共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
Schroeder L. Schaffner P. Mitchell J. Jones W. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1985,10(4):346-357
About 10 years ago, the advanced application flight experiment radiometer scatterometer (AAFE RADSCAT) made its first successful measurements of ocean radar scattering cross section from a NASA C-130 aircraft. This instrument was developed as a research tool to evaluate the use of microwave frequency remote sensors (particularly radars) to provide wind-speed information at the ocean's surface. The AAFE RADSCAT flight missions and analyses helped establish the feasibility of the satellite scatterometer for measuring both wind speed and direction. Probably the most important function of the AAFE RADSCAT was to provide a data base of ocean normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) measurements as a function of the surface wind vector at 13.9 GHz. NRCS measurements over a wide parametric range of incidence angles, azimuth angles, and winds were obtained in a series of RADSCAT aircraft missions from 1973 to 1977. Presented herein are analyses of data from the 26 RADSCAT flights during which the quality of the sensor and the surface wind measurements were felt to be understood. Subsets of this data base were used to model the relationship between theKu -band radar signature and the ocean-surface wind vector. The models developed partly from portions of this data base, supplemented with data from the Seasat (JASIN Report), were used for inversion of the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) radar measurements to vector winds. This paper summarizes results from a comprehensive analysis of the RADSCAT/ocean wind signature deduced from this complete data set. 相似文献
2.
Shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR imagery 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kaiguo Fan Weigen Huang Hui Lin Jiayi Pan Bin Fu Yanzhen Gu 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(4):405-413
Based on shallow water bathymetry synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism and the microwave scattering imaging model
for oceanic surface features, we developed a new method for shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR images. The
first guess of surface currents and winds are estimated from the normalized radar crossing section (NRCS) profile of shallow
water bathymetry SAR imagery, according to the linear theory and geophysical model function. The NRCS profile is then simulated
by the microwave scattering imaging model. Both the surface currents and winds are adjusted by using the dichotomy method
step by step to make the M4S-simulated NRCS profiles approach those observed by SAR. Then, the surface currents and the wind
speeds are retrieved when a best fit between simulated signals and the SAR image appears. Finally, water depths are derived
using the Navier–Stokes equation and finite difference method with the best estimated currents and the surface winds. The
method is tested on two SAR images of the Taiwan Shoal. Results show that the simulated shallow water NRCS profile is in good
agreement with those measured by SAR with the correlation coefficient as high as 85%. In addition, when water depths retrieved
from the SAR image are compared with in situ measurements, both the root mean square and relative error are less than 3.0 m
and 6.5%, respectively, indicating that SAR images are useful for shallow water depth retrieval and suggesting that the proposed
method in this paper is convergent and applicable. 相似文献
3.
Gaofen-3(GF-3), a Chinese civil synthetic aperture radar(SAR) at C-band, has operated since August 2016.Remarkably, several typhoons have been captured by GF-3 around the China Seas over its last two-year mission.In this study, six images acquired in Global Observation(GLO) and Wide ScanSAR(WSC) modes at verticalvertical(VV) polarization channel are discussed. This work focuses on investigating the observation of rainfall using GF-3 SAR. These images were collocated with winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF), significant wave height simulated from the WAVEWATCH-III(WW3) model, sea surface currents from climate forecast system version 2(CFSv2) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) and rain rate data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) satellite. Sea surface roughness,was compared with the normalized radar cross section(NRCS) from SAR observations, and indicated a 0.8 correlation(COR). We analyzed the dependences of the difference between model-simulated NRCS and SARmeasured NRCS on the TRMM rain rate and WW3-simulated significant wave height. It was found that the effects of rain on SAR damps the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 15° to 30°, while it enhances the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 30° to 45° and incidence angles smaller than 10°. This behavior is consistent with previous studies and an algorithm for rain rate retrieval is anticipated for GF-3 SAR. 相似文献
4.
