共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
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中国自然灾害的区域规律研究进展本项目在中国自然灾害数据库（ＤＢＮＤＣ）的支持下，综合分析了中国自然灾害系统的孕灾环境、承灾体与灾情形成机制，建立了刻画区域灾害的指标体系和定量分析模型，揭示了中国自然灾害的区域规律，提出了中国自然灾害综合区划方案。并对... 相似文献
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中国地质灾害严重,地质灾害承灾载体的脆弱性直接决定着灾害造成损失的严重程度,开展脆弱性定量评价方法研究具有重要意义。（1）本文构建了地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性评价指标体系,包括4个一级指标和19个二级指标。一级指标包括生命类、物质类、生态环境类和社会经济类指标。（2）以青川县为例,分别采用TOPSIS模型和加权求和模型,分别以乡镇单元和行政村单元为最小单元,开展了地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性评价,将青川县承灾载体脆弱性分为高、较高、中等、较低和低5个脆弱性等级。（3）两种模型评价结果对比显示,总体一致性较好,73%的区域脆弱性结果完全一致,27%的区域存在一个等级的差别;高、低脆弱性等级区两种模型结果一致,吻合度100%;较高和中等脆弱性等级区两种模型结果吻合度分别为86%和73%;较低脆弱性区两种模型结果吻合度略差,为54%。（4）两种单元评价结果对比显示,在总体规律上保持了较好的一致性。半数以上的乡镇单元与行政村单元脆弱性等级完全相同或总体一致;以行政村为评价单元的评价结果明显更加精细,原因在于不同行政村的各类指标值具有明显的差异性,而乡镇单元消除了各个行政村之间的差异。 相似文献
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根据自然灾害系统理论 ,自然灾害的发生是以一定的孕灾大环境作为背景。地貌、水文、气候、植被、土壤等是组成自然综合体的要素。笔者提出了基于自然灾害基本单元进行自然灾害综合区划的原理和技术方法 ,选择全国ｌ∶4 0 0万地貌类型图、1∶4 0 0万土壤类型图、全国县级行政界线图及中国自然灾害数据库省级报刊灾情库数据 ,进行全国农业自然灾害综合区划。( 1)编制中国农业自然灾害类型图。按照自然灾害系统思想 ,结合农业自然灾害的特点 ,从孕灾环境、致灾因子、承灾体和灾情四个方面选择指标 ,系统地刻划农业自然灾害的特点。对区域农业… 相似文献
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中国城市主要自然灾害风险评价研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文依据灾害系统理论和中国自然灾害数据库,构建了反映城市承灾体的综合城市化水平（CL）指标,并在此基础上得到城市脆弱性水平指数。考虑对城市具有结构性破坏和易于造成交通灾情的主要灾种,即水灾、地震、滑坡—泥石流、台风、沙尘暴,构建了反映城市主要致灾因子的综合自然灾害强度（QC）指标,并得到城市综合自然灾害强度指数。据此,在定性分析的基础上,通过半定量计算,将中国城市主要自然灾害风险划分为高风险、较高风险、中等风险、较低风险、低风险5个等级,编制了中国城市自然灾害风险评价图,并对灾害链的综合风险评价作了进一步的探讨。 相似文献
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地质灾害风险区划是地质灾害风险管理与防治的有效手段之一,对于科学防治地质灾害具有重要意义。基于自然灾害风险理论,从致灾因子危险性,承灾体暴露性和脆弱性以及防灾减灾能力（恢复力）等入手,选取评价指标,构建省级地质灾害风险评价模型,对全省地质灾害进行风险区划。该模型在吉林省地质灾害风险区划中应用表明,评价结果合理,与野外调查情况吻合,可以为规划和地质灾害防治等工作提供依据。 相似文献
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近年来,随着城镇化进程的加快和灾后重建工作的开展,城镇建设、资源开采等人类工程经济活动不断扩张,不良工程地质活动加剧了山区地质灾害的发生发展。地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性评价作为地质灾害风险评估的关键组成部分,可为区域防灾减灾提供技术支撑。本文基于国内外研究学者对地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性的相关研究,对地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性概念、评价指标体系、权重计算方法和脆弱性评价模型进行了概括总结。最后,本文指出了地质灾害承灾载体脆弱性研究亟需进一步解决的一些问题。 相似文献
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目前承灾体易损性评估尚处于经验评估阶段,制约了单体滑坡灾害财产风险评估的定量化程度。为此,针对典型承灾体（建筑结构物）,提出一种单体滑坡灾害财产风险评估模型。认为财产风险是坡体失稳概率、承灾体在滑坡作用下的失效概率以及承灾体价值的乘积。避开了易损性评估,从一个新的角度来评估滑坡灾害财产风险。通过研究,验证了该模型正确反映了滑坡成灾过程中各种因素对财产风险的影响,从而为单体滑坡灾害财产风险的定量化评估提供了新的途径。另外以该模型应用研究为基础,提出承灾体安全范围的概念,对于每一个承灾体而言,将单体滑坡灾害影响范围划分为：危险区域、相对危险区域和安全区域,为建设工程选址或场地风险评估提供了实用指标,具有一定的工程实用价值。 相似文献
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灾害恢复力研究进展综述 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
自20世纪以来,随着人口、资源与环境矛盾的日益加深,全球各区域的自然灾害成灾次数、经济损失和受灾人口明显增多,自然灾害灾情不断上升,灾害风险已经成为可持续发展的最大障碍。风险、脆弱性、恢复力和适应性相关的灾害综合管理和减灾作为实施可持续发展的重要途径,已被学术界、经济与社会界予以高度重视。在国际减灾十年（IDNDR）活动、国际减灾战略（ISDR）的相继实施的大背景下,国内外学者兴起了研究灾害脆弱性和恢复力的新一轮热潮。目前国内外对承灾体脆弱性的研究较多,但对于灾害恢复力的恢复力研究才刚刚起步,虽然承灾体的恢复力建设近年来也逐渐被认识到是减灾行动中的一个重要环节。20世纪70年代开始,恢复力这一概念首先从力学被引入生态领域,目前,它已经成为生态、灾害和气候变化等多个学科共同关注的对象。对恢复力的概念发展和国内外目前的研究动态进行了较全面的综述,论述了灾害恢复力的科学价值和重要性,分析了灾害脆弱性与灾害恢复力的关系,总结了恢复力评估的主要方法、特点和难点,并在此基础上对灾害恢复力未来研究进行了展望,提出了研究的关键问题并建议进行更深入的研究。 相似文献
