共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
R. Kh. Khamizov N. A. Tikhonov A. N. Krachak A. N. Gruzdeva N. S. Vlasovskikh 《Geochemistry International》2016,54(13):1221-1235
The physical and mathematical models were used to study the method of acid retardation for separating acids from their salts in concentrated multicomponent solutions using nanoporous sorption materials. A combined mechanism of separation relies on the fact that in the sorption phase having a low dielectric permittivity, smaller-sized acid particles, namely, the molecules or strongly bound and weakly hydrated ion pairs, can penetrate the nanopores and are retained within these pores due to molecular sorption or competitive solvation forces. The dissolved salts presented by highly hydrated ions or weakly bound ion pairs can easily pass through the porous medium with a flow of concentrated solution, which is pumped through the column packed with the granulated bed of gel-type ion exchange resins or hypercrosslinked polymers. In conventional cyclic AR processes, purified acid is desorbed by water according to the mechanism of competitive solvation. However, such processes can be successfully used only when the salts separated from acids are highly soluble, as is the case with chloride and nitrate solutions free of components that may form compounds insoluble in neutral medium. At the separation in real sulfate and phosphate media, which normally contain alkaline earth metals and other components, conventional AR- based technologies proved to be unsuccessful. The new modified version of acid retardation is based on the previously discovered effect of stabilization of colloidal systems and supersaturated solutions in porous ion exchange media. A distinctive feature of the proposed technique is the use of weakly acidic aqueous solutions, instead of water, at the stages of acid displace in the cyclic AR processes. The proposed technique of WPA purification using strong-base gel-type ion exchangers in the phosphate form opens up the possibility of stable and feasible processes of acid separation and purification with simultaneous extraction of valuable components, e.g., REE concentrate. 相似文献
2.
流体相分离的深度(压力)-温度场特征及其对热液矿床定位的意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
大量的流体包裹体研究表明,流体相分离作用是造成热液矿床矿质沉淀的重要机制之一。本文对几种常见的成矿流体相分离深度-温度场特征进行了讨论,包括不同流体体系在不同深度、温度条件下的相分离曲线的特征,盐类及二氧化碳对流体相分离场的影响以及不同压力状态下相分离场的差异。在此基础上,通过一些钨锡矿床的流体包裹体研究实例,讨论了流体相分离深度-温度场对矿床的定位(尤其是矿床的产出部位与岩体接触带的距离)的意义。 相似文献
3.
Vesna Matović Suzana Erić Danica Srećković-Batoćanin Philippe Colomban Aleksandar Kremenović 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(6):1939-1951
Blocks of limestone and sandstone used in walls of the Manasija Monastery complex showed damage caused by the efflorescence and subflorescence of different salts in a low-pollution rural environment. In addition to common salts such as thenardite, thermonatrite, trona and gypsum, a small amount of eugsterite and darapskite was also present. Although these sodium and sodium–calcium salts formed where cement mortar was used for repairs, the lithological type and chemical composition of the substrate also had an influence on the development of distinct salts. The interaction between limestone and sandstone (substrates) and a solution rich in sodium (without calcium) was successfully simulated in the laboratory. The presence of gypsum and sodium–calcium sulphate, as experimental products, solely on the limestones indicated that, in addition to the cement-mortar solution, part of the calcium required for the formation of calcium and double sodium–calcium salts could occur from this substrate. 相似文献
4.
Salt crystallisation is a major problem of deterioration in historic stone buildings, monuments and sculptures. The capillary rise of soil water is one of the primary sources of salts in stone structures, which evaporates leaving the salts behind. It has been noted that the spatial distribution profile of different species of salts crystallised in historic stone buildings is not homogeneous, i.e. different salts crystallise at different locations. The capillary transport and inhomogeneous spatial distribution of different salts in the porous building materials has been considered to be a result of solubility-dependent crystallisation; however, the factors responsible for this phenomenon are not clearly known. This paper aims to investigate the factors influencing the differential distribution of salts during capillary rise of soil water. In this study, the capillary transport of salts was simulated on two different sandstones—Locharbriggs, a Permo–Triassic, red sandstone and Stoke Hall, a Carboniferous, buff sandstone. The experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions to eliminate the possibility of evaporation-driven crystallisation of salts depending on their solubilities. The results indicate that fractionation or differential distribution of salts takes place even in the absence of evaporation and crystallisation. The sandstones exhibit properties like an ion exchange column, and ionic species present in the salt solution show differential distribution within the porous network of sandstone. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents plasticity formulation of the multi-laminate framework of soil models. Soil element is assumed to be an assemblage of perfectly fitting polyhedral blocks and irreversible deformations are assumed to occur due to sliding, separation/closing of the boundaries. Using an appropriate summation of mechanisms, the total plastic strains are obtained by evaluating contributions from an infinite number of randomly oriented planes in space. The paper provides a general plasticity formulation and examines various constitutive theories which can be incorporated into the framework. 相似文献
6.
