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1.
In this study, a new strain of microorganism Shewanella putrefaciens was used for biofiltration of a pyridine laden air stream in a corn‐cob packed biotrickling filter. In the biotrickling filter tested with S. putrefaciens, the maximum removal of pyridine is determined to be 100% at less than the average inlet concentration of 0.653 g m–3 and more than 93% at a higher average inlet concentration of 1.748 g m–3 (phase VIII) with an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 106 s. However, when the biotrickling filter was operated at a low EBRT of 53 s and almost the same average inlet concentration of 1.752 g m–3 (phase VII), the removal level attained was not greater than 85%. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of the biotrickling filter was 102.34 g m–3h–1 at an inlet pyridine load of 119.62 g m–3h–1 with an EBRT of 53 s in phase VII. The maximum deviation of the EC from the 100% conversion line varied from 0.257 to 10.166% when going from phase I to VIII. Kinetic analysis showed that the maximum removal rate, rmax, and saturation constant, Ks, values for pyridine were calculated as 0.24 g m–3h–1 and 6.44 g m–3, respectively, with a correlation coefficient, R2, of 0.9939 and a standard deviation of error of 23.94%. The information contained herein indicates that the corn‐cob packed biotrickling filter inoculated by S. putrefaciens should provide excellent performance in the removal of gaseous pyridine.  相似文献   

2.
Biofiltration is a commonly practiced biological technique to remove volatile compounds from waste gas streams. From an industrial view‐point, biofilter (BF) operation should be flexible to handle temperatures and inlet load (IL) variations. A compost BF was operated at different temperatures (30–45°C) and at various inlet loading rates (ILR; 8–598 g m?3 h?1) under intermittent loading conditions. Complete removal of n‐hexane was observed at 30 and 35°C at ILRs up to 330 g m?3 h?1. Besides, 20–75% of the pollutant was removed at 40°C, corresponding to the different ILs applied to the BF. Increasing the temperature to 45°C decreased the removal efficiency (RE) significantly. A feed forward neural network was used to predict the RE of BF with temperature and ILR as the input variables. The experimental data was divided into training (2/3) and test datasets (1/3). The best structure of neural network was obtained by trial and error on the basis of the least differences between predicted and experimental values, as ascertained from their coefficient of regression (R2) values. The modeling results showed that a multilayer network with the topology 2?10?1 was able to predict BF performance effectively with R2‐value of 0.995 for the test data. The results from this study showed the predicting capability of ANNs which can be considered as an alternative for conventional knowledge‐based models.  相似文献   

3.
As one component of ChinaFLUX, the measurement of CO2 flux using eddy covariance over subtropical planted coniferous ecosystem in Qianyanzhou was conducted for a long term. This paper discusses the seasonal dynamics of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) between the coniferous ecosystem and atmosphere along 2003 and 2004. The variations of NEE, RE and GEE show obvious seasonal variabilities and correlate to each other, i.e. lower in winter and drought season, but higher in summer; light, temperature and soil water content are the main factors determining NEE; air temperature and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) influence NEE with stronger influence from VPD. Under the proper light condition, drought stress could decrease the temperature range for carbon capture in planted coniferous, air temperature and precipitation controlled RE; The NEE, RE, and GEE for planted coniferous in Qianyanzhou are ?387.2 g C·m?2 a?1, 1223.3 g C·m?2 a?1, ?1610.4 g C·m?2 a?1 in 2003 and ?423.8 g C·m?2 a?1, 1442.0 g C·m?2 a?1, ?1865.8 g C·m?2 a?1 in 2004, respectively, which suggest the intensive ability of plantation coniferous forest on carbon absorbing in Qianyanzhou.  相似文献   

4.
Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating wastewater from the malting process with a high content of particulate organic matter. At an organic loading rate of 3.2 kg/(m3 d) CODtotal and an influent particle concentration of 0.95 g/L MLSS an average removal of 50% in CODtotal and 80% in CODdissolved could be achieved. A comparison of granular and flocculent sludge grown under the same operating conditions showed no significant difference in removal efficiency although granules exhibited a higher metabolic activity in terms of specific oxygen uptake rate (rO2, X). Two distinct mechanisms of particle removal were observed for granular sludge: during initial granule formation, particles were incorporated into the biofilm matrix. For mature granules, a high level of protozoa growth on the granule surface accounted for the ability to remove particulate COD. Combined evaluation of the development in MLSS content and sludge bed settling rate (i.e., mean derivative of the normalized sludge volume) was found to be an adequate method for monitoring the characteristic settling properties of a granulizing sludge bed. By means of this method, a distinct substrate gradient out of several operating conditions was concluded to have the biggest impact on the formation of aerobic granular sludge.  相似文献   