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未来不同气候变化情景下我国玉米产量的初步预测 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
玉米是我国重要的粮食和饲料作物,研究气候变化对我国玉米产量的影响有重要意义。采用区域气候模式与CERES Maize模型相结合的方法,模拟了基准气候（BS,1961—1990年）和A2、B2两种温室气体排放方案下2011—2100年我国雨养和灌溉玉米产量,初步预测了未来不同气候情景下玉米产量的变化状况。结果表明,如果保持现有的玉米生产状况,气候变化将导致我国玉米主产区的玉米单产普遍降低,总产下降,给玉米生产带来一定经济损失。A2气候变化情景对我国玉米产量的负面影响要大于B2情景。CO2肥效作用可以在一定程度上缓解这种负面影响,其缓解作用对雨养玉米更明显。未来全国玉米主产区的雨养和灌溉玉米的稳产风险及低产出现的概率将会增大,总产的年际波动更剧烈。由于目前研究结果是未考虑农业生产的适应措施而得出的,可能会高估气候变化的负面影响。 相似文献
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基于灾损评估的青海省牧草干旱风险区划研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在全球气候变暖的大背景下, 表现出温度升高、 降水变率加大的区域响应, 造成极端天气气候事件、 气象灾害加剧. 基于青海省1961-2010年47个气象站和20个农气站的气象资料、 牧草的实际产量以及牧草的理论产量等资料, 采用相关分析、 线性回归等方法, 在分析致灾因子危险性、 牧草相对产量的基础上, 确定了青海省牧区牧草干旱风险评估的实际阈值.通过海拔、 经度、 纬度、 牧草旱灾发生频次的拟合方程, 结合GIS平台对青海省牧草干旱进行风险区划.结果表明: 青南牧区西部、 环青海湖地区、 柴达木盆地东部边缘地区、 祁连山地区为易受旱灾影响的特高风险或高风险区域;青南牧区西南部为中风险区域;低风险区域主要在青南牧区东南部, 区划结果基本上于历史旱灾的实际情况相吻合, 区划结果旨在为青海省牧区牧业良性发展提供科学依据. 相似文献
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塔里木盆地是我国最大的半封闭型内陆盆地, 干旱、大风、沙尘暴、洪水以及地震、雪灾等自然灾害频繁.为了提高塔里木盆地城市应对自然灾害的能力, 以阿克苏地区为例, 在广泛借鉴国内外灾害脆弱性评价的指标体系与评价模型的基础上, 以多灾种复合情况为背景, 构建塔里木盆地自然灾害脆弱性评价指标体系, 运用模糊综合评价法进行脆弱性评价, 并对各指标进行对比分析.结果表明: 阿克苏市、新和县、阿瓦提县的高脆弱度值最高, 分别为0.48、0.36及0.40, 属于高脆弱度; 温宿县、沙雅县的中脆弱度值较高, 分别0.24和0.26, 属于中脆弱度; 库车县、拜城县、乌什县、柯坪县的低脆弱度值较高, 分别为0.48、0.45、0.36及0.35, 属于低脆弱度.根据各县市自然灾害脆弱性评价结果, 结合区域特点, 提出了防灾抗灾的对策建议, 对塔里木盆地城市降低脆弱性、减轻自然灾害影响有一定借鉴意义. 相似文献
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China faces drought disaster risk under the changing climate. Risk analysis is a suitable approach in order to design ex-ante
measure able to anticipate effects of drought on agricultural production. In this article, with the support of historic drought
disaster data from 583 agro-meteorological observations (1991–2009), a risk analysis method based on information diffusion
theory was applied to create a new drought risk analysis model, and the risk of China’s agriculture drought disaster was evaluated
on higher spatial resolution of county unit. The results show that in more than three hundred counties of China, risk probability
was biyearly or annually when Drought Affected Index (DAI) was over 5%. When DAI was up to 40%, more than one hundred counties
were prone to drought disaster annually or once every 5 years. This showed that the impact of drought disaster on China’s
agriculture, whether in frequency or intensity, was large. With the different level of DAI, China’s agricultural drought risk
pattern showed variable pattern characteristics. When DAI was low, the distribution of county agricultural drought risk in
China presented the East–West pattern of differentiation, and high risk mainly lied in the eastern, low risk mainly in the
western. On the other hand, when DAI was high, the distribution of county risk appeared a pattern of high in center, and the
north areas higher than the south, increased gradually from southwest to northeast. Drought risk presents a clear zonal differentiation
that may be result from stepped topography, different precipitation and hazard-affected bodies. Spread of high value area
of drought risk in northern may be related to the southeast monsoon and ecological degradation in northern Ecotone. 相似文献