Amino acids, amines and aldehydes were obtained from the water extracts of two CR2 carbonaceous chondrites from Antarctica and analyzed for their molecular and 15N isotopic content. These compounds were found to differ significantly from those of CM chondrites in both overall abundances and molecular distribution. The amino acids suites comprise a preponderant abundance of linear, 2-H amino acids, show rapid non-linear decrease with the compounds’ increasing chain length and include protein amino acids never identified in meteorites before, such as threonine, tyrosine and phenylalanine. The presence of tertiary amines as well as a diverse, large abundance of aldehydes and ketones also distinguishes both CR2 organic suites. The δ15N values determined for CR2 amino acids have a distribution between molecular subgroups that is opposite to the one of their δD values, with 2-H amino acids having higher δ15N and lower δD values than 2-methyl amino acids, while the opposite is true for 2-methyl amino acids. Based on theoretical data, these isotopic findings would place the formation of the two amino acid groups or their direct precursors at different ISM stages of star formation. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Crystallisation of salts in the pores of stone is a major concern in the preservation of heritage buildings, monuments and sculptures, but the mechanism of transport and distribution of salts is still not properly understood. The fractionation and distribution of salts in the porous matrix has, in building material research, conventionally been attributed to the solubility and concentration of salts present in the groundwater. We propose another mechanism contributing to the control of the salt distribution based on the interaction of ions in the salt solution with the charged mineral phases within the stone. The transport of mixed salt solutions was studied in laboratory simulated flow-through experiments on two fluvial sandstones – a Permo-Triassic red bed sandstone and a Carboniferous sandstone, both from the UK. The experiments were carried out under non-evaporative conditions, eliminating the possibility of solubility-dependent crystallisation. The results indicate that the process of ion exchange significantly controls the transport of ions in the pores and leads to fractionation of solutes in the course of transport even in the absence of evaporation and crystallisation. The sandstones behave like a chromatographic column and retention of various ionic species is significantly controlled by ion exchange processes. A quantitative estimation of cation exchange capacity (CEC) indicates that sandstones with higher CEC have greater influence on retention and fractionation of salts in the course of capillary transport than those with lower CEC. Simple scoping calculations using a geochemical modelling code and the ion exchange properties based on those determined in the laboratory experiments, demonstrate that ion exchange can have a significant effect on mineral precipitation during evaporation. 相似文献
10.
E. Burdukova J.S. Laskowski G.R. Forbes 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,93(1):34-40
Long-chain amines, used in potash ore flotation as collectors, are insoluble in NaCl–KCl saturated brine. In commercial applications, these amines are melted at 70–90 °C, dispersed in acidic solution of hydrochloric or acetic acids, and such emulsions are then introduced to the flotation pulp.To model the commercial potash ore flotation process, dodecyl amine, used in this study, was melted at 70 °C, dispersed in hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and was added to a KCl–NaCl saturated brine at room temperature. This results in the precipitation of the amine. The present study summarizes the influence of the conditions on the particle size and morphology of the precipitating amine particles. Methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC), common frother in flotation processes, was shown to affect amine dispersion when added into a hot amine emulsion prior to mixing with a saturated brine. This study demonstrates that the precipitating amine particles are selectively abstracted by KCl particles, but not by NaCl particles. 相似文献
11.
为了研究混凝土在冻融交替与盐类侵蚀双重因素作用下的抗冻耐久性能,根据季节冻土区大安境内盐渍土中主要易溶盐的类型与含量,配制了3种质量分数的复合盐侵蚀溶液,制备了普通混凝土、2种引气混凝土及2组粉煤灰混凝土试件,进行盐蚀[CD*2]快速冻融循环试验,对盐冻破坏后混凝土的质量损失、动弹性模量衰减及其微观结构进行分析。试验结果表明:在冻融循环作用下,复合盐加剧了混凝土的冻融剥蚀破坏;混凝土的冻害程度与侵蚀盐溶液的质量分数、冻融循环次数、混凝土的含气量、粉煤灰掺量等因素有关;造成混凝土发生盐冻破坏的原因有水结成冰的膨胀压力,或冰与水的渗透压力以及复合盐与水泥水化产物发生的化学侵蚀和盐类的结晶膨胀,其中,盐类结晶压对混凝土内部结构的破坏更严重。 相似文献
12.
