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1.
1998-2008年阿克苏地区冰雹的时空分布特征及防御对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
统计分析了位于天山南麓的阿克苏地区1998--2008年的降雹资料,揭示了近年来地区降雹的时空分布特征以及冰雹云活动的主要路径,结果显示：该地区降雹分布为北部多、南部少,山区多、平原少;该地区降雹次数呈线性增加趋势,东部降雹次数多于西部、西部降雹次数增幅大于东部;由于冰雹云路径复杂多变,冰雹防御的重点在主要冰雹云路径和重点农作物区近年来新增的耕地面积成为防御的空白区,应增设作业点来填补空档区,达到“全覆盖”式作业体系 相似文献
2.
Alexis B. Long 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):35-48
Abstract Hail and rain data collected in the National Hail Research Experiment's 1976 dense precipitation network have proved useful in defining the requirements of hail measuring networks. It is shown, at least for the hailstorm of 22 June 1976, that the primary maxima and minima of the spatial distribution of hail mass are revealed by a hailpad spacing of about 4 km, and that increasing detail obtains with smaller spacings until with spacings of 0.4 to 0.8 km finer scale features with dimensions of 1–3 km become defined. Monte‐Carlo and conventional statistical analysis show that the confidence limits on the errer in estimating the true hail mass for a storm increase approximately linearly with the mean spacing of hailpads. For the hailfall of 22 June 1976, there is 90% confidence that the true hail mass is estimated within ± 10% for a hailpad spacing of 1.7 km. Estimates of hail kinetic energy and number of hailstones of this accuracy require that hailpads be approximately 10–20% closer or farther apart, respectively. There is no simple numerical relation between the densities of hailpad and wedge raingauge networks covering the same area such that, if satisfied, the networks would then provide estimates of hail mass and total precipitation of the same accuracy for any storm. There is considerable daily variation in the size of hailswaths and in the spatial distribution of hail mass within them, pointing to the need for a climatological study of these aspects of hailfall to assess properly the requirements that a hail network must meet in a given region. 相似文献
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2007年4月29日在川东北地区发生了一次强风暴天气过程。本文利用大气综合观测和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了这次强风暴过程发生前的天气形势和物理量场的结构特征。根据多普勒天气雷达和卫星云图资料,分析了风暴的演变过程及结构。研究表明:过程发生前在风暴区上空,低空存在暖平流、高空有冷平流,行星边界层能级低,对流层整层热力差动平流结构十分明显。卫星云图上有中尺度对流云团活动。雷达监测显示:在降雹前有悬垂回波、中气旋和有界弱回波区存在,具有典型超级单体风暴的部分结构和特征。 相似文献
5.
一次冬季降雹过程的CINRAD/SA回波特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
利用新一代天气雷达 (CINRAD/SA)对 2 0 0 2年 1 2月 1 9日一次冬季降雹观测资料进行分析 ,从中得出冬季降雹的回波特征 ,并对这次过程中出现的三体散射现象及相应的雷达产品做初步分析 ,得出“三体”散射现象是降大雹的一指示性标志和降雹的一些雷达产品指标。 相似文献
6.
三维对流云催化数值模式人工冰晶参数化方案的改进与个例模拟试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维全弹性对流风暴云催化数值模式(简称为IAP-CSM3D)的基础上,对模式中催化部分的参数化方案进行了改进,推导出人工冰晶与其它粒子之间相互作用的微物理过程的参数化方程。改进后的模式将催化产生的人工冰晶单独作为预报量进行处理,把人工冰晶与自然冰晶区分开,且考虑的人工冰晶谱型为双参数粒子谱,使模式更符合实际。利用改进后的模式模拟了2005年7月8日发生在辽宁省朝阳市的一次冰雹云天气过程,着重分析了催化云人工冰晶的微物理过程、空间分布和谱型,以及对冰相降水粒子的贡献。数值试验表明,自然雹云模拟结果与观测事实相吻合,说明改进后的模式对冰雹云具有较可靠的模拟能力。模拟分析表明,冻滴是该例自然雹云冰雹胚胎的主要来源,对该冰雹云进行AgI催化可明显地减少降雹量,特别是在云中冰雹形成初期进行催化防雹效果最好,既可产生最大的防雹作业效果又不至于过度减少降雨量。催化减雹的主要原因是催化显著地减少了云中冻滴向冰雹胚胎的转化总量。进一步研究发现,人工冰晶在云的不同阶段对各种冰相降水粒子的贡献是不同的。人工冰晶对雪花总质量的贡献较小,对霰总质量的贡献有所增大,而对冻滴总质量的贡献较大。模拟的冰晶粒子谱可较好地反映出人工冰晶谱型较窄,浓度较大,尺度较小的特征。 相似文献
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During the summer of 1973, two networks of hail detectors were established in a hail‐prone region of southern Alberta, in conjunction with the hail suppression investigations being carried out by Alberta Hail Studies (ALHAS).2 Two hundred and seventy‐two farmer volunteers maintained the detectors in two regions totalling 1600 mi2, providing a mean station spacing of 2.5 mi. Five dense networks with a detector spacing of 0.25 mi were also operated during August. These detectors successfully recorded the hailfall on 17 severe thunderstorm days. The areal coverage of the hailfall was found to be less sporadic than was popularly believed, and the data revealed two different spatial scales of hailfall variation. A preliminary examination of the significance of these results for the design of precipitation (and particularly hail) measuring networks is undertaken. 相似文献
8.
