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1.
粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型,泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数,因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大,属于高阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较低;有的地区阻力较小,属于低阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大,而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小,因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征,从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式,能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性,与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流,少数是缓流,极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好,但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动,对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中,平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算,对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大,不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流,但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。 相似文献
2.
水下泥石流的低阻力运动特性研究是研究水下泥石流运动机理的重要内容,水下泥石流底部的水压对泥石流运动阻力有重要影响。为此,采用旋转水槽实验室模拟水下泥石流的低阻运动,实测水下泥石流视摩擦角;采用新开发的测量系统,实测水下泥石流底部的水压,评估水下泥石流底部的静水压和附加水压。试验结果和理论分析表明,在水下泥石流底部的附加水压与水下泥石流的低阻力运动密切相关:水下泥石流密集流的最大厚度为12 mm的条件下,附加水压最大值达69 Pa。研究成果为揭示水下泥石流低阻力运动机理提供实验依据,新开发的测量系统为低阻力运动泥石流的水压测量开辟新途径。 相似文献
3.
基于FLO-2D数值模拟的泥石流流动与堆积影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泥石流和普通的山体滑坡不同,它是发生在山区的一种含有砂土和石块的暂时性水流,具有宾汉体的性质和运动阻塞双重特性,国内外众多学者在流动学实验及流动学模型的基础上,对数值模拟方法进行了大量研究,通过泥石流的灾害范围、运动速度、运动时间与实际情况进行对比,开发出适用于泥石流预报的数值模拟程序,FLO-2D就是其中之一。工程实践证明,在对泥石流组成物质的流动特性研究基础上,对泥石流移动及沉积特性进一步研究是非常重要的。本文运用FLO-2D流动模型数值模拟方法对泥石流的移动特性进行模拟,以此分析泥石流流动及堆积特性与黏性系数和屈服应力的关系。通过分析得到:随着黏性系数的增大,泥石流流速呈非线性减少;屈服应力作为影响泥石流发生及停止的因素,随着屈服应力的增大,流深也随着增大,但在泥石流移动特性中,屈服应力对泥石流流速的影响并不明显;随着黏性系数的增加,泥石流冲击力减小,而随着屈服应力的增加,泥石流的冲击力则增大。 相似文献
4.
考虑水阻力的涉水滑坡运动速度计算模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对于高速运动的涉水滑坡,水阻力是影响其运动速度大小的重要因素。论文设计了包括运动装置、传感装置、速度控制装置和传动装置的块体水下运动阻力的实验系统,分别进行了6块面积不同的块体分别以5种不同速度在水下运动实验,水下运动速度选取5个水平值,分别为0.5ms-1、0.8ms-1、1.0ms-1、1.5ms-1、1.8ms-1; 通过实验分析了压强水头增量与运动速度之间的相关关系,导出了水下运动块体迎水面的压强水头计算模型和迎水面阻力计算模型; 以曲线滑动型涉水滑坡为模型,分析了涉水滑坡水上部分和涉水部分受力模式; 基于滑坡动力学和运动学方程,结合条分方法,提出了曲线滑动型涉水滑坡运动速度的计算模型; 以2007年6月15日发生的清江北岸的大堰塘滑坡为例,分考虑迎水面水阻力和不考虑迎水面水阻力2种情况,分别计算了滑坡的运动速度,定量分析了水阻力对滑坡速度的影响。 相似文献
5.
泥石流作为非牛顿体,屈服应力大,运动过程通常不稳定。前人建立了许多模型来研究沟床揭底和堰塞体溃决对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响,沟岸侧蚀对泥石流不稳定动力过程的影响研究较少。通过侧蚀为主的模型和完全底蚀的模型两种水槽实验的对比,针对泥石流的动力过程展开研究。实验发现两种工况条件下泥石流正应力和孔隙水压力随着龙头高度沿程波动性的增长而相应地波动性增大,但侧蚀作用使得这种波动特征更加明显。通过力学分析,证明侧蚀作用导致泥石流龙头的阻力更大,但是龙身颗粒和龙头颗粒的速度差更大,使得龙头附加坡降更大,因此,侧蚀作用使得泥石流龙头的平均速度更快。泥石流龙头浓度和容重的不断增大,使得阻力不断增大,阻力和动力的动态平衡关系是泥石流不稳定运动的原因之一。 相似文献
6.
