首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Rates of diel (24-h) biogeochemical processes in rivers and their effect on daily changes in the concentration of metals and metalloids have been well documented in the literature over the last 20 years. Investigations into the effects of these processes on aquatic systems and the underlying mechanisms that control the processes can significantly improve our understanding of how natural aquatic environments function and will respond to changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts. Daily changes in the rates of biogeochemical processes have, more recently, been shown to influence the stable isotope composition of dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon in natural waters. Here we present a comprehensive picture of the persistence and reproducibility of diel cycles of the 18O composition of dissolved molecular oxygen (δ18O-DO) and the 13C composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) across five Montana, USA rivers investigated over a 4-year period. A mesocosm experiment showed the same behavior in δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC as seen in riverine settings across light and dark periods.A cross plot of δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC from each stream exhibits a clockwise elliptical pattern which is attributed to the daily changes in the balance of metabolic rates as well as air–water gas exchange. The amplitude of the change in the isotope composition is shown to be directly related to the trophic state of the river and a relationship between net productivity and diel changes in δ18O-DO and δ13C-DIC is presented. This relationship between trophic status with δ18O-DO, δ13C-DIC and production emphasizes the significance of how rates of biogeochemical processes in natural systems can influence the daily changes in the composition of surface waters.  相似文献   

2.
A diel biogeochemical study was performed to assess the influence that periods of elevated biological activity have on the biogeochemical cycling of macronutrients and redox-sensitive elements in a natural estuarine environment. High-resolution data (15 min sampling) illustrates periodic extreme variations in dissolved oxygen (DO) in the shallow waters of Azevedo Pond, Elkhom Slough, California. During periods of low tidal flushing, DO values can range from highly oxic (>560 μM O2: >250% saturation) during sunny days to suboxic conditions (<5 μM) at night. Nutrient cycling and redox-sensitive trace element biogeochemistry were evaluated in response to the extreme daily DO fluctuations. A diel sampling study was conducted over a 26-h period, where O2 concentrations ranged from 346 μM to sustained non-detectable levels in the night hours. In concert with the DO fluctuations, diel phosphate cycling was on the order of 4 μM in response to tidal flushing events and biological assimilation and regeneration. The IO3 −/I− redox couple quickly responded to suboxic conditions in the water column by a marked increase in I− concentrations and corresponding depletion of IO3 −. The extreme fluctuations of the p∈ in the water column resulted in diel dissolved Mn2+ variations of nearly 5 μM, with observed dissolved Mn removal rates on the order of 1 μM h−1. The elevated biogeochemical cycling of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, iodine, manganese, and iron found in this shallow estuarine environment suggest that tidal restrictions and anthropogenic nutrient enrichments can amplify diel variations and potentially hinder the functional and ecological stability of these systems. These data suggest that accurate chemical monitoring of the health of an estuarine ecosystem must account for the diel variability inherent in these highly productive environments.  相似文献   

3.
The speciation and mobility of a variety of chemical species in groundwater are strongly influenced by redox and pH conditions. Dissolved O2 (DO) and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) concentrations are significant controls of these conditions, respectively. It is not always clear what the major processes are that influence changes in the concentration of DO and DIC across a groundwater flowpath. The combined use of the stable isotope compositions of DO (δ18O–DO) and DIC (δ13C–DIC) has the potential to help investigators discriminate between sources and sinks of DO and DIC in groundwater systems.  相似文献   