5.
Liu  Yunfen  Yu  Guirui  Wen  Xuefa  Wang  Yinghong  Song  Xia  Li  Ju  Sun  Xiaomin  Yang  Fengting  Chen  Yongrui  Liu  Qijing 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2006,49(2):99-109

As one component of ChinaFLUX, the measurement of CO2 flux using eddy covariance over subtropical planted coniferous ecosystem in Qianyanzhou was conducted for a long term. This paper discusses the seasonal dynamics of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) between the coniferous ecosystem and atmosphere along 2003 and 2004. The variations of NEE, RE and GEE show obvious seasonal variabilities and correlate to each other, i.e. lower in winter and drought season, but higher in summer; light, temperature and soil water content are the main factors determining NEE; air temperature and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) influence NEE with stronger influence from VPD. Under the proper light condition, drought stress could decrease the temperature range for carbon capture in planted coniferous, air temperature and precipitation controlled RE; The NEE, RE, and GEE for planted coniferous in Qianyanzhou are −387.2 g C·m−2 a−1, 1223.3 g C·m−2 a−1, −1610.4 g C·m−2 a−1 in 2003 and −423.8 g C·m−2 a−1, 1442.0 g C·m−2 a−1, −1865.8 g C·m−2 a−1 in 2004, respectively, which suggest the intensive ability of plantation coniferous forest on carbon absorbing in Qianyanzhou.

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6.
The effect of mature compost (MC) used as a bulking agent on ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and short‐chain fatty acids emission reduction during sewage sludge (SS) composting process was studied in this paper. Three types of mixtures, single SS, SS + wood chips (SS + WC), and SS + MC, were composted in a laboratory reactor. Among the different treatments, decrement rates of NH3 emission (based on initial TN) from SS to SS + MC and SS + WC to SS + MC were 63 and 59%, respectively. The H2S concentration ranged from 0.759 to 1.140 mg m?3 for SS, from 0.075 to 0.455 mg m?3 for SS + WC, and from 0.075 to 0.425 mg m?3 for SS + MC and the short‐chain fatty acids (C2–C5) concentration ranged from 0.10 to 1.00 ppm for SS, from 0.10 to 1.50 ppm for SS + WC, and from 0.10 to 0.80 ppm for SS + MC. In addition, the temperature apparently, as well as the thermophilic stage, was also elevated by bulking agent addition, especially by the MC addition. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that there was more diversity of the bacterial community during the SS + MC process. According to these results, MC was a suitable bulking agent for reduction ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and short‐chain fatty acids emission during the SS composting.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of land application of sewage sludge on phosphorus (P) losses during intense rainfall. Three rainfall simulations (40 mm h?1 of 30 min duration) were conducted on a field amended with sewage sludge. The overland flow water (OFW) was monitored and sampled every minute. The suspended solid, the dissolved and total phosphorus (respectively SS, TP and DP) concentrations were analysed. The forms of particulate bound P (PP) were investigated. Several results stem from this experiment: (a) sludge application induced a large increase in the DP content of the OFW; the concentrations obtained (0.15–0.57 mg l?1) were shown to result from desorption processes from the SS; and (b) in contrast, sludge application affected neither the SS content nor the TP concentration of OFW (9.5 g mg l?1 P, consisting of PP for 95%). However, sludge preserved the structure of soil surface and led to a 45% decrease in runoff rate (150 m3 ha?1 collected on the test surface compared to 290 m3 ha?1 on a reference). This indirectly reduced TP losses (2.7 kg ha?1 on the reference surface compared to 1.4 kg ha?1 on the test surface).  相似文献   

8.
A study was performed in two submerged, pilot‐scale biofilm bioreactors operated under different conditions to determine the relationship between the operating parameters and H2S emission. H2S was always detected in the exhaust air at concentrations varying from 1 to 353 ppmv. The specific aeration rate was the most influencing parameter, with As < 30 kg COD (dissolved oxygen concentrations <4 mg L?1) increasing noticeably the H2S production. The periodical removal of the accumulated sludge reduced H2S emissions by ～14%.  相似文献   