与广泛分布于干旱河谷的宽级配砾石土体特征不同,冰碛土广泛分布在青藏高原地区,属粗大颗粒多、粘粒含量少、摩擦阻力大、粘滞阻力小的宽级配砾石土体。在冰川融雪与降雨的共同作用下冰碛土体可失稳并起动泥石流,形成灾害。针对冰碛土体起动泥石流机理研究薄弱的现状,本文选取波密县帕隆藏布流域的支流嘎弄沟一冰碛土堆积坡面,通过模拟降水与冰雪融水起动冰川泥石流实验,比较不同颗粒组成、不同实验条件下的土体起动泥石流特征,分析其起动成因及力学特性,探讨冰碛土体起动泥石流的机理。研究发现冰碛土体失稳起动泥石流是粘滞阻力降低、孔隙水压力升高、拖曳力与渗流侵蚀共同作用的结果,起动过程受粘土颗粒含量和径流类型的影响。当粘粒含量较高时(>3%),土体通过铲蚀与面蚀形成泥石流;粘粒含量中低时(不高于3%),大部分坡面土体主要经掏蚀与坍塌起动泥石流;粘粒含量过低时(<0.32%),土体难以起动泥石流。在降水作用下土体孔隙水压力迅速增加,易造成土体破坏,起动泥石流;而在冰雪融水的作用下,土体孔隙水压力波动幅度不大时,土体同样可能发生失稳破坏起动泥石流。 相似文献
7.
屈服应力是泥石流的关键流变参数,但目前该参数的获取主要依赖常规的流变仪,无法对含有粗大颗粒的泥石流进行测试。针对此问题,引入塌落度-屈服应力理论,采用直径和高度均为10.8 cm的圆柱塌落度桶对“2010.8.18”怒江东月各泥石流堆积物原样中上限粒径为2 mm和2 cm的部分进行了塌落度-屈服应力测试研究,两种上限粒径重构泥石流屈服应力的测试结果分别采用桨叶法（桨式流变仪）和斜面法（斜面流变仪）进行校验。实验结果表明:对于上限粒径为2 mm的泥石流,塌落度法与桨叶法测试结果基本相同,相对误差为1.47%~17.5%,平均相对误差为7.37%;对于上限粒径为2 cm的泥石流,塌落度法测试结果平均略大于斜面法,相对误差为12.27%~19.07%,平均相对误差为16.89%;理论分析表明,该圆柱形塌落度法适用于碎屑上限粒径为42 mm、塌落度不小于10.8 mm的泥石流。塌落度法不仅可以大幅度提高测试对象的上限粒径,而且测试精度较高,尤其适合于泥石流屈服应力的现场测试。 相似文献
8.
很多研究表明,泥浆体屈服应力是由两部分组成,即絮网结构的粘结力和沙粒间的摩擦力。本文从不同粒径的沙对泥浆体屈服服应力的影响入手,首次展示泥浆体中的动摩擦力表达式：τＢψ＝９０．７４ｄ＾１．２９５０ｅｘｐ「０．８４ｄ＾－０．２６５０ｌｎ（Ｃｖｆ－Ｃｖｏｓ」。并根据泥石流观测资料推导出泥石流体屈服应力与固体体积浓度１临界浓度和极限浓度的相关表达式。该成果可为固体物料水力输送提供参考。 相似文献
9.
粘性泥石流体的应力应变特性和流速参数的确定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文章从粘性泥石流体的组成，应力应变特性和减阻作用的观测试验入手，揭示了粘性泥石流体运动的阻力特性，探讨了粘性泥石流流速公式中的曼宁糙率系数的表征。粘性泥石流体运动的阻力特性主要与沟槽特征以及泥深和粘附层流变特性有关。根据高、低不同阻力的粘性泥石流浆体的泥砂比，浆体介质的流变参数（ηp、τBf）和体积浓度（Cvf)，可获得不同阻力介质状态下统一的阻力糙率系数与它们的相关式，以此来确定曼宁糙率系数。 相似文献
10.