4.
Zinc and Cu play important roles in the biogeochemistry of natural systems, and it is likely that these interactions result in mass-dependent fractionations of their stable isotopes. In this study, we examine the relative abundances of dissolved Zn and Cu isotopes in a variety of stream waters draining six historical mining districts located in the United States and Europe. Our goals were to (1) determine whether streams from different geologic settings have unique or similar Zn and Cu isotopic signatures and (2) to determine whether Zn and Cu isotopic signatures change in response to changes in dissolved metal concentrations over well-defined diel (24-h) cycles.Average δ66Zn and δ65Cu values for streams varied from +0.02‰ to +0.46‰ and −0.7‰ to +1.4‰, respectively, demonstrating that Zn and Cu isotopes are heterogeneous among the measured streams. Zinc or Cu isotopic changes were not detected within the resolution of our measurements over diel cycles for most streams. However, diel changes in Zn isotopes were recorded in one stream where the fluctuations of dissolved Zn were the largest. We calculate an apparent separation factor of ∼0.3‰ (66/64Zn) between the dissolved and solid Zn reservoirs in this stream with the solid taking up the lighter Zn isotope. The preference of the lighter isotope in the solid reservoir may reflect metabolic uptake of Zn by microorganisms. Additional field investigations must evaluate the contributions of soils, rocks, minerals, and anthropogenic components to Cu and Zn isotopic fluxes in natural waters. Moreover, rigorous experimental work is necessary to quantify fractionation factors for the biogeochemical reactions that are likely to impact Cu and Zn isotopes in hydrologic systems. This initial investigation of Cu and Zn isotopes in stream waters suggests that these isotopes may be powerful tools for probing biogeochemical processes in surface waters on a variety of temporal and spatial scales.  相似文献   

5.
Diel (24-h) changes in Se and As concentrations in a freshwater wetland pond bordering the Great Salt Lake (GSL) were examined. Selenium concentrations (filtered and unfiltered) changed on a diel basis, i.e., were depleted during early morning and enriched during daytime over August 17-18. During the May 24-25, 2006 and September 29-30 diel studies, no significant 24-h trends were observed in Se concentrations compared to August, which showed daily maximums up to 59% greater than the daily minimum. Both filtered and unfiltered As concentrations also varied on a diel cycle, with increased concentrations during early morning and decreased concentrations during daytime. Filtered As concentrations increased 110% during the May 24-25, 2006 diel study. Selenium varied in phase with pH, dissolved O2 (DO), and water temperature (Tw) whereas As varied opposite to Se, pH, DO and Tw. Changes in pH, DO and Tw showed a direct linear correlation (r = 0.74, 0.75, and 0.55, respectively) to filtered Se. Also pH, DO and Tw were inversely correlated to filtered As concentration (r = −0.88, −0.87, and −0.84, respectively). Equilibrium geochemical speciation and sorption models were used to examine the potential oxidation state changes in Se and As, and sorption and desorption reactions corresponding to the observed 24-h variations in pe and pH. In this wetland it was postulated that diel Se variation was driven by sorption and desorption due to photosynthesis-induced changes in pH and redox conditions. Diel variations of As were hypothesized to be linked to pH-driven sorption and desorption as well as co-precipitation and co-dissolution with mineral phases of Mn.  相似文献   

6.
Mangrove ecosystems play an important, but understudied, role in the cycling of carbon in tropical and subtropical coastal ocean environments. In the present study, we examined the diel dynamics of seawater carbon dioxide (CO2) and dissolved oxygen (DO) for a mangrove-dominated marine ecosystem (Mangrove Bay) and an adjacent intracoastal waterway (Ferry Reach) on the island of Bermuda. Spatial and temporal trends in seawater carbonate chemistry and associated variables were assessed from direct measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and salinity. Diel pCO2 variability was interpolated across hourly wind speed measurements to determine variability in daily CO2 fluxes for the month of October 2007 in Bermuda. From these observations, we estimated rates of net sea to air CO2 exchange for these two coastal ecosystems at 59.8 ± 17.3 in Mangrove Bay and 5.5 ± 1.3 mmol m−2 d−1 in Ferry Reach. These results highlight the potential for large differences in carbonate system functioning and sea-air CO2 flux in adjacent coastal environments. In addition, observation of large diel variability in CO2 system parameters (e.g., mean pCO2: 390–2,841 μatm; mean pHT: 8.05–7.34) underscores the need for careful consideration of diel cycles in long-term sampling regimes and flux estimates.  相似文献   

