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全球变化与人类活动的相互作用--我国下阶段全球变化研究工作的重点 总被引：28，自引：7，他引：21
全球环境变化与可持续发展是当今人类社会面临的两大重要挑战。IGBPⅡ在探索地球系统变化规律的同时,力图将全球变化与可持续发展更紧密地结合,为人类社会的可持续发展提供科学背景和依据。根据国际全球变化研究发展的动向与我国的具体情况,今后我国全球变化与人类活动相互作用研究的重点应放在那些兼备显著区域特色和国际影响力的重大科学问题上。其中值得着重解决的10个科学问题包括：水循环与水问题、人类活动与区域碳循环过程、季风亚洲的人类活动与气候集成、土地利用/土地覆盖变化与陆地生态系统变化、人类活动与大气气溶胶、边缘海及海陆过渡带与人类活动、全球变化的影响与适应性、过去环境变化与中华文明、建设全面小康社会与温室气体减排国际谈判的科学支持、全球变化与人类活动相互作用研究基础信息平台建设。 相似文献
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当代生态经济的综合研究综述 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
可持续发展战略的规划设计需要生态经济学的综合研究思想。在总结国内外关于生态经济综合研究资料的基础上,系统总结了一门新兴学科——生态经济学的研究历程、研究内容和方法。生态经济学的综合研究,关键是将人类社会经济系统视为生态系统的一个子系统,认为人类社会的发展依赖于生态系统的支持。其研究是在微观层次上对经济系统和生态系统进行有机结合的具体尝试。从发展与环境之间关系的讨论入手,系统地分析总结了生态经济学与经济学、生态学以及其它学科之间的关系和作用,西方生态经济学早期和当代的研究状况和我国生态经济学的研究状况及进展,最后从可持续发展的定量衡量和生态经济模型的建立两方面介绍了目前流行的生态经济学研究方法。 相似文献
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全球环境变化与中国国家安全 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
20世纪90年代以来,安全概念的内涵有了重大扩展。全球环境变化作为威胁人类安全的因素之一,对国家安全和社会的发展构成了新的挑战。由全球环境变化所引发的国家安全问题一方面直接与全球环境问题相联系,另一方面是通过国际事务中的冲突表现出来的。中国未来发展面临全球环境变化的严峻挑战。中国的全球环境变化人文因素研究需要关注可能对中国国家安全产生深远影响的重大环境变化问题,重视科学地评估中国自然和社会经济系统对全球环境变化影响的脆弱性,积极推动中国国家风险管理体系建设,将全球环境变化问题纳入风险管理之列,为我国可持续发展、和谐社会构建做出应有的贡献。 相似文献
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Spatial data availability and its implications for sustainable development of the Brazilian Amazon 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the Amazonia region, general policy based on sustainable development must be adopted to counterbalance natural conservation and the needs of people. To discuss and monitor the regional development requires a significant variety of spatial data. However, making data available is not simple and various solutions usually are presented in non-standardized and non-interchangeable databases. This paper presents an overview of spatial data available for the Amazonia region, and initiatives of data dissemination systems, considering various geographical scales and data access. From this general perspective, we discuss some ideas about the importance of spatial data for sustainability and suggest interactive systems that could contribute to local development and environmental conservation. The limitation on the promotion of spatial information and data sharing in Amazonia is neither computational nor technological. Rather, it is a matter of informing those who generate the data about the benefits of knowledge as a public good and promoting collaborative work. Creating a convergent spatial consciousness about the territory, and bringing together every environmental player, is a step towards the discussion and planning of the sustainable development of the Amazonia. 相似文献
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The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region is an important engine for China’s socioeconomic development. Timely and effectively assessing constraint factors of resources and environment is of great significance for the sustainability assessment and the sustainable development of this region. However, comprehensive assessment research considering key resource and environmental constraints are still lacking. In this study, therefore, the limiting factors of resources and the environment in the BTH region were assessed based on the framework of landscape sustainability science. First, we chose five limiting factors, including topographic condition, geological environment, water resource, land resource, and atmospheric environment, to assess the constraints of resources and the environment using the single-factor evaluation method and the multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method. Based on the results, we divided the whole region into five subregions, i.e., the ecological conservation subregion, the geological disaster subregion, the water resource scarcity subregion, the atmospheric pollution subregion, and the cropland protection subregion. The results revealed that the northern BTH region was highly constrained by topographic conditions, the central BTH region was strongly constrained by geological environment and water resources, whereas the southern BTH region was constrained mainly by land resources and atmospheric environment. In addition, water resource was the main limiting factor for regional population growth and economic development. In 2010, the water resource scarcity subregion had a total population of 39.59 million, an urban population of 76.90%, and a gross domestic product of 2 455.57 billion yuan. We argue that the sustainable development of the BTH region should explicitly consider the resource and environmental limiting factors, implement land use optimization according to local conditions, maintain multiple land use types and diverse management strategies, based on the perspective of “strong sustainability”, so as to promote the regional sustainable development. 相似文献