9.
Fenton process was investigated for the purpose of biological sludge disintegration. The Box–Wilson experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of major process variables (Fe(II) and H2O2 concentrations) on both disintegration and dewatering performance of sludge. Results showed that 4 g Fe(II)/kg total solids (TSs) and 60 g H2O2/kg TS are efficient for floc disintegration. Fenton pre‐treatment enhanced the biodegradability of sludge. For 4 g Fe(II)/kg TS and 60 g H2O2/kg TS, 19.4% higher methane production was achieved compared to raw sludge in biochemical methane potential assay. Fenton pre‐treatment resulted in the release of organic sludge components into the liquid phase. For 4 g Fe(II)/kg TS and 60 g H2O2/kg TS, dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen in sludge's supernatant increased by 75.74 and 60.60%, respectively. Fenton pre‐treatment enhanced the filterability of sludge and it can be applied for conditioning purpose before mechanical dewatering units.  相似文献   

10.
A comparative study of methane recovery by co-digesting kitchen waste and saline sewage sludge is performed to evaluate its feasibility for waste minimization. The experiment is performed at 37 °C having a mixing speed of 100 rpm and pH of 6.49–7.5 in anaerobic mixed batch reactors. The higher salinity level of the saline sewage sludge reduces the degradation rate of kitchen waste causing an enhancement in soluble chemical oxygen demand by 133% compared with 280% when co-digesting with the non-saline sample. The inhibitory behavior is in line with the low volatile solid elimination efficiency of 31% of saline against 55% of non-saline sludge. The Gompertz modeling, based on the outcomes, fits the cumulative methane generation trends quite well, with a strong correlation coefficient (>0.994). Besides, use of the non-saline sludge results in three times more methane production than the saline sample digestion. Sludge recovery is 0.07 m3 sludge m−3 wastewater, and water recovery is 0.84 m3 m−3 wastewater. The liquid produced from the fermentation of the slurry can be used for irrigation as well as fertilization. Kitchen waste co-digestion with both sludge samples has been proven to be a practical method for exploiting the extra digestion capacity of wastewater treatment plants currently in operation, but it is more practical for non-saline sludge.  相似文献   

11.
Breakthrough characteristics, kinetics, and dose‐effect in defluoridation with bauxite, gypsum, magnesite, and their composites were determined. The aim was to identify optimum filter and configuration viable for groundwater defluoridation. Bed depth service time (BDST) design model and empty bed residence time (EBRT) optimization model were employed to characterize breakthrough. Higher doses obtained lower loading capacities but higher sorption percentages and breakthrough times. Breakthrough times obtained were 50 400, 32 400, 25 200, and 19 800 s for 150, 120, 75, and 45 g, respectively. The equation ? = 1.0 × 10?4 δ2 ?0.022 δ + 1.5053 defined the operating line with ?, adsorbent exhaustion rate, in g L?1 and δ, EBRT, in seconds. A critical bed depth (Zo) of 6.56 cm was obtained. Second order kinetic rate constants were 0.73, 1.17, and 1.81 g mg?1 s?1 for magnesite, gypsum, and bauxite, respectively. The composite, gypsum and bauxite decreased water pH but magnesite increased pH in water defluoridation. Experimental data did not fit the two‐parameter logistics model; model values were significantly different from experimental values. Optimum defluoridation characteristics were obtained in fixed bed. Despite high residual sulphates and apparent color, fixed‐bed defluoridation with raw composites of these materials, treated in this manner, is viable.  相似文献   

12.
Biogenic silica concentrations were determined from core samples of laminated sediments collected from Lake Zürich and Lake St. Moritz and used to calculate rates of biogenic silica sedimentation. In Lake Zürich biogenic silica sedimentation increased from 65 g SiO2·?2·yr?1 in 1894 to nearly 900 g SiO2·m?2·yr?1 in 1896 and in Lake St. Moritz biogenic silica sedimentation increased about 6-fold during the 1930s. Both periods of increased biogenic silica flux followed increased loadings of domestic sewage to the lakes. In Lake Zürich the period of increased flux only lasted for a few years whereas in Lake St. Moritz high fluxes were maintained to the top of the core. In Lake Zürich increased production and sedimentation of diatoms could be maintained only until the silca reservoir in the water mass was depleted whereas in Lake St. Moritz (0.10 year residence time and a mean depth of 25 m) diatom production and sedimentation was maintained at a high level by rapid replenishment of silica from tributary inputs. Although historical patterns of biogenic silica sedimentation differed for the two lakes, it is hypothesized that increased biogenic silica deposition in both lakes occurred because diatom production was stimulated by phosphorus enrichment of the water mass and that the silica biogeochemistry of both lakes was affected as a result.  相似文献   