7.
The Early Jurassic period was characterized by extreme environmental changes, as reflected by major global carbon isotope anomalies and abrupt changes in oxygen isotope and elemental records of marine organisms. Available data suggest an overall warm Early Jurassic climate interrupted by periods of severe cooling, with a climatic optimum during the early Toarcian. Available geochemical studies, however, have mainly focused on the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean, so that the palaeogeographic extent of these environmental perturbations, latitudinal palaeotemperature gradients and climate belt boundaries remain poorly constrained. Here we report the first stable isotope records of brachiopod shells (δ13C and δ18O values) from the Upper Sinemurian-Middle Toarcian interval in the southern margin of the Tethys Ocean (northwest Algeria). These data were used to better constrain the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the North Gondwana margin during the Early Jurassic, which likely played an important role on supra-regional climate. The diagenetic history of the analysed brachiopod shells was monitored using scanning electron microscopy, and elemental (manganese and strontium) compositions. The brachiopod δ13C and δ18O data show very similar trends as those reported for various Tethyan regions, and record negative carbon and oxygen isotope excursions near the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian and Pliensbachian–Toarcian transitions and during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (T-OAE). Despite these similarities, the carbon and oxygen isotope records are systematically offset towards more positive δ13C values (average +0.5‰) and more negative δ18O values (−1.0‰) compared to those obtained from sites of higher palaeolatitudes in the northern Tethyan margin. These offsets suggest a spatial heterogeneity in the stable isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Early Jurassic Ocean and a marked latitudinal temperature gradient between the southern and northern margins of the Tethys.  相似文献   

8.
The biogeochemical cycling and isotopic fractionation of calcium during the initial stages of weathering were investigated in an alpine soil chronosequence (Damma glacier, Switzerland). This site has a homogeneous silicate lithology and minimal biological impacts due to sparse vegetation cover. Calcium isotopic compositions, obtained by TIMS using a 43Ca-46Ca double spike, were measured in the main Ca pools. During this very early stage of weathering, the young soils which have formed (δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰) were indistinguishable to the rocks from which they were derived (δ44/42Ca=+0.44‰) and stream water (δ44/42Ca=+0.48‰) was also within error of the average rock. This lack of variation indicates that the dissolution of the bulk silicate rock does not strongly fractionate Ca isotopes. The only Ca pool which was strongly fractionated from bulk rock was vegetation, which exhibited an enrichment of light Ca isotopes. Significant Ca isotope fractionation between bulk rock and the dissolved flux of Ca is likely to only occur where the Ca biogeochemical cycle is dominated by secondary processes such as biological cycling, adsorption and secondary mineral precipitation.  相似文献   

9.
We present some of the first analyses of the stable isotopic composition of dissolved silicon (Si) in groundwater. The groundwater samples were from the Navajo Sandstone aquifer at Black Mesa, Arizona, USA, and the Si isotope composition of detrital feldspars and secondary clay coatings in the aquifer were also analyzed. Silicon isotope compositions were measured using high-resolution multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HR-MC-ICP-MS) (Nu1700 & NuPlasma HR). The quartz dominated bulk rock and feldspar separates have similar δ30Si of −0.09 ± 0.04‰ and −0.15 ± 0.04‰ (±95% SEM), respectively, and clay separates are isotopically lighter by up to 0.4‰ compared to the feldspars. From isotopic mass-balance considerations, co-existing aqueous fluids should have δ30Si values heavier than the primary silicates. Positive δ30Si values were only found in the shallow aquifer, where Si isotopes are most likely fractionated during the dissolution of feldspars and subsequent formation of clay minerals. However, δ30Si decreases along the flow path from 0.56‰ to −1.42‰, representing the most negative dissolved Si isotope composition so far found for natural waters. We speculate that the enrichment in 28Si is due to dissolution of partly secondary clay minerals and low-temperature silcretes in the Navajo Sandstone. The discovery of the large range and systematic shifts of δ30Si values along a groundwater flow path illustrates the potential utility of stable Si isotopes for deciphering the Si cycling in sedimentary basins, tracing fluid flow, and evaluating global Si cycle.  相似文献   

10.
岩溶区河流水化学昼夜变化与生物地球化学过程   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  
章程 《中国岩溶》2015,34(1):1-8
河流水化学昼夜动态变化的研究有助于揭示水体中相对快速的生物地球化学过程(河流内过程),同时也有助于判别上游补给区流域过程。已有的研究表明生物过程（光合作用与呼吸作用）、地球化学过程（碳酸盐平衡、碳酸钙沉积）是控制河流pH、SpC、Ca2+和HCO3-含量昼夜变化的主要因素。不同级别、类型及河床微环境均会对水化学昼夜变化产生影响,与气温密切相关的光合作用是产生河水pH值和DO昼夜变化的主控因素。在偏碱性与富含钙离子的岩溶河流,有机体的钙化作用与酸分泌可能对光合作用具有重要作用,从而导致水体中Ca2+和HCO3-出现白天下降-夜间回升的昼夜动态变化,下降幅度达20%~30%。水生植物通过光合作用产生DIC(主要为HCO3-)的原位沉降,是真正意义上的净碳汇。昼夜生物地球化学循环及效应研究有助于全面认识岩溶区碳循环特征及岩溶含水层源汇关系,尤其是岩溶碳汇稳定性与净碳汇估算;同时对长时间尺度河流监测计划的制定具有重要意义。   相似文献   