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油页岩综合利用对周围环境的影响——以抚顺矿区为例 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
世界能源日益减少的局面为油页岩的开发应用带来广阔的前景，但油页岩工业所带来的环境影响亦不容忽视。以抚顺油页岩为例，从油页岩综合利用和油页岩工业对环境的影响等方面系统讨论了在我国发展油页岩工业时，如何本着节约能源、保护环境、实现可持续发展的观念，利用现有先进技术，科学发展油页岩工业，降低生产过程中的固、液、气污染物对环境的危害。 相似文献
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Stefania Abakerli 《Geoforum》2001,32(4)
More than a strategy for environmental conservation, protected area paradigm has represented a specific conception of nature–society relationship. Originated in a context of capitalist consolidation, rapid urbanisation and frontier development in the US, this paradigm has given rise to a ‘politically viable rationale' in which utilitarian use of natural resources by tourism development would ensure nature preservation. This political rationality has deeply influenced environmental policies in developing countries, fostering a paradoxical model in the history of nature preservation. It also has brought into play diverse interests that have shifted patterns of local nature–society interaction, configuring a complex politicised environment. Established in ‘isolated' regions, protected areas have been implemented often by top–down approaches, disrupting resident peoples' livelihoods strategies through conflicts over the control of natural resources. Understanding the implications of development and conservation policies on resident peoples' livelihoods may represent a starting point for an integrated developmental conservation policy towards the promotion of sustainable livelihoods in environmentally sensitive regions in developing countries. These issues are analysed in the region of the Lençois Maranhenses National Park in Brazil. This paper argues that the context facing the region reveals a standardised conservationist paradigm marked by the absence of wider ecological criteria informing nature protection and a disregard for the strengthening of sustainability in existent socio-economic dynamics. The regional development and conservation policies have not only promoted tensions between resident peoples' livelihoods and the protected area paradigm, but also reinforced the legitimisation of social exclusion and environmental disruption under the prevalent rhetoric of nature protection and tourism development. 相似文献
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可持续发展评估指标、方法及应用研究 总被引：31，自引：1，他引：31
可持续发展评估指标及方法研究是可持续发展定量评估研究的基础,是实施可持续发展管理的依据,是生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿领域和热点问题之一. 在概括介绍可持续发展评估的工具--指标/指数的概念和功能、国际上代表性可持续发展研究机构指标选取的原则的基础上,全面分析归纳了可持续发展指标(体系)的类型及其框架模式. 详细介绍了联合国可持续发展委员会(UNCSD)、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)、世界保护同盟(IUCN)、世界银行等国际上代表性机构的可持续发展系统性指标体系的最新研究进展,并分析了这些系统性指标体系的优缺点. 深入分析了国际上典型的社会发展类、经济发展类、生态环境类可持续发展指标(指数)的研究、开发与实际评估应用的情况. 最后,总结了当前可持续发展指标(体系)研究的特点与趋势. 相似文献
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Wael Ahmed Mohamed Abdel Kawy 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(3):733-747
The evaluation of agricultural sustainability status helps in identifying specific indicators that constrain the achievement of sustainable agriculture. The agricultural sector in Egypt is facing major sustainability constraints such as scarce land and water resources, environmental degradation, and rapid population growth as well as institutional arrangement including land tenure and farm fragmentation, agricultural administration, lack of infrastructure, and credit utilization and high interest rates. This study aims to evaluate the agricultural sustainability in some areas in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, north of the Nile Delta; the international framework for evaluating sustainable land management was used for realizing this objective. The map of the physiographic soils of the studied area was produced depending upon Landsat ETM+ images analysis; the results indicate that the area includes three main landscapes, i.e., alluvial, lacustrine, and marine plains. The characteristics of productivity, security, protection, economic viability, and social acceptability in the different mapping units were assessed. The obtained results show that the studied area includes two different class types, the first are the lands that are marginally below the requirement of sustainability and the second are those lands that do not meet sustainability requirements. The former class is represented by the physiographic units of alluvial plain, whereas the latter class is represented by the physiographic units of the lacustrine and marine plains. The sustainability constrains in the studied area are related to the soil productivity, economic viability, and social acceptability. 相似文献
