,添加CSB-2预合金可使胎体组织细化,孔隙数减少;高温烧结(980℃以上)时,铁基胎体对金刚石具有热腐蚀作用,随着胎体配方中CSB-2预合金含量的增加,金刚石的热腐蚀程度逐渐减缓。EDS能谱测试表明,胎体配方的预合金化可增大胎体金属对金刚石的润湿性,提高胎体对金刚石的包镶强度。 相似文献
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孕镶金刚石钻头胎体结构对钻头寿命的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
孕镶金刚石钻头,是当前国内机械岩心钻探中使用数量较多的钻头。因此,造好钻头、用好钻头,是提高钻探经济效益的关键问题之一。本文从孕镶金刚石钻头胎体结构的一些内在特征入手,分析影响孕镶金刚石钻头寿命的原因采进行探讨。一、孕镶金刚石钻头的磨损当孕镶金刚石钻头使用得当,适应所钻岩层,机械钻速均匀的情况下,金刚石孕镶层会逐渐磨完。但实际上,由于钻进参数、钻进条件、钻头质量、胎体内部结构等方面原因,会使钻头早期磨损,拉槽而失去工作能力。我们对164个上砂,六○二厂、φ56普通双管孕镶钻头的磨损情况,作如下粗略的统计分析(表1)。 相似文献
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针对在坚硬致密岩石中钻进时效低和钻头使用寿命短的技术难题,分析了热压钻头的金刚石出刃与岩石研磨性等岩性之间的内在联系,认为钻头的胎体成分及其性能是关键,硬而带脆性的胎体性能有利于金刚石出刃,从而能提高钻进速度。因此,从热压金刚石钻头的胎体成分与性能研究入手,经过反复的试验研究,试制出了热压铁基孕镶金刚石钻头,取得了突破性的进展。在坚硬致密岩层中钻进,钻进时效由0.5 m左右提高到1.17 m,钻头寿命由10 m左右提高到21.31 m,解决了在坚硬致密岩层中钻进难的问题。试验研究结果说明,铁基合金是一种新型的金刚石钻头胎体材料,热压铁基孕镶人造金刚石钻头是一种新类型的金刚石钻头。 相似文献
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Tomas K. E. Thierfelder 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2000,6(1):47-64
The accumulating volumes of data collected within environmental monitoring programs facilitate the use of exploratory statistical methods of data analysis as a supplement to traditional methods of characterizing lake water quality. When principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling are applied to a matrix containing approximately 24000 samples of lake water quality variables pH, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, color, Secchi depth and total phosphorus concentration, it is found that the total matrix variance can be approximately reproduced in an orthogonal two-dimensional base with transformations of hardness and color as best principal component representatives. This base is suggested as an empirical lake classification standard where the variance structure of subset lake populations (such as single lakes) can be referenced to the water quality standard of the generic population. Since the principal axes of the base exclusively contain inorganic and organic related variables respectively, the combined inorganic/organic characteristics of the lake can be expressed with the hardness and color variables alone. With the data matrix being large enough to produce high significance levels, and with variable ranges wide enough to represent a majority of dimictic, glacial/boreal lakes, the analysis results should be valid in many lakes throughout the world. 相似文献
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Comparing groundwater recharge and base flow in the Bukmoongol small-forested watershed,Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. A. Combalicer S. H. Lee S. Ahn D. Y. Kim S. Im 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(5):553-566
Groundwater recharge and base flow using different investigated methods are simulated in the 15-ha Bukmoongol small-forested
watershed located at the southern part of Korea. The WHAT system, PART, RORA, PULSE, BFI, and RAP software are used to estimate
groundwater recharge or base flow and base flow index from the measured streamflow. Results show that about 15–31 per cent
of annual rainfall might be contributed for base flow. The watershed groundwater recharge proportions are computed to about
10–21 per cent during the wet period and 23–32 per cent for the remainder periods. Mean annual base flow indices vary from
0.25 to 0.76 estimated using different methods. However, the study found out that all methods were significantly correlated
with each other. The similarity of various methods is expressed as a weighted relationship provided by the matrix product
from the principal component analysis. Overall, the BFI and WHAT software appeared consistent in estimating recharge or base
flow, and base flow index under Korea’s conditions. The case study recommends the application of different models to other
watersheds as well as in low-lying areas where most observation groundwater wells are located with available streamflow data. 相似文献
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复合单元法动力分析初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
复合单元法是一种适用于不连续介质结构分析的数值计算方法,优点是建立网格时不用考虑结构中不连续面,计算时能离散模拟不连续面。在复合单元法静力计算模型的基础上,提出了复合单元的动力分析方法。给出了复合单元动力分析的质量矩阵和阻尼矩阵的具体表达式,通过质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵将分布于复合单元内部的惯性力和阻尼力分别转移到复合单元的广义节点上。建立了惯性力、阻尼力、动力荷载及弹性力作用下的复合单元动力系统的控制方程组。以一个基岩内含有两条断层的混凝土重力坝模型地震为例,采用复合单元法动力分析程序进行计算,其结果与有限单元法解吻合得较好,说明所提出方法的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