13.
The contents of Ni and Cr in sewage sludge with high and low amounts of heavy metals were investigated by polarography. The DIN-digestion (aqua regia) was used, and the resulting solution was treated with H2O2/UV (90 °C, 60 min) for further destroying of the organic material. Besides, the solution of the DIN-digestion was examined with AAS (flame) and ICP-OES. With the determination of Ni it was shown that after digestion with aqua regia no further treatment with H2O2/UV is necessary. Contrariwise it was found that for the determination of Cr a H2O2/UV photolysis is necessary followed by further steps to get good agreement with AAS and ICP results as well as with the certified values of a sludge of the Community Bureau of Standards.  相似文献   

14.
Studies of the sulphur hydrolysis reaction, 4S + 4H2O /ag 3H2S + HSO4? + H+, were conducted between 200 and 320°C in sealed silica glass tubes. The isotope exchange reaction: H218O + HS16O4? /ag H216O + HS18O4? is so rapid at the low pH (1.5–3) as to be unquenchable. However, the sulphur isotope exchange reaction: H234S+ H32SO4? /ag H232S + H34SO4? gave t12 values of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.7 days at 320, 260 and 200°C respectively and equilibrium H2S - HSO4? sulphur isotope fractionation values of 20.9, 22.4, 24.8, 26.7 and 29.3‰ at 320, 290, 260, 230 and 200°C respectively. This latter data is represented by: 1000lnα(HSO4??H2S) = 5.07 (106T?2) + 6.33, and has valuable applications in geothermal and ore deposit studies.  相似文献   

15.
The effect of anaerobic co‐digestion of vegetable market waste and sewage sludge was studied extensively. The effects of co‐digestion were compared with the separate digestion of vegetable market waste and sewage sludge. The batch studies were carried out using three bench scale reactors having 1.5 L working volume. The cumulative biogas production shows that the organic waste available from the vegetable waste contains easily biodegradable organic matter compared with the sewage sludge. First order reaction kinetics is maintained throughout the methanation fermentation. The reductions in volatile solids (VS) in the three reactors were in the range of 63–65 %. The specific gas production for vegetable waste was higher (0.75 L biogas/g VSin and 1.17 L biogas/g VSdes) than for the sewage sludge (0.43 L biogas/g VSin and 0.68 L biogas/g VSdes). Consequently, the specific gas production for the co‐digestion of the mixture of vegetable waste and sewage sludge (0.68 L biogas/g VSin and 1.04 L biogas/g VSdes) was considerably higher than for the sewage sludge only. Batch kinetics of anaerobic digestion is useful in predicting the performance of digesters and for the design of appropriate digesters.  相似文献   

16.
The differential-pulse polarography (DPP) and the stripping voltametry (SV) are investigated in detail with respect to their suitability for the quantitative detection of individual traces of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The results are checked on the basis of AAS analyses and by the standard-addition method. From the hydrochloric-acid extracts of fused sludge samples down to 1 μg/l can be detected by the SV, whereas the DPP reaches a sensitivity of 100 μg/l. The following basic electrolytes are used: Zn: 2 … 3 mol/l H3PO4; Cu: 0.4 mol/l K2CO3, 0.2 mol/l Na-K-tartrate, 0.1 mol/l HCl; Ni: 1 mol/l NH4OH, 1 mol/l NH4Cl, 25 ml/l triethylamine; Pb and Cd: 0.1 … 0.2 mol/l HCl.  相似文献   