11.
《Chemical Geology》2003,193(3-4):237-255
Oxygen isotope ratios were measured in olivines from eight São Miguel basalt lavas. With one exception (4.57‰), the olivines are indistinguishable from one another with an average δ18O of 4.92±0.03‰ (1σ). This value is slightly lower than that characteristic of upper mantle peridotite and MORB olivines (5.2±0.2‰). Assimilation of ≥10–20% of high-temperature altered lower oceanic crust or 4–9% hydrothermally altered volcanic edifice rocks could produce the low δ18O signatures in the São Miguel olivines; both of these assimilation models are permitted by the trace element and radiogenic isotope variations in the São Miguel basalts. However, the limited variation in δ18O despite eruption of the basalts through compositionally and tectonically variable lithosphere, and the lack of correlation of δ18O with olivine forsterite content, are more easily explained if the olivine δ18O signatures are inherited from their mantle source. If the δ18O signatures reflect mantle source compositions, then the relatively low and uniform δ18O signatures allow constraints to be placed on the origin of the mantle sources beneath São Miguel. Extreme variations in radiogenic isotope signatures have previously been attributed to two component source mixing between a predominant Azores plume source with mild HIMU-like characteristics, and an EMII-type mantle with very radiogenic Sr. The low δ18O signatures in the São Miguel basalt olivines suggest that the predominant Azores plume source contains >10% hydrothermally altered recycled oceanic crust. The limited variation in δ18O is consistent with a component of recycled sediment in the São Miguel EMII-type source, although, unlike the case for other EMII OIB (e.g. Samoa and Society), the relatively low δ18O signatures in São Miguel restrict any involvement of recycled sediment to <2% of a relatively low δ18O and very radiogenic Sr or high Rb/Sr sediment. Involvement of several percent metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle could alternatively produce the EMII-type Sr–Nd–Pb isotope signatures without significantly affecting the plume-related low δ18O signatures. The São Miguel δ18O data are thus consistent with mixing between a low δ18O Azores plume source with a component of subducted, hydrothermally altered lower oceanic crust, and either minor recycled sediment or localized EMII-rich delaminated subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The latter could have been introduced into the lithosphere or shallow asthenosphere during opening of the Atlantic ocean basin.  相似文献   

12.
The coastal bays and lagoons of Maryland extend the full length of the state's Atlantic coast and compose a substantial ecosystem at the land-sea margin that is characterized by shallow depth, a well-mixed water column, slow exchange with the coastal ocean, and minimal freshwater input from the land. For at least 25 years, various types of measurements have been made intermittently in these systems, but almost no effort has been made to determine if water quality or habitat conditions have changed over the years or if distinctive spatial gradients in these features have developed in response to changing land uses. The purpose of this work was to examine this fragmented database and determine if such patterns have emerged and how they may be related to land uses. Turbidity, dissolved inorganic phosphate, algal biomass, and primary production rates in most areas of the coastal bays followed a regular seasonal pattern, which was well correlated with water temperature. Nitrate concentrations were low (<5 μM), and only modestly higher in tributary creeks (<20 μM). Additionally, there was little indication of the spring bloom typical of river-dominated systems. There does appear to be a strong spatial gradient in water quality conditions (more eutrophic in the upper bays, especially in tributary creeks). Comparisons of water quality data collected between 1970 and 1991 indicate little temporal change in most areas and some small improvements in a few areas, probably related to decreases in point-source discharges. Seagrass communities were once extensive in these systems but at present are restricted to the eastern portion of the lower bays where water clarity is sufficient to support plant survival. Even in these areas, seagrass densities have recently decreased. Examination of diel dissolved oxygen data collected in the summer indicates progressively larger diel excursions from lower to upper bays and from open bays to tributary subsystems; however, hypoxic conditions (<2 mg 1?1) were rarely observed in any location. Nitrogen input data (point, surface runoff, groundwater and atmospheric deposition to surface waters) were assembled for seven regions of the coastal bay system; annual loading rates ranged from 2.4 g N m?2 yr?1 to 39.7 g N m?2 yr?1. Compared with a sampling of loading rates to other coastal systems, those to the upper and lower bays were low while those to tributaries were moderate to high. Regression analysis indicated significant relationships between annual nitrogen loading rates and average annual total nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentrations in the water column. Similar analyses also indicated significant relationships between chlorophyll a and the magnitude of diel dissolved oxygen changes in the water column. It is concluded that these simple models, which could be improved with a well-designed monitoring program, could be used as quantitative management tools to relate habitat conditions to nutrient loading rates.  相似文献   