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A. A. Rassafi M. Vaziri 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2005,2(1):83-96
In this paper, a different interpretation of sustainable transportation, is introduced, in which sustainability with respect to transportation sector for the selected countries is evaluated. This interpretation characterizes “sustainable development” through “harmonic development”. It means sustainable development with special focus on transportation can be measured by the degree of conformity between environment, economy, and social aspects on one hand, and transportation on the other hand. The best indicator to perform such a measurement is elasticity. The database used for the study encompasses a series of national indicators for each country Seventy nine countries were initially selected for detailed analysis for the period of 1980–1995. The data have been extracted from centralized information sources of international agencies. The key dimensions of sustainable development i.e. social, environmental, and economic characteristics are used. Firstly, a set of sustainable transportation indicators is introduced. These indicators, which in fact are elasticities, show the relative change of non-transportation variables with respect to transportation ones. Second composite indices of three non-transportation groups with respect to four transportation modes are calculated. The composite indices are then aggregated by the Concordance Analysis Technique to achieve comprehensive transportation sustainability indices of countries, and according to these values, the countries are compared, ranked, and classified. Mathematical and statistical analyses of the database support the study quantitatively. The results for the selected indicators and countries show that from sustainable transportation point of view and based on the above-mentioned interpretation of sustainable development, United States is in the ranked first, and Sierra Leon is last among the subset of 79 countries with non-missing data. The results of the study depict an overall scheme for comparative assessment of transportation sustainability of the countries. 相似文献
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Jennifer Houghton 《Geoforum》2005,36(4):418-428
Sustainable development is accepted worldwide as a programme for the improvement of human-environment relations. It has been argued that the local level is the optimum level at which to implement sustainability. However, variability of local characteristics problematises this process as engagements with the principles and practices of sustainable development in unique places are likely to result in varying interpretations of the internationally accepted discourses of sustainable development. In order to assess local level interpretations of sustainability [Sharp, L., 1999. Local policy for the global environment: in search of a new perspective. Environmental Politics 8 (4), 137-159] calls for a more contextual analysis of the relationship between sustainability and the local level.This paper evaluates the interpretations of sustainability that were evident in a capacity building workshop in the Ugu District Municipality on the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa through consideration of the context in which they emerged. The notion of place as a construction of social and spatial interrelations, the social relations of power within places and the environmental discourses through which debates over sustainability often occur have been used in this study to consider how unequal power relations and the process of political and social transition taking place within the Ugu District Municipality drive the social construction of sustainability agendas. Consequently, the case study draws attention to the need to consider the ways in which local contexts set the terms for interpretations of sustainability as these conceptualizations can direct actions for sustainability and may interrelate to assist or hinder the implementation of local level sustainability plans. 相似文献
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The most important concept to emerge in the 20th century was the recognition that sustainability is threatened. A sustainable
society is one that functions and lives in such harmony with earth systems that future generations will be able to function
with equal or greater ease and the quality of life will in no way be diminished.
