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The Global Earthquake Vulnerability Estimation System (GEVES): an approach for earthquake risk assessment for insurance applications 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Robin Spence Emily So Sarah Jenny Hervé Castella Michael Ewald Edmund Booth 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(3):463-483
For the insurance and reinsurance industries, earthquake loss estimation is crucial not only to adequately price its product
but also to manage the accumulation risk in the face of the ever-increasing exposure in highly seismic regions. Changes in
the built environment and a continuously evolving earthquake science make it a necessity for the industry to constantly refine
earthquake loss estimation models. In particular, it has been recognized for a long time that the vulnerability of buildings
to ground shaking is a key parameter in any earthquake risk model. Current methods tend either to rely on the limited historical
damage and loss data or on the numerical simulation of the response of individual buildings to the ground-shaking produced
by earthquakes. Although both methods have their advantages and pitfalls, we are proposing here a simple solution, using transparent
input data, that can be realistically used for the needs of the insurance and reinsurance industry, whether detailed information
about the insured structures is available or not. The resulting product is known as GEVES (Global Earthquake Vulnerability
Estimation System). It is primarily intended for evaluating the mean damage ratio (MDR) suffered by a portfolio of buildings
classified by use, under the action of a given earthquake scenario (i.e. an earthquake of given size at a given distance from
the portfolio of buildings). A key assumption was that macroseismic intensity rather than spectral displacement would be the
basis of loss estimation. The paper describes the model with emphasis on its structure and the justification for the assumptions
made. In addition to a new set of earthquake vulnerability functions, the paper also provides recommendations on some aspects
of the earthquake hazard, in particular about how to define macroseismic intensity at the site of interest, for a given earthquake
scenario. This paper also discusses validation of the GEVES model against calculated vulnerability approaches, and the treatment
of uncertainty within the model. 相似文献
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震后房屋损失的快速评估对于灾后应急救援等至关重要。现有的地震风险评估方法要么仅提供损失的均值,要么以某一方差常数来描述损失的分布特征,均无法准确有效地反映各空间位置点损失的随机性及相关关系,最终影响整体损失评估结果的准确度。本文基于Copula理论,提出了一种适用于地震巨灾风险分析的相关随机变量模拟方法,好处是在实现快速计算的同时,能够考虑地震损失中的不确定性与相关性。利用所提方法对2022年9月5日四川泸定6.8级地震的房屋损失进行评估,得到了各结构类型与县区的损失分布,并与PAGER方法所得到的损失分布进行对比。结果表明：此次地震房屋总体损失超过89.8%的概率处于10～100亿元人民币量级水平,其中超过50.8%的概率为20～50亿元人民币;损失较大的三个县区分别是泸定县、石棉县和荥经县,砌体结构的经济损失约是框架结构的2倍;相比于PAGER,该方法给出的损失概率分布形状更加灵活,能够详细地反映不同县区的房屋损失特征。研究方法和结果为震后损失快速评估技术提供参考,也为未来地震的灾后应急救援等提供科学依据。 相似文献
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刍议国际地震保险投保率 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地震灾难带来的损失日益增加的问题，让保险业至今难以应对。地震发生频率低、损失巨大而保险公司的承保能力又十分有限，加之，社会公众的投保意识薄弱，造成地震保险投保率过低。从地震灾情入手，介绍了国际地震保险开展情况，剖析了地震保险投保率过低的原因，并针对问题提出了解决措施。 相似文献
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There are limitations in conventional earthquake loss procedures if attempts are made to apply these to assess the social and economic impacts of recent disastrous earthquakes. This paper addresses the need to develop an applicable model for estimating the significant increases of earthquake loss in mainland China. The casualties of earthquakes were studied first. The casualties of earthquakes are strongly related to earthquake strength, occurrence time (day or night) and the distribution of population in the affected area. Using data on earthquake casualties in mainland China from 1980 to 2000, we suggest a relationship between average losses of life and the magnitude of earthquakes. Combined with information on population density and earthquake occurrence times, we use these data to give a further relationship between the loss of life and factors like population density, intensity and occurrence time of the earthquake. Earthquakes that occurred from 2001 to 2003 were tested for the given relationships. This paper also explores the possibility of using a macroeconomic indicator, here GDP (Gross Domestic Product), to roughly estimate earthquake exposure in situations where no detailed insurance or similar inventories exist, thus bypassing some problems of the conventional method. 相似文献
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指数保险具有触发参数客观、理赔反应迅速的特点,是政策性保险的优先选择。云南省作为地震灾害频发且损失严重地区,率先开展了地震指数保险的试点工作。2021年5月21日,云南省漾濞县发生6.4级地震,触发了地震指数保险赔付。本文对地震指数保险赔偿原则及其在云南试点地区的实施情况等进行介绍,根据漾濞地震损失和赔付情况,总结地震指数保险实施优势和存在的问题,并对地震保险在我国的发展进行展望。 相似文献
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Weimin Dong Ph.D 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2002,1(1):145-151
Internationally earthquake insurance, like all other insurance (fire, auto), adopted actuarial approach in the past, which
is, based on historical loss experience to determine insurance rate. Due to the fact that earthquake is a rare event with
severe consequence, irrational determination of premium rate and lack of understanding scale of potential loss led to many
insurance companies insolvent after Northridge earthquake in 1994.