13.
Fossil stromatolites may reveal information about their hydrochemical palaeoenvironment, provided that assignment to a specific microbial community and a corresponding biogeochemical mechanism of formation can be made. Tithonian stromatolites of the Münder Formation at Thüste, north Germany, have traditionally been considered as formed by intertidal cyanobacterial communities. However, thin sections of the stromatolites show elongated angular traces of former gypsum crystals in a dense arrangement, but no algal or cyanobacterial filament traces. Moreover, high Fe2+ and Mn2+ contents, oxygen‐isotope and sulphur‐isotope ratios of carbonate‐bound sulphates, and sulphurized hydrocarbon biomarkers of the stromatolitic carbonate indicate that CaCO3 precipitation occurred near the oxic–anoxic interface as a result of intensive bacterial sulphur cycling rather than photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidation of methane by Archaea may have driven CaCO3 precipitation in deeper parts of the biofilm community, as reflected by high concentrations of squalane with a strongly negative δ13C in conjunction with evaporite pseudomorphs showing extremely low δ13CCarb ratios. Consequently, the Thüste stromatolites are now interpreted as having initially formed by gypsum impregnation of biofilms. Subsequently, early Mg‐calcitic calcitization within the biofilms occurred because of combined bacterial iron, manganese and sulphate reduction, with an increasing contribution of anaerobic oxidation of methane with depth. This model plausibly explains the prominent preservation of signals derived from oxygen‐independent metabolic pathways, whereas virtually no geochemical record exists for an aerobic community that may, nevertheless, have prevailed at the stromatolite surface. Photic‐zone stromatolites with a prominent signal of anaerobic oxidation of methane may be common in, and indicative of, oxygen‐depleted sulphate‐bearing environments with high rates of methane production, conditions that possibly were fulfilled at the Archaean to Proterozoic transition.  相似文献   

14.
In order to understand spatial variations of stable isotope geochemistry in the Quruqtagh basin (northwestern China) in the aftermath of an Ediacaran glaciation, we analyzed carbonate carbon isotopes (δ13Ccarb), carbonate oxygen isotopes (δ18Ocarb), carbonate associated sulfate sulfur (δ34SCAS) and oxygen isotopes (δ18OCAS), and pyrite sulfur isotopes (δ34Spy) of a cap dolostone atop the Ediacaran Hankalchough glacial diamictite at four sections. The four studied sections (YKG, MK, H and ZBS) represent an onshore-offshore transect in the Quruqtagh basin. Our data show a strong paleobathymetry-dependent isotopic gradient. From the onshore to offshore sections, δ13Ccarb values decrease from −2‰ to −16‰ (VPDB), whereas δ18Ocarb values increase from −4‰ to −1‰ (VPDB). Both δ34SCAS and δ34Spy show stratigraphic variations in the two onshore sections (MK and YKG), but are more stable in the two offshore sections (H and ZBS). δ18OCAS values of onshore samples are consistent with terrestrial oxidative weathering of pyrite. We propose that following the Hankalchough glaciation seawater in the Quruqtagh basin was characterized by a strong isotopic gradient. The isotopic data may be interpreted using a three-component mixing model that involves three reservoirs: deep-basin water, surface water, and terrestrial weathering input. In this model, the negative δ13Ccarb values in the offshore sections are related to the upwelling of deep-basin water (where anaerobic oxidation of dissolved organic carbon resulted in 13C-depleted DIC), whereas sulfur isotope variations are strongly controlled by surface water sulfate and terrestrial weathering input derived from oxidative weathering of pyrite. The new data provide evidence for the oceanic oxidation following the Hankalchough glaciation.  相似文献   