Evidence of threats to sustainability is found in: global energy use; global climate change; availability of sufficient safe
water; degradation of soil on agricultural lands; food production for a global population of 9,000 million by 2050; accelerated
extinction rates and loss of biodiversity; human under- and over-nourishment; and the spread of diseases.
Ignorance borne of alienation from nature deprives us of sensitivity to the threats human activities cause. Alienation may
be traced to the agricultural revolution, but has become widespread and even inescapable for many with massive control of
energy and the industrial revolution, dependence on machines, and urbanization. With the control of enough energy to dominate
nature and the achievement of a high, but transient, level of wealth, a world view extolling growth—led by the highly industrialized
nations, but now being emulated in the developing countries—has committed the world to an unsustainable path.
Because of this, world societies must work to find practical “sustainability” world views to help guide our future choices.
Wise choices will depend upon good scientific understanding and must be based upon a deep respect for the non-human world
and a concern for the future. The environmental meaning of different world views, whether founded in the world religions or
in nonreligious philosophy, share a common concern to promote an equitable, harmonious, and sustainable relationship between
humanity and nature. The similarities in pragmatic meaning in relation to nature of, e.g., Christian stewardship and Deep
Ecology, illustrate this.
Our attention must not be directed towards alternative symbolic or linguistic vocabularies, but toward the practical environmental
commitments that different world views entail. Our problems have global reach and many of them are urgent, but they are not
intrinsically unsolvable. We must seek ways to find and use common ground in the search for sustainability. We must work together,
but remember that each of us contributes to the final outcome. 相似文献
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《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2017,128(2):165-172
Most geologists would argue that geoscientific knowledge, experience, and guidance is critical for addressing many of society’s most acute environmental challenges, yet few geologists are directly engaged in current discourses around sustainable development. That is surprising given that several attributes make modern geoscience well placed to make critical contributions to contemporary sustainability thinking. Here, we argue that if geoscientists are to make our know-how relevant to sustainability science, two aspects seem clear. Firstly, the geoscience community needs to substantially broaden its constituency, not only forging interdisciplinary links with other environmental disciplines but also drawing from the human and behavioral sciences. Secondly, the principles and practices of ‘sustainability’ need to be explicitly integrated into geoscience education, training and continued professional development. 相似文献
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Wu Jianguo He Chunyang Zhang Qingyun Yu Deyong Huang Ganlin Huang Qingxu 《地球科学进展》2014,29(12):1315-1324
Climate change and land use/land cover change have resulted in water shortage, degraded ecosystem services, and increased disaster risks across the world. Developing strategies and measures for achieving regional and global sustainability in the face of these environmental problems is a key topic of current climate change research. This paper provides an overview of the 973 project, entitled “Integrative Modeling and Strategic Planning for Regional Sustainability under Climate Change”, including its background, relative progresses, key scientific questions, major research elements, methodology, and expected outcomes. The proposed research is based on sustainability science, guided by the idea of Orderly Human Activities (OHA), and implemented through an integrated methodology of combining field observations, simulation experiments, and scenario analysis. The main objectives of the project are: to quantify the relationship between human activities and climate change, to assess the impacts of human activities on ecosystem services and human well being in the face of climate change, and to develop an integrated model of climate change, OHA, and regional sustainable development. The ultimate goal is to provide a landscape/regional-scale strategy for sustainable development in the face of climate change. The project is expected to help advance the science and application of landscape sustainability science and land system design, particularly in terms of linking climate change, ecosystem services, and human well-being in the dry land region of China. 相似文献