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Assessment on agricultural drought vulnerability in the Yellow River basin based on a fuzzy clustering iterative model 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Di Wu Deng-Hua Yan Gui-Yu Yang Xiao-Gang Wang Wei-Hua Xiao Hai-Tao Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(2):919-936
Drought is one of the major natural disasters occurring in China and causes severe impacts on agricultural production and food security. Therefore, agricultural drought vulnerability assessment has an important significance for reducing regional agricultural drought losses and drought disaster risks. In view of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment with the characteristics of multiple factors and uncertainty, we applied the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation framework to agricultural drought vulnerability model. The agricultural drought vulnerability assessment model was constructed based on the multi-layer and multi-index fuzzy clustering iterative method, which can better reveal the drought vulnerability (including sensitivity and adaptation capacity). Furthermore, the cycle iterative algorithm was used to obtain the optimal index weight vector of a given accuracy by setting the objective function. It provides a new approach to weight determination of agricultural drought vulnerability assessment. In this study, agricultural drought vulnerability of 65 cities (as well as leagues and states) in the Yellow River basin was investigated using a fuzzy clustering iterative model and visualized by using GIS technique. The results showed clear differences and regularities among the spatial distribution of agricultural drought vulnerability of different regions. A large number of the regions in the basin consisted of those exhibiting high to very high vulnerability and were mainly distributed throughout Qinghai, Gansu, northern Shaanxi, and southern Shanxi, accounting for 46 % of the total assessment units. However, the regions exhibiting very high vulnerability were not significantly affected by droughts. Most of the regions exhibiting moderate vulnerability (21.5 % of the assessment units) were mainly concentrated among agricultural irrigation areas, where agriculture is highly sensitive to droughts, and drought occurrence in these regions will likely cause heavy losses in the future. The regions exhibiting slight to low vulnerability were relatively concentrated, accounting for 32.3 % of the assessment units, and were mainly distributed in the plains of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the economy was rather well developed and the agricultural production conditions were relatively stronger. 相似文献
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基于灾损评估的青海高原冰雹灾害风险区划 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用青海高原1961-2010年42个气象站逐次冰雹过程及其灾情信息, 采用滑动平均、 标准归一化及线性回归等方法, 在分析致灾因子危险性、 承灾体易损性评估指标的基础上, 建立了冰雹灾害区划模型, 并结合ArcGIS9.3平台得到青海高原冰雹灾害风险区划图. 结果表明: 青海东部农业区、 环青海湖地区、 柴达木盆地东部及三江源地区中东部为易受冰雹灾害影响的特高风险或高风险区域; 祁连山地区为中风险区, 而低风险区则位于柴达木盆地中、 西部. 区划结果与历史冰雹灾情基本吻合, 旨在为该区防灾减灾提供科学依据. 相似文献