Linbin Zhou Yehui Tan Liangmin Huang Xiping Lian Dajun Qiu Zhixin Ke 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(4):379-393
Analyzing and evaluating the state and heterogeneity of ecosystems are required for ecosystem-based management. The abundance size spectrum is a promising approach for evaluating pelagic ecosystems. To analyze the heterogeneity of pelagic ecosystems in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) in summer, a simplified abundance size spectrum (SASS) was proposed. Picophytoplankton (0.2–2 μm), microphytoplankton (10–160 μm), mesozooplankton (160–2000 μm), and macrozooplankton (505–8,000 μm) were sampled in the NSCS in August 2007, and used to build the SASS. On the basis of the SASS parameters, spatial heterogeneity in pelagic ecosystems was detected, and the study waters were distinctly categorized into the river plume or upwelling-affected area and its adjacent coastal area, the deepwater area, area near the Luzon Strait, and the offshore shelf area. Contrasts of SASS parameters between the eastern and western pelagic ecosystems out of the Pear River estuary demonstrate the fast ecosystem response to the spreading of the Pearl River plume. These results indicate that the SASS could be a good indicator for the state of pelagic ecosystems in the NSCS. In addition, the SASS approach is easily available and labor- and time-saving, thus the SASS could be a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating the state of pelagic ecosystems and their responses to perturbations. 相似文献
5.
Johnson J. Williams L. Jr. Bracalente E. Beck F. Grantham W. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1980,5(2):138-144
The Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) was designed to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction in twenty-four (24) independent cells over a 1000-km swath. It operated in the interrupted CW mode at a frequency of 14.6 GHz with four (4) fan beam antennas and used Doppler filtering in the receiver for resolving the cells on the surface. The instrument began operating in space on July 6, 1978, and gathered normalized radar cross section (sigma^{0} ) data for approximately 2290 h. The purpose of this paper is to describe the in-orbit evaluation of the SASS hardware and its compatibility with the spacecraft. It has been determined that the scatterometer operated flawlessly throughout the mission, met all design requirements, and established a good data base for geophysical processing. 相似文献
6.
A study of a new retrieval algorithm for measurement of oceanic windvectors field using satellite microwave scatterometer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
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7.
QIN Bangyong ZHOU Xuan ZHANG Honglei YANG Xiaofeng LU Rong YU Yang SHI Lijian 《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,33(7):83-88
Rain effect and lack of in situ validation data are two main causes of tropical cyclone wind retrieval errors. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique （CMORPH） rain rate is introduced to a match-up dataset and then put into a rain correction model to remove rain effects on ＂Jason-1＂ normalized radar cross section （NRCS）; Hurricane Research Division （HRD） wind sPeed, which integrates all available surface weather observations, is used to substitute in situ data for establishing this relationship with ＂Jason-l＂ NRCS. Then, an improved ＂Jason-l＂ wind retrieval algorithm under tropical cyclone conditions is proposed. Seven tropical cyclones from 2003 to 2010 are studied to validate the new algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the standard deviation of this algorithm at C-band and Ku-band is 1.99 and 2.75 m/s respectively, which is better than the existing algorithms. In addition, the C-band algorithm is more suitable for sea surface wind retrieval than Ku-band under tropical cyclone conditions. 相似文献
8.
为了适应我国近海海洋环境监测快速、多要素的现场监测需求,研制了一套船载水样自动采集系统,系统控制方式简单灵活,具有全自动、半自动和手动三种控制模式。该系统由采水泵、复合采水缆、电动绞车、电控柜、储水罐等硬件和控制软件组成。在软件的控制下,绞车、采水泵等执行元件可自动开启和关闭,自动完成同一地点不同深度的多层水样采集。与传统人工采水方式相比,可大大减轻实验人员的劳动强度,减小水样采集的深度误差。渤海和东海大量的海上试验证明该系统性能稳定,能够适用于营养盐分析仪对水样的要求。 相似文献
9.
10.
利用散射计测量海面后向散射系数, 并通过地球物理模型函数(geophysical model function, GMF)反演得到海面风场。目前散射计风场反演所采用的GMF一般只考虑雷达极化方式、雷达入射角、风速和相对风向对海面后向散射系数的影响, 而相关研究表明海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)对Ku波段散射计风场反演具有不可忽略的影响。文章利用海洋二号A卫星散射计(Haiyang-2A Scatterometer, HY2A-SCAT)后向散射系数观测值、欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF )再分析风矢量和SST数据, 采用人工神经网络方法, 建立起一种SST相关的GMF (TNGMF)。对TNGMF进行分析后发现, 海面后向散射系数随着SST的增加而增加, 并且其增加幅度与雷达极化方式、风速有关。为了对比, 文章使用相同数据集和相同方法建立了不包含SST的GMF (NGMF), 将美国国家航天航空局散射计-2 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scatterometer-2, NSCAT2) GMF、TNGMF和NGMF分别用于HY2A-SCAT风场反演实验。试验结果表明, 采用NSCAT2 GMF、NGMF反演得到的风速在低温时系统性偏小, 在高温时系统性偏大; 而TNGMF可较好地纠正SST对风速偏差均值的影响, 从而提高反演风场质量。 相似文献
11.