15.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope signatures of animal tissues are strongly correlated with the isotope signature of local precipitation and as a result, isotope signatures of tissues are commonly used to study resource utilization and migration in animals and to reconstruct climate. To better understand the mechanisms behind these correlations, we manipulated the isotope composition of the drinking water and food supplied to captive woodrats to quantify the relationships between drinking water (δdw), body water (δbw), and tissue (δt). Woodrats were fed an isotopically constant food but were supplied with isotopically depleted or enriched water. Some animals were switched between these waters, allowing simultaneous determination of body water turnover, isotope change recorded in teeth and hair, and fractional contributions of atmospheric O2, drinking water, and food to the oxygen and hydrogen budgets of the animals. The half-life of the body water turnover was 3-6 days. A mass balance model estimated that drinking water, atmospheric O2, and food were responsible for 56%, 30%, and 15% of the oxygen in the body water, respectively. Drinking water and food were responsible for 71% and 29% of the hydrogen in the body water, respectively. Published generalized models for lab rats and humans accurately estimated δbw, as did an updated version of a specific model for woodrats. The change in drinking water was clearly recorded in hair and tooth enamel, and multiple-pool and tooth enamel forward models closely predicted these changes in hair and enamel, respectively. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms in the drinking water strongly influence the composition of the body water and tissues such as hair and tooth enamel; however, food and atmospheric O2 also contribute oxygen and/or hydrogen atoms to tissue. Controlled experiments allow researchers to validate models that estimate δt based on δdw and so will increase the reliability of estimates of resource utilization and climate reconstruction.  相似文献   

16.
Biodegradation is one of the main natural attenuation processes in groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. In this work, preliminary studies have been carried out by analyzing the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dominant terminal electron accepters or donors, as well as δ 13CDIC and δ 34SSO4, to reveal the biodegradation mechanism of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated site. The results show that along groundwater flow in the central line of the plume, the concentrations of electron acceptors, pH, and E h increased but TPH and DIC decreased. The δ 13CDIC values of the contaminated groundwater were in the range of ?14.02 to ?22.28 ‰PDB and ?7.71 to 8.36 ‰PDB, which reflected a significant depletion and enrichment of 13C, respectively. The increase of DIC is believed to result from the non-methanogenic and methanogenic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon in groundwater. Meanwhile, from the contaminated source to the downgradient of the plume, the 34S in the contaminated groundwater became more depleted. The Rayleigh model calculation confirmed the occurrence of bacterial sulfate reduction as a biodegradation pathway of the petroleum hydrocarbon in the contaminated aquifers. It was concluded that stable isotope measurements, combined with other biogeochemical measurements, can be a useful tool to prove the occurrence of the biodegradation process and to identify the dominant terminal electron-accepting process in contaminated aquifers.  相似文献   

17.
Ocean drilling has revealed the existence of vast microbial populations in the deep subseafloor, but to date little is known about their metabolic activities. To better understand the biogeochemical processes in the deep biosphere, we investigate the stable carbon isotope chemistry of acetate and other carbon-bearing metabolites in sediment pore-waters. Acetate is a key metabolite in the cycling of carbon in anoxic sediments. Its stable carbon isotopic composition provides information on the metabolic processes dominating acetate turnover in situ. This study reports our findings for a methane-rich site at the northern Cascadia Margin (NE Pacific) where Expedition 311 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) sampled the upper 190 m of sediment. At Site U1329, δ13C values of acetate span a wide range from −46.0‰ to −11.0‰ vs. VPDB and change systematically with sediment depth. In contrast, δ13C values of both the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (−21.6 ± 1.3‰ vs. VPDB) and the low-molecular-weight compound lactate (−20.9 ± 1.8‰ vs. VPDB) show little variability. These species are interpreted to represent the carbon isotopic composition of fermentation products. Relative to DOC, acetate is up to 23.1‰ depleted and up to 9.1‰ enriched in 13C. Broadly, 13C-depletions of acetate relative to DOC indicate flux of carbon from acetogenesis into the acetate pool while 13C-enrichments of pore-water acetate relative to DOC suggest consumption of acetate by acetoclastic methanogenesis. Isotopic relationships between acetate and lactate or DOC provide new information on the carbon flow and the presence and activity of specific functional microbial communities in distinct biogeochemical horizons of the sediment. In particular, they suggest that acetogenic CO2-reduction can coexist with methanogenic CO2-reduction, a notion contrary to the hypothesis that hydrogen levels are controlled by the thermodynamically most favorable electron-accepting process. Further, the isotopic relationship suggests a relative increase in acetate flow to acetoclastic methanogenesis with depth although its contribution to total methanogenesis is probably small. Our study demonstrates how the stable carbon isotope biogeochemistry of acetate can be used to identify pathways of microbial carbon turnover in subsurface environments. Our observations also raise new questions regarding the factors controlling acetate turnover in marine sediments.  相似文献   