Along with recent advances in earth science, computer science and engineering, computerized loss estimation methodologies
based on first principles have been developed to the point that losses from destructive earthquakes can be quantified with
reasonable accuracy using scientific modeling techniques.
This paper intends to introduce how engineering models can assist to quantify earthquake risk and how insurance industry can
use this information to manage their risk in the United States and abroad.
Supported partially by: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, CSB 相似文献
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地震保险及其在地震减灾中的潜在作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着世界人口与工业化程度增加,地震灾害亦惊人地增大。与此同时,若能将现有知识和技术有效地转化为减灾实践,地震灾害对人类社会的威胁将大大减少。保险是人类对付可能遭受的危险或可能造成损失的一种手段。以保险保单为依据,在保险标的遭受损失时,保险公司将提供经济补偿。本文首先阐明保险在减轻地震损失中可能发挥的潜在作用,以及从经济上帮助在地震中遭受破坏的房产主和企业主恢复重建,其次介绍中国云南省从地震保险的角度,为对付未来震灾所进行的多方协作;最后,为了从技术和经济上合理厘定地震保险费率,并顺利开展地震保险业务,开展国际、国内合作项目是必要的。新近在第九届国际地震预测会（哥斯达黎加,１９９４年９月）会议期间成立的“国际地震保险研究小组”,就是这类合作的先例。该小组由地震预测国际筹划指导委员会领导。 相似文献
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建筑物地震损失风险与保险费用的确定方法 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文结合我国地震危险性和建筑物抗震设防标准提出了地震损失风险评估概率模型,并给出了建筑物地震保险金额和保险费率的计算方法。用该方法可以计算各类建筑物的保险费用,计算结果与国际地震保险业的经验数据较一致。同时,本文还利用GIS技术展示了与保险金额和保险费率的空间分布状态相关的属性数据,为保险当事人提供了实施地震保险的科学依据。 相似文献
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空间格网数据相比于矢量数据具有运算速度快、处理简单的特点,适合地震灾害损失震前预测或震后快速评估。但地震损失评估涉及地震危险性及人口、房屋建筑及其地震易损性等不同类型数据在全国范围内的千米格网分布,数据量大,数据变化时形成新的格网数据的工作量较大,使用常规震害预测算法会影响评估效率。依据地震损失评估原理,采取前置确定性损失评估策略和算法优化,结合GIS功能设计并编程实现了具有风险评估相关数据千米格网化处理、地震损失预测与震后快速评估等核心功能的软件系统。利用该系统进行了2016～2025年中国大陆千米格网地震损失预测,结果表明评估效率显著提高,该系统为我国新一代地震重点监视防御区的确定提供了实用化的震害损失预测工具,同时,在地震损失快速评估中亦得到较好应用。 相似文献
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通过对目前农村住宅抗震救灾现状的分析,借鉴我国农村新型合作医疗的模式,提出了一种村民、集体和政府共同集资,共同承担住宅地震风险的新型合作抗震救灾保险机制。对农村住宅合作抗震救灾保险机制提出了初步设想,提出了确定农村住宅合作抗震救灾参保费需要考虑的因素,提出了农村住宅合作抗震救灾年缴纳费用的建议值。通过问卷调查的形式初步研究了农村住宅合作抗震救灾保险制度的可行性、保费的多少以及个人和政府的合理出资比例等问题。 相似文献
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During the past 30 years, there has been spectacular growth in the use of risk analysis and risk management tools developed by engineers in the financial and insurance sectors. The insurance, the reinsurance, and the investment banking sectors have enthusiastically adopted loss estimation tools developed by engineers in developing their business strategies and for managing their financial risks. As a result, insurance/reinsurance strategy has evolved as a major risk mitigation tool in managing catastrophe risk at the individual, corporate, and government level. This is particularly true in developed countries such as US, Western Europe, and Japan. Unfortunately, it has not received the needed attention in developing countries, where such a strategy for risk management is most needed. Fortunately, in the last five years, there has been excellent focus in developing "Insur Tech" tools to address the much needed "Insurance for the Masses", especially for the Asian Markets. In the earlier years of catastrophe model development, risk analysts were mainly concerned with risk reduction options through engineering strategies, and relatively little attention was given to financial and economic strategies. Such state-of-affairs still exists in many developing countries. The new developments in the science and technologies of loss estimation due to natural catastrophes have made it possible for financial sectors to model their business strategies such as peril and geographic diversification, premium calculations, reserve strategies, reinsurance contracts, and other underwriting tools. These developments have not only changed the way in which financial sectors assess and manage their risks, but have also changed the domain of opportunities