Tensiometer is one of the most popular and simple instrument for in situ and laboratory measurement of negative pressure or suction in soils. Such measurements in the top soil or root zone are useful for automated optimized irrigation scheduling for different vegetation. The top soil accommodates various salts/contaminants whose main source is storm water runoff, irrigation water and application of crop fertilizers. These salts accumulate in the soil due to evaporation. It is an established fact that tensiometer measures only soil matric suction with the help of a ceramic interface. It is believed that osmotic effect of salts present in the soil does not influence tensiometer measurements. However, there is no systematic experimental verification in the literature to understand the influence of salt laden soil on tensiometer measurements. It needs to be ascertained that the pore size of the tensiometer ceramic will not exhibit semi-permeable membrane characteristics leading to osmotic effect. Such verification is important as it would influence the irrigation scheduling of crops. It is also of interest to know whether the osmotic suction (due to the salts) would increase the water retention characteristics and hence the irrigation requirement. If so, then the tensiometer based irrigation scheduling would be an underestimate of the actual irrigation requirement of crops. To investigate these issues, the present study has performed controlled laboratory suction measurements using tensiometer in a locally available soil, contaminated with known concentration of inorganic salt solution. The total suction of the same salt laden soil has been measured using the WP4 dew point potentiameter technique. The results indicate negligible influence of salts present in the soil on tensiometer measurements. The study demonstrates the incapability of tensiometer to assess the osmotic component of salt present in the soil. This would result in the under prediction of water retention and hence irrigation requirement of the soil. 相似文献
13.
Orhan Ozdemir Stoyan I. Karakashev Anh V. Nguyen Jan D. Miller 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006
Previous research has shown that the flotation of soluble salt is determined by interfacial water structure, thermal stability, and viscosity. These salts include alkali halide and alkali oxyanion salts. Of particular interest are the carbonate salts such as those associated with the great trona deposit of the Green River basin in Wyoming. In this study, we investigated the adsorption of carbonate and bicarbonate salts at the air–brine interface and correlated the adsorption behavior with water structure. Specifically, the equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate salts have been measured as a function of the salt concentration up to saturation and compared with the model prediction using the Gibbs–Langmuir adsorption theory. The results show that the negative adsorption of sodium carbonate leads to a significant increase in surface tension of the brine solution. For sodium bicarbonate, both the negative adsorption and the increase in surface tension are significantly lower when compared with the sodium carbonate case. The negative adsorption is correlated with the water structure making/breaking character of carbonate and bicarbonate solutions. In particular, sodium ions are significantly more hydrated than carbonate and bicarbonate ions, and, therefore, tend to be excluded from the air–brine interface. On the other hand, carbonate and bicarbonate ions are accommodated at the air–brine interface. In any event, the balance between sodium exclusion and carbonate/bicarbonate accommodation results in an increase in the surface tension of these solutions with an increase in salt concentration. 相似文献
14.
本文用ＣＬ－Ｐ５０７萃淋树脂作为萃取色层的固定朴要研究了经Ｄ２３５阴离子树脂交换分离钴后和稀土镨钕钐的分离，对洗脱剂，洗脱条件进行了探讨，并选择出最佳分离条件。 相似文献
15.
The combined volatile bases (ammonia, aliphatic amines, and possibly other bases), ammonia, amino acids, and polar hydrocarbons were prepared from the Murchison meteorite for isotopic analyses. The volatile bases were obtained by cryogenic transfer after acid-hydrolysis of a hot-water extract and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of pentafluoropropionyl derivatives. The aliphatic amines present in this preparation comprise a mixture that includes both primary and secondary isomers through C5 at a total concentration of > or = 100 nmoles g-1. As commonly observed for meteoritic organic compounds, almost all isomers through C5 are present, and the concentrations within homologous series decrease with increasing chain length. Ammonia was chromatographically separated from the other volatile bases and found at a concentration of 1.1-1.3 micromoles g-1 meteorite. The ammonia analyzed includes contributions from ammonium salts and the hydrolysis of extractable organic compounds, e.g., carboxamides. Stable isotope analyses showed the volatile bases to be substantially enriched in the heavier isotopes, relative to comparable terrestrial compounds delta D < or = +1221%; delta 13C = +22%; delta 15N = +93%). Ammonia, per se, was found to have a somewhat lower delta 15N value (+69%) than the total volatile bases; consequently, a higher delta 15N (>93%) can be inferred for the other bases, which include the amines. Solvent-extractable polar hydrocarbons obtained separately were found to be enriched in 15N (delta 15N = +104%). Total amino acids, prepared from a hydrolyzed hot-water extract by cation exchange chromatography, gave a delta 15N of +94%, a value in good agreement with that obtained previously. Nitrogen isotopic data are also given for amino acid fractions separated chromatographically. The delta 15N values of the Murchison soluble organic compounds analyzed to date fall within a rather narrow range (delta 15N = +94 +/- 8%), an observation consistent with their formation, or formation of their precursors, by interstellar chemistry. 相似文献
16.