《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2005,30(3):543-551
Axial fronts of tidal currents are observed in Cook Inlet, AK, on a RADARSAT-1 standard mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image taken at 16:31:47 coordinated universal time (UTC) on July 12, 2002. The longest front appears as a 100-km-long quasi-linear bright feature in the SAR image. This front is characterized by an increase in the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of 7 dB in the C-band horizontal polarization (C-HH) RADARSAT-1 SAR image. Two other smaller fronts exist in the middle of the inlet. The NRCS modulations appear to be less, at about 5 dB. A diagnostic Cook Inlet tidal model is developed to calculate the current velocity fields of the inlet and to demonstrate that the variation in bottom friction caused by the bathymetry distribution generates axial convergence at different tidal stages. The model, using the actual bathymetry, is driven by predicted tides from six tidal stations along the inlet coast. The model results show that the tidal current flowed into the inlet at the time the SAR image was obtained. Tidal current along two transects in the inlet is extracted to show that there is a significant cross-channel convergence of the along-channel velocity component, with a magnitude of 4 to 6 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ s/sup -1/ near the observed front positions. In general, a higher velocity convergence from the model corresponds to higher NRCS return areas in this SAR image. 相似文献
12.
COARE算法估算海气界面热通量的个例对比分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文先对NCEP分析风、QSCAT/NCEP混合风、MM5中尺度模式分析风场进行了比对分析,发现具有高分辨率的QSCAT/NCEP混合风资料给出的高风速数值较好,但给出的高风速开始时间相对较早;NCEP分析风资料给出的高风速数值明显偏小;MM5分析风场较为可信,只不过模拟的高风速数值还是相对偏小.使用COARE算法（版本3.0）计算了四种资料情况下的渤、黄海海域一次冷空气大风过程的海表面湍流热通量,并与MM5诊断分析结果进行了对比分析.结果发现相同资料情况下,MM5结果跟COARE算法所算海气热通量（包括感热和潜热）在区域分布和时间变化规律上均较为一致,中、低风速情况下,结果比较接近;但是高风速情况下两者差异显著. 相似文献
13.
Historically, measurement and collection of deep‐ocean acoustic imagery are accomplished by towed sidescan systems. Recently, work has been performed to extract acoustic imagery from current hull‐mounted wide‐swath bathymetric sonars with minimal hardware modification. Past work of deriving acoustic imagery from swath sonars has been performed primarily with SeaBeam's sixteen 22/3 ° preformed beams. The Navy is investigating the feasibility of extracting an acoustic image from the Sonar Array Survey Systems (SASS), a high‐resolution (1o beams) wide‐fan (90°) bathymetric system. Due to the large data volume (approximately 1 MB per ping), SASS normally discards the raw acoustic returns once bathymetry is calculated. In early 1991 the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) installed the hardware on board the USNS Maury to capture and record the raw acoustic signal (inphase and quadrature) from the SASS's 144 hydrophones for later inversion to a backscatter image. Preliminary qualitative mosaics of the sidescan images show promising results and warrant further development. 相似文献
14.
本文利用我国极地数值天气预报系统和美国南极中尺度预报系统的存档数据,分析了Dome A至普里兹湾沿岸地区下降风风场的时空分布和大气质量通量,给出了该地区下降风的基本特点。该地区下降风受南极冰盖地形影响强烈,艾默里冰架西侧等陡峭地区风速总体较大;下降风随季节变化较大,冬季的下降风较强。强下降风在前进过程中有绝热增温现象,并给艾默里冰架西部带来近表层升温。下降风风速最大处位于地面以上约100～200 m高度,风速较大地区的下降风在垂直方向上分布较为深厚。下降风在普里兹湾沿岸的表层大气质量通量在时空分布上极不均匀,艾默里冰架西侧的下降风气流较强时,普里兹湾海域有较多的中尺度气旋活动。下降风引发普里兹湾中尺度气旋旋生的过程值得关注,需进一步研究下降风引发中尺度气旋的机理。 相似文献
15.