for engineers and scientists.This paper will address the issues related to developing insurance/reinsurance strategies to mitigate catastrophe risks and describe the role catastrophe risk insurance and reinsurance has played in managing financial risk due to natural catastrophes. Historical losses and the share of those losses covered by insurance will be presented. How such risk sharing can help the nation share the burden of losses between tax paying public, the "at risk" property owners, the insurers and the reinsurers will be discussed. The paper will summarize the tools that are used by the insurance and reinsurance companies for estimating their future losses due to catastrophic natural events. The paper will also show how the results of loss estimation technologies developed by engineers are communicated to the business flow of insurance/reinsurance companies. Finally, to make it possible to grow "Insurance for the Masses – IFM", the role played by parametric insurance products and Insur Tech tools will be discussed. 相似文献
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Zhang Guomin 《中国地震研究》2007,21(1):1-15
The paper describes firstly the principles and scientific train of thought involved in determining the significant seismic monitoring and protection regions (SSMPR) in China. The principles include the gradation principle, i.e. the national level SSMPR and the provincial level SSMPR, the principle of highlighting priorities, namely, the area of an SSMPR should be a fraction of the total area of the country or of the respective province, but the earthquake losses incurred in SSMPR should be a major proportion of the national or provincial ones. The scientific train of thought adopted is to determine the SSMPR on the basis of seismic hazard assessment and loss estimation. Secondly, it reviews the achievements in determining the SSMPRs for the period from 1996 to 2005. The result shows that 10 strong earthquakes occurred during that period in the areas with earthquake monitoring and prediction capability available on the Chinese continent, 8 of which occurred in SSMPRs with the economic loss and death toll accounting for 67% and 92% of the total loss on the Chinese mainland. Lastly, the paper introduces preparatory research for determining the SSMPR for the period from 2006 to 2020, including decade-scale mid-and long-range seismic risk assessment based on seismology, seismogeology, geodesy, earthquake engineering, sociology and stochastics and so on, and the national seismic risk probability map, the seismic hazard (intensity) map, earthquake disaster losses map and the comprehensive seismic risk index, etc. obtained for the period of 2006 to 2020. 相似文献
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2021年8月26日甘肃省酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县（38.88°N, 95.50°E）发生5.5级地震,震源深度15 km,震中烈度为Ⅶ度,震区总面积为1 352 km2,距震中30 km处存在烈度异常点。本次地震震害较轻,未造成人员伤亡,经济损失较轻。本文从地震应急响应、现场震害调查、建筑物破坏情况调研、烈度评定、灾害损失评估等方面对本次地震震害特点进行分析总结,对造成震害的致灾因素进行深入分析,得出震害经验和相应的防震减灾启示,以便本地区查找防震减灾不利因素,进而采取属地化措施,尽可能减轻未来地震灾害损失。 相似文献
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房屋建筑数据是地震重点危险区预评估工作的基础,需基于获取到的房屋建筑信息开展人员伤亡、经济损失、救援物资需求等预评估工作。历年地震重点危险区预评估工作能够通过现场调查得到的房屋建筑信息占比极小,仅能进行抽样调查。因此,为批量完成危险区内全部房屋建筑损失估算,需基于遥感影像获取房屋建筑矢量数据,并建立数据库。为实现全国地震重点危险区预评估工作中大批量建筑物矢量化数据的快速获取,本文采用基于遥感影像的建筑物空间分布数据批量获取方法,得到地震重点危险区内建筑物空间矢量数据,结合现场抽样调查得到的建筑物属性信息,建立地震重点危险区建筑物空间分布数据库,进而为地震重点危险区灾害损失预评估工作提供数据基础。本文采用的方法可广泛应用于地震重点危险区房屋建筑信息获取工作中,可提高工作效率,降低工作成本,提升预评估工作的科学性和准确性。 相似文献
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房屋建筑的地震易损性是地震损失评估和地震巨灾风险模型的基础。作为房屋建筑的重要组成部分,各类非结构构件的损失在现有的易损性模型中并未得到足够重视。本文以一栋典型钢筋混凝土框架结构教学楼为对象,通过将房屋建筑中的各类构件划分为具有不同地震损伤特性和损失后果的易损性组,考察建筑内的损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地震易损性的影响。分析结果表明:由于许多非结构构件在中小地震作用下即可能发生较严重的破坏,房屋建筑在中小地震下的易损性主要受非结构损失控制;随着地震动强度等级的不断提高,结构损伤渐趋严重,结构损失对整体建筑易损性的影响不断增大;在结构进入震后不可修状态之前,建筑不同楼层的损失分布是评估建筑地震损失时不可忽略的因素。 相似文献