17.
Zusammenfassung Im Verlauf der anaeroben Fermentation des Kl?rschlammes kommt es zu ?nderungen der chemischen Eigenschaften. Die organischen Stoffe werden in wasserl?sliche Verbindungen mit niedrigerem Molekülgewicht, diese dann weiter in Mineralkomponenten CH4, CO2, NH3 und H2S zersetzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind diese ?nderungen quantitativ ausgewertet, und die Kinetik ihres Verlaufes wurde verfolgt. Die erzielten Ergebnisse sind in Tabellen und Abbildungen zusammengefasst.
Summary The anaerobic methane fermentation of sewage sludge caused changes of its chemical properties. Organic matter is decomposed into water soluble compounds of minor molecular weight, and subjected to further decomposition into mineral components CH4, CO2, NH3 and H2S. This paper deals with these changes in a quantitative evaluation, the kinetics of their course being followed as well. The attained results are summarized into tables and graphs.
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18.
Excessive degassing of Izu-Oshima volcano: magma convection in a conduit   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Excess degassing of magmatic H2O and SO2 was observed at Izu-Oshima volcano during its latest degassing activity from January 1988 to March 1990. The minimum production rate for degassed magma was calculated to be about 1×104 kg/s using emission rates of magmatic H2O and SO2, and H2O and S contents of the magma. The minimum total volume of magma degassed during the 27-month period is estimated to be 2.6×108 m3. This volume is 20 times larger than that of the magma ejected during the 1986 summit eruption. Convective transport of magma through a conduit is proposed as the mechanism that causes degassing from a magma reservoir at several kilometers depth. The magma transport rate is quantitatively evaluated based on two fluid-dynamic models: Poiseuille flow in a concentric double-walled pipe, and ascent of non-degassed magma spheres through a conduit filled with degassed magma. This process is further tested for an andesitic volcano and is concluded to be a common process for volcanoes that discharge excess volatiles.  相似文献   

19.
Non‐uniform distribution of biomass and the accumulation of excess biomass at the inlet of a unidirectional flow biotrickling filter (UF‐BTF) may lead to severe operating problems including increasing airflow resistance in packed bed, clogging, and low contaminant removal efficiencies, even performance loss. Therefore, a flow‐directional‐switching biotrickling filter (FDS‐BTF) was designed to improve performance such as the maximum elimination capacity and elimination efficiency. Toluene was chosen as the unique carbon source for microorganism. The results indicated that the purification performance of FDS‐BTF was superior to UF‐BTF. The maximum elimination capacity of FDS‐BTF was up to 480 g/(m3 h), which was 17.1% higher than that of UF‐BTF. After a 50‐day continuous operation, FDS‐BTF attained the stable purification performance and the outlet concentrations of toluene could meet the emission standard with inlet concentrations ranging from 720 to 1100 mg/m3 for an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 23.9 s. The average well color development in FDS‐BTF was higher than that in UF‐BTF. It indicated that FDS‐BTF could improve the metabolic activity, which may improve the uniform distribution of biomass along the length of packed bed. When two systems were shut down, 24 and 48 h, respectively, the time that FDS‐BTF and UF‐BTF needed to restore the former elimination efficiency after a shut down of 48 h were 3–4 and 9–10 h. These data indicated that the purification performance of FDS‐BTF was superior to UF‐BTF.  相似文献   

20.
Methane fermentation is widely used to dispose of sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), due to production of renewable energy in the form of biogas. Antibiotics present in wastewater may accumulate in a sewage sludge. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of three antibiotics from different classes in three different doses on methane production from sewage sludge. For this purpose, metronidazole (MET), amoxicillin (AMO), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are individually added to anaerobic reactors with sewage sludge collected from municipal WWTP. The antibiotics’ highest concentration (1024 mg kg?1 of AMO; 512 mg kg?1 of MET and CIP) lowers methane production and methane content in biogas. MET exerts the most marked effect and lowers methane production to 36.8 ± 3.7 mL CH4 kg?1 volatile solids. Tested antibiotics probably inhibit methanogenic archaea, which results in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation. Addition of MET results in accumulation of many kinds of VFAs with the highest concentration of acetic acid (17.52 ± 1.85 g L?1). The addition of of AMO results in accumulation of butyric acid only (253.00 ± 15.89 g L?1). However, addition of CIP results in accumulation of mainly acetic acid (7.58 ± 0.82 g L?1) and isovaleric acid (2.01 ± 0.41 g L?1). Next, synergistic effect of these antibiotics in a low concentration of 16 mg kg?1 of AMO, 8 mg kg?1 of MET, and 2 mg kg?1 of CIP is measured in semi‐continuous conditions and causes inbibition of methane production and accumulation of VFAs.  相似文献   

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