中国东部地区的地质灾害多以坡面泥石流的形式发生,预测预报坡面泥石流的发生对于开展防灾减灾具有重要意义。地形、地质和降雨三大条件是影响坡面泥石流发生的主要条件。通过选择同样地质条件和基本相同降雨条件的区域,研究影响坡面泥石流发生的地形条件,并得出可以用于坡面泥石流预报的坡面泥石流地形条件。结果表明:地形条件由坡面坡度因子、泥石流上部因子、泥石流侧面因子和临空面因子组成;较大的地形条件T对应较大的泥石流发生可能性;降雨条件由泥石流发生前的降雨量与1 h降雨量组成;得出了由地形条件T和降雨条件R组成的坡面泥石流预报条件P,P值越大,坡面泥石流发生的可能性越大。预报条件P可以预报坡面泥石流的发生。 相似文献
11.
Behaviour of particle-laden flows into the ocean: experimental simulation and geological implications 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The behaviour of subaerial particle-laden gravity currents (e.g. pyroclastic flows, lahars, debris flows, sediment-bearing floods and jökulhlaups) flowing into the sea has been simulated with analogue experiments. Flows of either saline solution, simple suspensions of silicon carbide (SiC) in water or complex suspensions of SiC and plastic particles in methanol were released down a slope into a tank of water. The excess momentum between subaerial and subaqueous flow is dissipated by a surface wave. At relatively low density contrasts between the tank water and the saline or simple suspensions, the flow mixture enters the water and forms a turbulent cloud involving extensive entrainment of water. The cloud then collapses gravitationally to form an underwater gravity current, which progresses along the tank floor. At higher density contrasts, the subaerial flow develops directly into a subaqueous flow. The flow slows and thickens in response to the reduced density contrast, which is driving motion, and then continues in the typical gravity current manner. Complex suspensions become dense flows along the tank floor or buoyant flows along the water surface, if the mixtures are sufficiently denser or lighter than water respectively. Flows of initially intermediate density are strongly influenced by the internal stratification of the subaerial flow. Material from the particulate-depleted upper sections of the subaerial flow becomes a buoyant gravity current along the water surface, whereas material from the particulate-enriched lower sections forms a dense flow along the tank floor. Sedimentation from the dense flow results in a reduction in bulk density until the mixture attains buoyancy, lifts off and becomes a secondary buoyant flow along the water surface. Jökulhlaups, lahars and debris flows are typically much denser than seawater and, thus, will usually form dense flows along the seabed. After sufficient sedimentation, the freshwater particulate mixture can lift off to form a buoyant flow at the sea surface, leading to a decoupling of the fine and coarse particles. Flood waters with low particulate concentrations (<2%) may form buoyant flows immediately upon entering the ocean. Subaerial pyroclastic flows develop a pronounced internal stratification during subaerial run-out and, thus, a flow-splitting behaviour is probable, which agrees with evidence for sea surface and underwater flows from historic eruptions of Krakatau and Mont Pelée. A pyroclastic flow with a bulk density closer to that of sea water may form a turbulent cloud, resulting in the deposition of much of the pyroclasts close to the shore. Dense subaqueous pyroclastic flows will eventually lift off and form secondary buoyant flows, either before or after the transformation to a water-supported nature. 相似文献
12.
Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A 1600-m-thick succession of the Miocene Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) exposed in east-central Nevada records predominantly terrigenous clastic deposition in subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta environments and nearshore and offshore lacustrine environments. These four depositional environments are distinguished by particular associations of individual facies (14 defined facies). Subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta facies associations include: ungraded, matrix-and clast-supported conglomerate; normally graded, matrix- and clast-supported conglomerate; ungraded and normally graded sandstone; and massive to poorly laminated mudstone. Subaqueous fan-delta deposits typically have dewatering structures, distorted bedding and interbedded mudstone. The subaerial fan-delta environment was characterized by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and minor sheetfloods; the subaqueous fan-delta environment by debris flows, high- and low-density turbidity currents, and suspension fallout. The nearshore lacustrine facies association provides examples of deposits and processes rarely documented in lacustrine environments. High-energy oscillatory wave currents, probably related to a large fetch, reworked grains as large as 2 cm into horizontally stratified sand and gravel. Offshore-directed currents produced uncommonly large (typically 1–2 m thick) trough cross-stratified sandstone. In addition, stromatolitic carbonate interbedded with stratified coarse sandstone and conglomerate suggests a dynamic environment characterized by episodic terrigenous clastic deposition under high-energy conditions alternating with periods of carbonate precipitation under reduced energy conditions. Massive and normally graded sandstone and massive to poorly laminated mudstone characterize the offshore lacustrine facies association and record deposition by turbidity currents and suspension fallout. A depositional model constructed for the Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) precludes the existence of all four depositional environments at any particular time. Rather, phases characterized by deposition in subaerial fan, nearshore lacustrine and offshore lacustrine environments alternated with phases of subaerial fan-delta, subaqueous fan-delta and offshore lacustrine deposition. This model suggests that high-energy nearshore currents due to deep water along the lake margin reworked sediment of the fan edge, thus preventing development of a subaqueous fan-delta environment and promoting development of a well-defined nearshore lacustrine environment. Low-energy nearshore currents induced by shallow water along the 相似文献
13.
A 4-km thick, vertically dipping, south-facing, homoclinal, intermediate to felsic, volcaniclastic sequence in central Lake of the Woods, is underlain and overlain by subaqueous, tholeiitic basalt flows. Volcaniclastic lithologies comprise a lower tuff-breccia and lapilli-tuff assemblage, an upper turbiditic greywacke formation, and three lenticular, upward-fining, conglomerate formations interspersed within other units. Tuff-breccia and lapilli-tuff are characterized by very thick, poorly defined beds, pronounced heterogeneity, mostly angular blocks and lapilli, and a plagioclase+quartz crystal component that, in places, is incompatible with phenocryst populations in fragments. These appear to be subaqueous debris flow deposits that resulted from multistage mixing, during downslope mass transport, of fragments produced by subaerial phreatomagmatic vulcanian-type eruptions. Anomalous crystal contents represent intermixing of subaerial subplinian or plinian ash. Conglomerate formations comprise very thick, poorly defined beds composed almost entirely of well rounded, fine- to medium-grained trondhjemite. They are also subaqueous debris flow deposits but were apparently derived from wave erosion of large, flank dome complexes that periodically blocked normal transport of volcanic debris from higher on the volcano. The upper greywacke represents a shift in eruptive processes to largely plinian or subplinian eruptions. 相似文献
14.
泥石流流速是难以实测和准确推算的重要参数。在分析既有各类弯道超高计算公式的基础上,探讨适用于各类泥石流的弯道超高计算模式,进而改进基于弯道超高的粘性泥石流、稀性泥石流和泥流的流速计算公式,用实例加以验证。 相似文献
15.
碎屑流与浊流的流体性质及沉积特征研究进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
受浊流沉积模式(即鲍马序列和浊积扇模式)的驱动和浊积岩思维定势的影响,自1970s浊流与浊积岩的概念逐渐扩大,特别是通过"高密度浊流"术语的引入,以及将水下浊流与陆上河流的错误类比,使得一部分碎屑流与底流的沉积被认为是浊积岩。随着现代观测设备的应用以及详细的岩芯观察,碎屑流(特别是砂质碎屑流)和浊流被重新认识。浊流是一种具牛顿流变性质和紊乱状态的沉积物重力流,其沉积物支撑机制是湍流。碎屑流是一种具塑性流变性质和层流状态的沉积物重力流,其沉积物支撑机制主要是基质强度和颗粒间的摩擦强度。浊流沉积具特征的正粒序韵律结构,底部为突变接触而顶部为渐变接触;碎屑流沉积一般具上、下两层韵律结构,即下部发育具平行碎屑结构的层流段,上部发育具块状层理的"刚性"筏流段。但当碎屑流被周围流体整体稀释改造且改造不彻底时,强碎屑流可变为中—弱碎屑流,相应自下而上可形成逆—正粒序的沉积韵律结构,其中发育有呈漂浮状的石英颗粒和泥质撕裂屑等碎屑颗粒,明显区别于浊流沉积单一的正粒序韵律结构特征。碎屑流沉积顶、底部均为突变接触。浊流的沉积模式为简单的具平坦盆底的坡底模式,而碎屑流则为复杂的斜坡模式。 相似文献
16.