《Oceanologica Acta》2002,25(2):87-99
During previous field experiments in the North Sea it was often assumed that the water column in such shallow coastal tidal waters is vertically well mixed and stratification was neglected when discussing the Normalized Radar Cross Section modulation caused by the sea floor. In this paper the influence of quasi resonant internal waves with the sea bed on the radar imaging mechanism of submarine sand waves itself is investigated. In situ data of the tidal current velocity and several water quality parameters such as sea surface temperature, fluorescence, and beam transmittance were measured in the Southern Bight of the North Sea in April 1991. Simulations of the total NRCS modulation caused by sand waves and internal waves as a function of the current gradient or strain rate induced by the internal wave current field at the sea surface have been carried out using the quasi-steady approximation and linear internal wave theory. As a first approximation the strain rate depending on stratification was calculated using the two-layer model. These simulations demonstrate that at least a density difference between the two layers of the order of Δρ ≈ 1 kg m–3 is necessary for a sinusoidal thermocline to effect the total NRCS modulation considerably. The NRCS modulation as a function of wind friction velocity has been calculated independently and is discussed with regard to the strain rate of the surface current field caused by the superimposed imaging mechanisms of sand waves and internal waves. It turned out that the existence of a surface roughness-wind stress feedback mechanism cannot be excluded. 相似文献
16.
With the launch of SARAL/AltiKa altimeter, efforts have been made to develop wind speed retrieval algorithms. Here we present two algorithms for estimating and validating wind speed from AltiKa. The first method is based on a theoretical Geophysical Model Function (GMF) using forward model simulations for Ka band specifications. The second is the model function developed using the matched database of input and output vectors of Normalized Radar Cross Section (NRCS) from AltiKa and wind speed measurements from concurrent Jason-2 altimeters. Since the NRCS depends on both the surface roughness due to surface wind speed and on mean square slope of the surfaces, the significant wave height is used along with wind speed for model development as an proxy variable. Both the theoretical and empirical GMFs are evaluated for retrieval of wind speed from AltiKa and validated with NDBC buoys data. The empirical model provide wind speed retrieval accuracy of 1.4 m/s. The accuracy of wind retrievals from theoretical model is also in the similar range (1.6 m/s), indicating the sound physical basis applicable for the future altimeters with various incidence angles. The retrieved wind speed is applied for various case studies, bringing out all the regional and global features quite well. 相似文献
17.
18.
The ship and data buoy winds used for comparison in the validation of Seasat-derived winds are described in terms of the time series of hourly wind observations from the buoys and in terms of the technique used to produce 20- and 30-min average winds from the ships. Sources of scatter in the comparison data are briefly reviewed. 相似文献
19.
浅海水下地形的SAR遥感仿真研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
结合连续性方程和布拉格后向散射模型,在准一维简化浅海水下地形情况下,建立了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型,将浅海水下地形区域的SAR海面后向散射强度的相对变化与大尺度背景流场、海面风场和雷达系统参数等联系起来.海上实验和研究结果表明,浅海水下地形的SAR成像主要由通过受水下地形影响的海表层流场对海表面风引起的微尺度波的水动力调制而获取浅海水下地形信息,其中潮流与水下地形的相互作用过程改变海表层流场,变化的海表层流与海表面微尺度波之间的相互作用改变海表面波的空间分布,雷达波与海表面波之间的相互作用决定雷达海面后向散射强度.因此SAR图像中浅海水下地形或水深信息量的多少不仅与海表层流场和海面风速有关,而且与雷达工作波段、雷达波束入射角和极化方式也密切相关.认为由水下地形变化引起的缓慢变化的表层流场中海表面定常微尺度波谱能量密度的变化满足波作用量谱平衡方程;而在波数空间中,海表面微尺度波谱的成长过程也可以用波数谱平衡方程描述,在此基础上,得出了海表面波高频谱(毛细-重力波)形式的解析表达式.众所周知,浅海水下地形信息是由于水下地形影响下SAR海面后向散射强度与背景海面后向散射强度的相对差异而在SAR图像上的呈现,从而在建立浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度仿真模型的基础上,仿真计算了浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度相对于海表层流场、海面风场等海况参数和SAR工作波段、SAR波束入射角、极化方式等雷达系统参数的数值仿真结果,分析得到了有关浅海水下地形SAR海面相对后向散射强度的特征和SAR浅海水下地形遥感的最佳海况参数与最佳雷达系统参数,为研究和开展SAR浅海水下地形遥感研究提供了有价值的参考. 相似文献
20.
本文给出了一种从ＳＡＳＳ测量的后向散射强度手数据中反演出大尺度海洋风场的新方法。计算结果与Ｐｅｔｅｈｅｒｙｃｈ等利用ＳＡＳＳ表面风分析的结果比较在风向上是吻合的，在风速上本文所得结果更宇海面赵实风速。上述结果说明本文所采用的多解排除对两波束散射计探测海面风场的反演是成功的。 相似文献