一次强风暴三维结构的观测分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
2003年6月28日山东德州发生了一次降雹持续时间长、危害严重的强降雹天气过程。利用MICAPS、探空、NCEP资料,分析了降雹前的天气形势、能量场特征、含水量场。根据两部多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了雹云的演变过程及流场结构。研究表明,降雹前在降雹区上空西边低层存在高能舌,在中高层西边存在负能量平流或负能量平流中心。此次超级单体风暴过程由单个单体发展而来,具有强超级单体风暴的典型特征。该超级单体的移动方向在盛行风向右侧约20°左右,属于右移风暴。 相似文献
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Two hailstorms that occurred in Beijing and Tianjin, respectively, are investigated, based mainly on the total lightning data observed by the System d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometric Radioelecctrique (SAFIR3000), the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data of a CG lightning location system, and the echo data of a Doppler radar. Both hailstorms exhibited two lightning frequency peaks: the first was before the hailfall and the second was after the hailfall, with the second peak greater than the first. The dominant polarity of the CG lightning was positive in the stage around the first frequency peak, but changed to negative in the stage around the second frequency peak. The evolution of radar echoes and the height distribution of lightning radiation sources are explored, revealing that both hailstorms had stronger convection and the main positive charge occurred at mid levels during the stage around the first frequency peak. However, whilst the Beijing hailstorm experienced the enhancement of convection, with the main positive charge at upper levels around the second frequency peak, the Tianjin hailstorm generated its second frequency peak during the period when the convection kept weakening and the main positive charge dropped to mid–lower levels. Through evaluation of the radar parameters, we investigate the mechanisms responsible for the second stage of active lightning discharge. Furthermore, the lightning activity exhibited a close relationship with radar echo parameters and hailfall. Lightning jump signals were found before the hailfall and were associated with the change ratio of the 40-dBZ echo volume above the ?15°C level, which demonstrates the application value of lightning data in severe weather warning. 相似文献
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Griffith M. Morgan Jr 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):49-60
Abstract Recent studies on the patterns of surface hailfall based on measurements at several scales and by several techniques are described. This is used as a framework for indicating needs for further research. The work described was performed at the Illinois State Water Survey, and no attempt has been made to present a review of all significant research on surface hailfall characteristics. 相似文献
13.
贵州春季冰雹短期预报的高空温压场相似法 总被引：3，自引：7，他引：3
采用08：00(北京时，下同)500hPa温压场和700hPa温度场相似系数指标值，建立了贵州区域性春季冰雹短期预报模型。建模选用了427个冰雹日个例和484个无雹日个例，分月确定相似预报指标，故所建模型有较大的统计可靠性。预报模型在样本期内的预报准确率为66％，经1999和2001年试报，结果表明，该预报模型有较好的实用价值。 相似文献
14.
N. R. Dalezios M. V. Sioutas T. S. Karacostas 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,45(1-2):101-111
Summary Hailpads are used to provide quantitative hailfall measurements in several hail experiments and hail suppression operations around the world. The dented hailpads record the time-integrated size distribution and concentration of hailfall. In the five-year Greek National Hail Suppression Program (GNHSP) hailpad data have been used to estimate the global (impact) energy of hailswaths for the evaluation of the GNHSP.In this paper a systematic hailpad calibration procedure is developed applicable to operational programs. To meet this objective a calibration experiment has been conducted consisting of several tests to: consider differences between pad types; to examine the effects of ultra violet-light on hailpads for varying periods of time; to investigate the effect of painting and inking of the hailpad surfaces; to consider the effect of analyst's variability, loose hailpad stands, and bouneing; and to develop calibration eqqations. The concluded results seem to justify the design and performance of the hailpad calibration procedure.With 9 Figures 相似文献
15.