四川盆地三叠系杂卤石形成条件的实验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
四川盆地三叠系杂卤石有很大一部分产于硬石膏层中,与硬石膏互层。在许多杂卤石产出层位,缺失钾镁盐甚至石盐等易溶盐类。上述现象用已有的研究资料难以解释。本文通过100多个实验点的平衡实验,研究了35℃ K—Na—Mg—Ca—SO_4—Cl—H_2O六元海水体系中,NaCl及K、Mg盐均不饱和条件下杂卤石形成的可能性。与饱和溶液相比,不饱和溶液中杂卤石稳定区收缩。但在饱和溶液被稀释将近1倍时,杂卤石仍有一定的稳定范围。 在实验研究的基础上分析了四川盆地三叠系含杂卤石剖面的成因。由于成盐期卤水频繁地被淡化,形成“石膏——石盐+钾镁盐——石膏”沉积韵律。成岩作用中盐层遭受来自石膏层的水的溶滤。在石膏层较厚,盐层较薄的层段,石盐和钾镁盐可被全部溶掉,形成对NaCl及K、Mg盐均不饱和的液体。当这种对易溶盐类不饱和的液体进入膏层,部分K、Mg组分就能与CaSO_4结合生成杂卤石被保留下来,形成现在所看到的“硬石膏一杂卤石——硬石膏”剖面。 相似文献
17.
Precipitation of salts in confined spaces is the key mechanism for rock weathering and damage to building materials. To date there is no comprehensive study of the parameters influencing the reduction of pore space by salt crystals and the consequences for transport and damage by crystallization pressure. A novel method is presented to quantify pore clogging (i.e., the degree to which crystallization of salts interferes with transport of solution in porous materials). After drying capillary-saturated stone specimens containing salt solutions, the rate of capillary uptake of decane into the salt-contaminated specimens is measured. By treating the salt-contaminated material as a bilayer, the width of the crystallization front and the degree of pore filling can be determined. Two model materials with different pore size distributions (Indiana and Highmoor limestone) and three salts (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate) are selected for this study. It is shown that pore clogging results from the interplay between pore size distribution and salt properties. Different scenarios are discussed to link pore clogging with salt damage. 相似文献
18.
19.
Enrica Balboni Rosa M. Espinosa-Marzal Eric Doehne George W. Scherer 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1463-1473
Magnesium sulfate salts have been linked to the decay of stone in the field and in laboratory experiments, but the mechanism of damage is still poorly understood. Thermomechanical analysis shows that expansion of stone contaminated with magnesium sulfate salts occurs during drying, followed by relaxation of the stress during dehydration of the precipitated salts. We applied thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffractometry to identify the salt phases that precipitate during drying of bulk solutions. The results show the formation of 11 different crystal phases. A novel experiment in which a plate of salt-laden stone is bonded to a glass plate is used to demonstrate the existence of crystallization pressure: warping of the composite reveals significant deformation of the stone during re-wetting of lower hydrates of magnesium sulfate. Environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM)/STEM experiments show that hydration of single crystals of the lower hydrates of magnesium sulfate is a through-solution crystallization process that is only visible at a small scale (~μm). It is followed by growth of the crystal prior to deliquescence. This demonstrates that crystallization pressure is the main cause of the stress induced by salt hydration. In addition, we found that drying-induced crystallization is kinetically hindered at high concentration, which we attribute to the low nucleation rate in a highly viscous magnesium sulfate solution. 相似文献
20.
The pH of various saline solutions — waters from the Dead Sea, Red Sea, the Mediterranean and salt springs from the Tiberias area — and of their artificial equivalents was found to increase on dilution with distilled water. The effect is confined to waters containing more than 1.2–1.5% dissolved solids, and is roughly proportional to the original salinity of the solution. The effect is not found in solutions devoid of HCO3− salts. It is concluded that in strong brines, dissociation of bicarbonate salts is depressed; on dilution dissociation increases, hydroxide ions are formed and the pH increases. It follows that in evaporate sediments carbonate minerals might be stable at pH-values as low as 5.5. 相似文献