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中国西部生态环境变化与对策建议 总被引：74，自引：6，他引：74
中国西部地区生态环境的历史演变过程与未来可能变化趋势是科学界面对的一大难题,正确认识西部地区生态环境的演变过程与变化趋势,是西部地区社会经济可持续发展必须面对的课题,是正确制定西部大开发战略方针的重要科学基础。依托中国科学院牵头完成的《中国西部环境演变评估》研究成果,介绍了中国西部地区生态环境演变的主要特征与基本事实,主要强调近50年来全球变暖与人类活动在西部生态环境演变中的重要作用;指出未来的气候与环境变化对西部地区的经济社会发展将产生重要影响;提出了西部地区生态保护与可持续发展的对策与建议,指出西部地区的生态建设必须综合治理、突出重点,特别强调要强化对西部地区的科学研究,为西部大开发服务。 相似文献
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全球变化和可持续发展科学 总被引：45，自引：0，他引：45
文章回顾了全球变化研究的发展史 ,介绍了IGBP ,IHDP ,WCRP ,DIVERSITAS 4个国际全球变化研究组织的研究方向与核心内容以及它们共同提出的碳循环、食物、水资源三大课题。全球环境变化的实质是人与自然界关系的变化。人类活动改变地球系统动力的强度已经超过自然界变动的限度 ,“人类世”的概念与可持续发展科学应运而生。西方学者认为发达地区与发展中地区之间存在着阻碍可持续发展的鸿沟。笔者从可持续发展科学的角度讨论了发达地区与发展中地区的关系 ,并以我国东部与西部为例 ,指出若能通过政府的可持续发展政策 ,推动各职能系统的工作 ,实现信息、技术、经济的不断交互流动 ,就可以找到消除鸿沟的途径。 相似文献
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《Geoforum》2015
The use of transboundary conservation as tools for improving interstate relations has become a widely supported initiative in nature conservation. The rationale follows the environmental peacemaking hypothesis, which argues that seemingly neutral environmental issues can provide a sound basis for cooperation between states. The paper investigates the hypothesis’ premise through the case of International System of Protected Areas for Peace (Si-A-Paz), a transboundary protected area shared by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. In recent years, both countries have been involved in a number of border conflicts within Si-A-Paz and linked to the use of the San Juan River, contested land areas, and oil resources. The case of Si-A-Paz shows that transboundary environmental issues can provide arguments for maintaining or even strengthening conflicts rather than fostering peace between states. The case also shows the emergence of environmental issues as a new arena for geopolitical play, where actors not only justify their actions through an environmental discourse but also, the environmental discourse is stretched to include a variety of issues through which actors can obtain international support. The events in Nicaragua and Costa Rica raise questions about the role of transboundary conservation as a peacebuilding tool. 相似文献
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Groundwater is an important part of the global hydrological cycle. Sustainable utilization of groundwater is related to regional ecological security and food security, especially in arid and semi-arid environments. This paper reviewed the important achievements of the research on groundwater sustainability in arid and semi-arid environments during the past 30 years, and summarized the research progress in groundwater sustainability of arid and semi-arid environments from the conception evolution of groundwater sustainability, evaluation methods, influencing factors, sustainable management, and research frontiers. Our analysis suggests that groundwater in water limited environments around the world has shown unsustainable characteristics both in terms of quantity and quality. However, the existing research focuses more on the quantitative characteristics than the quality characteristics of groundwater, and thus the seriousness of the decline in groundwater sustainability is potentially underestimated. It is pointed out that more research efforts need to be done in the future in balancing the groundwater resources for human and nature, clarifying the impacts of human disturbance and climate change on groundwater sustainability, and strengthening groundwater sustainability through transboundary watershed management. We argued that the difficulty remains how to quantify the sustainable yield of a groundwater basin, and how to assess the groundwater sustainability. Further investigations are required in improving the theoretical framework of groundwater sustainability, modeling the impacts of the various alternative groundwater development scenarios, developing more flexible and efficient indicator frameworks for sustainability evaluation of groundwater system, and deploying more sophisticated groundwater monitoring network for real-time data acquisition. Finally, awareness should also be raised towards ground water sustainability both at the legal level and in the sphere of political action. 相似文献