北京强雷暴的地闪活动与雷达回波和降水的关系 总被引：37，自引：3，他引：37
对2000-2001年发生在北京地区的8次天气过程进行了闪电与降水特征的统计分析，并针对两类典型暴雨和冰雹天气进行了详细的雷达、闪电特征分析。结果表明：降雨和降雹天气的地闪特性具有明显差异。降雹天气的正闪比例较大，特别在降雹前正闪频数增加剧烈。闪电通常发生在45dBZ以上的回波区，比目前“闪电在中纬度通常发生在30～45dBZ”等其他一些研究结果偏高。 相似文献
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基于观测数据,统计分析了1999—2017年山东省冰雹频数月际变化的时空特征;基于大气再分析数据,通过对大尺度环流客观分型与物理量场的合成分析,探究了月际变化的成因。统计结果显示,山东省冰雹频数存在显著的月际变化,逐月冰雹落区具有明显的空间差异。成因探究结果表明：1）约88%的冰雹发生于低槽槽前,或槽后西北气流的环流形势下,此两种形势发生频率之和的月际变化与冰雹频数的月际变化呈现一致的起伏特征;2）水汽与热力条件影响了冰雹发生频数,对4—6月和9—10月而言,充足的水汽与强不稳定对应了较高的冰雹频数,其中6月冰雹频数最高归因于水汽含量与K指数均达到最大,且距平正异常最小;3）4—9月冰雹落区的空间分布与低层水汽输送及辐合存在较好的对应关系,而10月对应关系不明显。 相似文献
17.
A cloud-resolving study on the role of cumulus merger in MCS with heavy precipitation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The cumulus merging processes in generating the mesoscale convective system （MCS） on 23 August 2001 in the Beijing region are studied by using a cloud-resolving mesoscale model of MM5. The results suggest that the merger processes occurred among isolated convective cells formed in high mountain region during southerly moving process play critical role in forming MCS and severe precipitating weather events such as hailfall, heavy rain, downburst and high-frequency lightning in the region. The formation of the MCS experiences multi-scale merging processes from single-cell scale merging to cloud cluster-scale merging, and high core merging. The merger process can apparently alter cloud dynamical and microphysical properties through enhancing both low- and middle-level forcing. Also, lightning flash rates are enhanced by the production of more intense and deeper convective cells by the merger process, especially by which, the more graupel-like ice particles are formed in clouds. The explosive convective development and the late peak lightning flash rate can be found during merging process. 相似文献
18.
春季冰雹短期预报影响系统指标法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在分析研究了形成贵州省春季冰雹天气的500hPa五种主要影响系统的基础上，以量化的影响系统特征值和无降雹条件指标为依据，建立了冰雹短期预报模型。预报模型的样本年代准确率为57％，经2001年的实际预报检验预报准确率达59％，取得了较好效果。 相似文献
19.
Weather modification activities are performed predominantly by cloud seeding. Some operational projects have been performed for more than half a century and cover planetary scales. These activities lead to a large amount of deposited chemical materials (seeding agents) at the ground level during precipitation. These deposits depend on the amount of the seeding agent. In the future, increased amounts of seeding agent deposits could be a serious problem due to various negative effects on the human environment. Therefore, the main intent of this paper is to determine trends for the seeding agent amount over certain areas of Serbia. Four areas covered by the Hail Suppression Project in Serbia are considered: the target area in central Serbia and areas in western and central Serbia, which are well-known hailfall regions. The annual seeding agent amounts show a slow decreasing trend because fewer seedings were performed during the last decade of the last century, which was due to economic reasons. In contrast, the annual seeding agent amounts of the other analysed areas indicate an increasing trend induced by the transfer of rockets to these hailfall regions. The main difference among small areas is the mean agent amount and its maximum time position as a consequence of the high spatial and time variability of the hail. However, a sharp decreasing trend that is influenced by the implementation of new methodologies, seeding agents and delivery tools may also be a factor in the implementation of cloud seeding projects. The given method is not only strictly applicable locally and may be applied to any other cloud seeding scenario and seeding area. Dominantly increasing trends in the agent amount indicate that the importance of weather modifications in the future will be greater than ever and will have both positive and negative effects. 相似文献
20.
R. Fraile J. L. Sánchez J. L. de la Madrid A. Castro J. L. Marcos 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1999,64(1-2):105-117
Summary Since 1990 the Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics at the University of León has made use of a network of 250 hailpads spread
over an area of 1000 km2 in the province of León (north-western Spain). By the end of 1995, the network had detected 25 hailfalls of more than 15 km2 in area, registered on 13 different days during the summer months.
The 25 hailfalls were precipitated over more than 300 separate hailpads, leaving nearly 40 000 measurable prints. The size
of each hailstone, whose mass and kinetic energy were taken simply as a function of the diameter of the stone was calculated
using the hailpad network. In this way, an estimate has been made of the total quantity of ice which fell in each hailfall
(circa 19 000 metric tons on average, although a figure ten times this was calculated for one particular hailstorm). The spatial
evolution of the physical variables of the hail, determined from each pad, has also been graphically represented.
In addition, the distribution of hailstone sizes has been analysed, and the characteristic distribution parameters calculated.
Although exponential distribution is often used, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of goodness-of-fit shows a better fit for gamma
distribution. The information provided by these parameters has been analysed for both distributions, in relation to some specific
variables associated with hail. There is a good correlation between total energy and mass precipitated, but the quantity of
hail per unit area correlates with the total energy or mass of the precipitation only through the area affected. The size
distribution parameters only show good correlations with the maximum hailstone size recorded.
Received October 1, 1998 Revised March 8, 1999 相似文献