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Quantitative multi-hazard risk assessment with vulnerability surface and hazard joint return period 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Xiaodong Ming Wei Xu Ying Li Juan Du Baoyin Liu Peijun Shi 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(1):35-44
Risk assessment plays an important role in disaster risk management. Existing multi-hazard risk assessment models are often qualitative or semi-quantitative in nature and used for comparative study of regional risk levels. They cannot estimate directly probability of disaster losses from the joint impact of several hazards. In this paper, a quantitative approach of multi-hazard risk assessment based on vulnerability surface and joint return period of hazards is put forward to assess the risk of crop losses in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The impact of strong wind and flood, the two most prominent agricultural hazards in the area, is analyzed. The multi-hazard risk assessment process consists of three steps. First, a vulnerability surface, which denotes the functional relationship between the intensity of the hazards and disaster losses, was built using the crop losses data for losses caused by strong wind and flood in the recent 30 years. Second, the joint probability distribution of strong wind and flood was established using the copula functions. Finally, risk curves that show the probability of crop losses in this multi-hazard context at four case study sites were calculated according to the joint return period of hazards and the vulnerability surface. The risk assessment result of crop losses provides a useful reference for governments and insurance companies to formulate agricultural development plans and analyze the market of agricultural insurance. The multi-hazard risk assessment method developed in this paper can also be used to quantitatively assess multi-hazard risk in other regions. 相似文献
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Julian Bommer Robin Spence Mustafa Erdik Shigeko Tabuchi Nuray Aydinoglu Edmund Booth Domenico del Re Oliver Peterken 《Journal of Seismology》2002,6(3):431-446
Following the devastating Kocaeli and Düzce earthquakes of August andNovember 1999, the Turkish Government was faced with an enormousfinancial burden as a result of its statutory obligation to cover the full costsof rebuilding. In order to offset this liability in the future – which has hadan adverse effect on the Government's economic programme – acompulsory earthquake insurance scheme has been introduced for allhouseholders in Turkey. A key element for successful implementation ofthis novel and ambitious programme is the transfer of the earthquake riskabsorbed by the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) to theinternational reinsurance market. An earthquake loss model, described inthis paper, has been developed for the TCIP to serve as a basis for thedecision-making process with respect to the pricing of its insurance policy,risk control, the purchase of reinsurance, and the transfer of seismic risk.Sample results of the loss calculations are presented. 相似文献
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地震经济损失快速评估是应急救灾的重要决策依据。本文选取了震级、极震区烈度、极震区烈度和抗震设防烈度之差ΔI、人口密度、人均GDP等5个指标作为输入层节点,将地震灾害的直接经济损失作为输出层节点,通过对1996—2013年的地震灾害损失资料进行训练和仿真分析,构建了Elman神经网络地震经济损失快速估计模型。运用该模型,对近年来的7个破坏性地震的直接经济损失进行评估分析,评估结果和实际直接经济损失有较好的一致性,该方法为地震经济损失快速评估提供了一种新思路。 相似文献
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立足于中国地震风险的定量分析和巨灾保险理论，对国外有代表性的地震保险制度进行了比较性研究。认为我国幅员辽阔有利于分散风险，国外地震保险的成功经验可以应用于我国，而适应于我国的地震保险制度设计未必可以应用于其他国家。建议我国地震保险制度的最佳方案是在政策上采用新西兰的法定模式，在分保技术上采用日本模式，并阐述了这一组合模式的财政、保险和投保人的三赢原理，说明了我国地震风险分析技术已经具备了支持这一制度的能力。 相似文献