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选择2005与2012年两期遥感影像,基于RS/GIS技术和转移矩阵数学模型,从景观转移方面对保护区景观要素时空变化进行定量分析,探讨了双河自然保护区在7年内土地利用格局及土地转化规律.结果表明,林地、灌木及草地之间转化较为突出,与保护区的环境因素有直接关系.沼泽、水域、居民地及裸土地因其面积基数小,类间转化量较小.旱田较活跃,除居民地外,其余6类景观都有面积转化为旱地.林地和草地相互转化较为活跃,灌木和林地相互转化较为活跃.研究结果可以为保护区的生态治理和可持续发展规划提供科学依据. 相似文献
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A common facies observed in deep‐water slope and especially basin‐floor rocks of the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup (British Columbia, Canada) is structureless, coarse‐tail graded, medium‐grained to coarse‐grained sandstone with from 30% to >50% mud matrix content (i.e. matrix‐rich). Bed contacts are commonly sharp, flat and loaded. Matrix‐rich sandstone beds typically form laterally continuous units that are up to several metres thick and several tens to hundreds of metres wide, and commonly adjacent to units of comparatively matrix‐poor, scour‐based sandstone beds with large tabular mudstone and sandstone clasts. Matrix‐rich units are common in proximal basin‐floor (Upper Kaza Group) deposits, but occur also in more distal basin‐floor (Middle Kaza Group) and slope (Isaac Formation) deposits. Regardless of stratigraphic setting, matrix‐rich units typically are directly and abruptly overlain by architectural elements comprising matrix‐poor coarse sandstone (i.e. channels and splays). Despite a number of similarities with previously described matrix‐rich beds in the literature, for example slurry beds, linked debrites and co‐genetic turbidites, a number of important differences exist, including the stratal make‐up of individual beds (for example, the lack of a clean sandstone turbidite base) and their stratigraphic occurrence (present throughout base of slope and basin‐floor strata, but most common in proximal lobe deposits) and accordingly suggest a different mode of emplacement. The matrix‐rich, poorly sorted nature of the beds and the abundance and size of tabular clasts in laterally equivalent sandstones imply intense upstream scouring, most probably related to significant erosion by an energetic plane‐wall jet or within a submerged hydraulic jump. Rapid energy loss coupled with rapid charging of the flow with fine‐grained sediment probably changed the rheology of the flow and promoted deposition along the margins of the jet. Moreover, these distinctive matrix‐rich strata are interpreted to represent the energetic initiation of the local sedimentary system, most probably caused by a local upflow avulsion. 相似文献
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随着聚晶金刚石复合片（PDC）钻头在复杂地层的应用范围不断扩大,对PDC复合片与钻头体材料的焊接强度要求越来越高,为了探究PDC复合片和不同钻头体材料的钎焊工艺,选用2种基体材料（胎体式和钢体式PDC钻头试样,以下简称胎体试样和碳钢试样）、2种钎料,采用火焰钎焊和高频感应钎焊,研究了钎焊温度、钎料、钎焊方式对PDC复合片和不同基体材料焊接性能的影响,得出了剪切强度随温度的变化曲线。同时,采用光学显微镜对PDC的焊缝断面进行了观测。结果表明,PDC复合片与胎体试样钎焊时,为硬质合金间的钎焊,钎料与母材润湿效果好,剪切强度值较高;PDC复合片与碳钢试样钎焊时,为硬质合金和异种材料间的钎焊,为了提高剪切强度,可适当提高钎焊温度或采用Ni含量高的钎料。 相似文献
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The results of experimentally coprecipitating the base metals Cu, Ni, Zn, Co and Pb with iron as it is oxidised and hydrolised are presented in conjunction with the data from anodically weathering 19 different sulphide ore electrodes.At pH-values above 6 the base metals are shown to be retained in the solid precipitates with Fe“Ni, Fe“Zn and Fe“Co pyroaurite-type phases forming. A 7–8-Å interlayer spacing predominates at higher pH while at the pH of 6–7 where the base metals become more soluble, a 10–11-Å spacing forms. The Fe“Cu system gives posnjakite and brochantite phases that are likely to have a high Fe content, as well as the oxides tenorite and cuprite. The base metals can be leached out of these precipitates if they are acted on by weakly acid leachants, but alkaline leaching shows retention of the base metals.Below pH 6 the base metals are more soluble, with Cu and Pb being retained to some degree in the precipitates as Fe-oxyhydroxide minerals form.In the light of experiments that show the mechanisms involved in the formation of all of these phases, two mechanisms for the formation of iron minerals during the weathering of sulphides to gossans are discussed. One at higher pH that gives rise to retention of base metals with the iron minerals, and the other giving rise to a low pH and the solubilising of the base metals. 相似文献