Glacigenic sediments exposed in coastal cliffs cut through undulatory terrain fronting the Last Glacial Maximum laterofrontal moraine at Waterville on the Iveragh Peninsula, southwest Ireland, comprise three lithofacies. Lithofacies 1 and 2 consist of interdigitated, offlapping and superimposed ice‐proximal subaqueous outwash and stacked sequences of cohesionless and cohesive subaqueous debris flows, winnowed lag gravels and coarse‐grained suspension deposits. These are indicative of sedimentation in and around small grounding line fans that prograded from an oscillating glacier margin into a proglacial, interlobate lake. Lithofacies 3 comprises braided river deposits that have undergone significant syn‐sedimentary soft‐sediment deformation. Deposition was likely related to proglacial outwash activity and records the reduction of accommodation space for subaqueous sedimentation, either through the lowering of proglacial water levels or due to basin infilling. The stratigraphic architecture and sedimentology of the moraine at Waterville highlight the role of ice‐marginal depositional processes in the construction of morphostratigraphically significant ‘end moraine’ complexes in Great Britain and Ireland. Traditional ‘tills’ in these moraines are often crudely stratified diamictons and gravelly clinoforms deposited in ice‐proximal subaqueous and subaerial fans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
泥石流流体容重、流速、冲击力是表征泥石流活动特征众多指标中的三个关键指标.本文在分析国内外对这些指标评估现状的基础上,总结了应用较普遍的估算公式,对比了不同公式的特点及其适用性.比较结果认为:由于泥石流组成和运动状态的复杂性以及影响因素的多样性,对于这三个指标,目前的估算公式都不具有普适性.在当前的认知水平下,建立基于各个地区泥石流特点的指标估算经验公式是最为实用的途径.在各个指标经验公式的建立方法上,考虑各个粒组的多变量容重统计分析方法相对较为合理;泥石流流速估算公式的建立途径在我国、前苏联和欧美国家之间有显著差异,前二者基于曼宁公式,后者基于强迫涡流公式、以弯道超高为主要参数;泥石流冲击力的估算方法国内外都以动量理论为基础,区别主要体现在经验系数取值上,巨石冲击力的计算则都考虑了拦挡建筑物的特点. 相似文献
18.
基于BP神经网络的泥石流平均流速预测 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
泥石流平均流速是泥石流防治工程中不可缺少的重要参数,准确地预测泥石流平均流速对于泥石流防治工程的设计是至关重要的。将BP神经网络应用于泥石流平均流速的预测:将泥石流平均流速的影响因素--泥沙平均粒径、泥深、沟床比降和泥石流密度作为BP神经网络的输入单元,通过对云南东川蒋家沟泥石流观测数据的训练与预测建立了泥石流平均流速的BP神经网络预测模型。将预测结果与东川公式和曼宁修正公式的计算结果进行对比:曼宁修正公式和东川公式预测结果最大误差分别为27%和7.3%,BP神经网络的预测结果最大误差仅为3.2%,BP神经网络的预测精度是最高的,可见此方法对泥石流平均流速预测具有适用性和准确性。最后应用此方法预测了乌东德水电站近坝库区内的3条泥石流的平均流速分别为12.8 m/s、11.3 m/s和13.0 m/s,为库区泥石流防治工程提供了可靠的参考数据。 相似文献