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An assessment of multidimensional flood vulnerability at the provincial scale in China based on the DEA method 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dapeng Huang Renhe Zhang Zhiguo Huo Fei Mao Youhao E Wei Zheng 《Natural Hazards》2012,64(2):1575-1586
China suffers frequent and severe floods. A lot of studies have been done in the field of flood disaster, including flood vulnerability assessment. This paper develops assessment models of multidimensional flood vulnerability based on the data envelopment analysis method and identifies multidimensional flood vulnerability??population, death, agriculture and economy??at the provincial scale in China using flood damage data and socioeconomic statistical data from 2001 to 2010. Based on the characteristics of multidimensional flood vulnerability of each province, some suggestions for flood prevention and mitigation are suggested. The assessment models of multidimensional flood vulnerability are simple and can be used for vulnerability analysis of natural disaster at regional or national levels. The assessment of multidimensional flood vulnerability can provide multifaceted information that contributes to a deeper understanding of the flood vulnerability and provides a scientific base for the policy making and implementation of flood prevention and mitigation designs. 相似文献
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文中地质灾害包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷四类突发性地质灾害。采用地质灾害危险性与承灾体易损性分项测算,定性综合评估的方式实现我国县域单元地质灾害风险评估。将承灾体易损性分为人口安全易损性与资产易损性,用因灾死亡人口比与因灾直接经济损失比表征。基于以历史数据分析指导未来预测的思想,以国土资源部2001—2015年地质灾害灾情数据为样本,提出了人口安全易损性与资产易损性的分级标准。对我国2869个县域单元进行地质灾害风险评价,结果表明共有216个地质灾害高风险单元、643个中风险单元和2010个低风险单元。地质灾害高风险区集中分布于乌蒙山区、四川盆地周边山区以及云南西部和西藏东南部。 相似文献
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浅谈我国的地质灾害风险评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对我国地质灾害风险评估研究现状,着重讨论了对我国地质灾害风险评估的理解,提出了中国地质灾害风险评估为灾害体易发性、承灾体的易损性、这两者耦合关系评估的结构组成及结构公式,并根据其研究对象、内容、目的等方面情况提出了地质灾害风险评估的完整概念。 相似文献
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Based on former conceptual models of vulnerability, this paper aims to improve the quantitative model for regional vulnerability assessment by analyzing in-depth the relation between vulnerability, exposure, coping capacity, and resilience. Taking the mountain settlements in the upper reaches of Min River, China, as a case study, the method of Contributing Weight Superposition (CWS) is applied in establishing both a model and a system for the vulnerability assessment of elements at risk. The CWS approach consists of 13 index factors including population, economic and road densities, building and farmland coverage, hazard-affected areas, urbanization rate, and GDP per capita. Accordingly, a debris flow hazard vulnerability zoning map was obtained and the assessment results show that the distribution of high and comparatively high vulnerability zones, where economic activities are considerably high, has a close correlation to the topography of the catchment and population characteristics. The results thus may serve as a pertinent guidance for settlement relocation, population distribution readjustment, and management to prevent and reduce hazards in the upper reaches of Min River and beyond. 相似文献