18.
Prey availability and feeding success affect survival of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Chesapeake Bay and contribute to the >30-fold interannual recruitment variability. Gut contents and stable isotope analyses (δ15N and δ13C) were conducted on striped bass larvae to evaluate sources of nutrition in 2007 and 2008, years of high and poor recruitment, respectively. Ichthyoplankton and zooplankton were surveyed in the upper Chesapeake Bay, in proximity to the estuarine turbidity maximum and associated salt front. Feeding incidence and numbers of prey per gut were similar in both years and varied in relation to the salt front. The primary prey in each year was the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis. Substantial consumption of the freshwater cladoceran Bosmina spp. also occurred, especially up-estuary of the salt front in 2007, demonstrating that secondary prey are important to larval diets in some years. Stable isotope analysis of yolk sac and feeding-stage larvae of striped bass revealed an ontogenetic shift from maternal stable isotope signatures to those indicative of prey source. Feeding-stage larvae from up-estuary locations had the most negative δ13C values, indicating a relatively high terrestrial carbon source in prey. Spatio-temporal variability in δ15N signatures of larvae followed similar trends of δ15N variability in zooplankton prey with the highest δ15N values up-estuary of the salt front and estuarine turbidity maximum. A stable isotope analysis on archived striped bass larvae collected in 1998 and 2003, years of moderate and high recruitment, respectively, expanded the documented range of isotope signatures but did not clearly distinguish effects of nutritional sources on recruitment.  相似文献   

19.
Methane concentration [CH4] and stable isotope ratio values (δ13C) characterize methanogenic and methanotrophic processes within two contrasting peatland ecosystems of the Fluxnet Canada Research Network: (i) a western Canada peatland fen in northern Alberta (Fen) and (ii) an eastern Canada peatland bog in southeastern Ontario (Bog). We use carbon isotope ratio discrimination of produced methane (δ13CCH4) from the precursor carbon compounds (δ13CpreC) to estimate the relative proportions of archaebacterial acetoclastic methanogenesis (AM) and hydrogenotrophic carbonate reduction methanogenesis (HM) in these terrestrial ecosystems. The [CH4] and δ13CCH4 signatures describe contrasts in the methanogenic and methanotrophic processes between the Fen and the Bog. The differences are substantiated by stable hydrogen isotope ratio (δD) separation between the dissolved δDCH4 and co-existing δDH2O. Methanogenesis at the Fen is dominated by AM, in contrast to the Bog, which is essentially HM. We suggest that this is potentially a result of differences in type/quality of organic substrates. The trajectory of 13C enrichment in δ13CCH4 values with depth at the Bog reflects a closed system, substrate depletion effect. Our Rayleigh distillation model estimates 58-76% depletion in the source dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC).  相似文献   

20.
Oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphates from mammals are widely used as proxies of the isotopic compositions of meteoric waters that are roughly linearly related to the air temperature at high- and mid-latitudes. An oxygen isotope fractionation equation was determined by using present-day European arvicoline (rodents) tooth phosphate: δ18Op = 20.98(±0.59) + 0.572(±0.065) δ18Ow. This fractionation equation was applied to the Late Pleistocene karstic sequence of Gigny, French Jura. Comparison between the oxygen isotope compositions of arvicoline tooth phosphate and Greenland ice core records suggests to reconsider the previously established hypothetical chronology of the sequence. According to the δ18O value of meteoric water-mean air temperature relationships, the δ18O value of arvicoline teeth records variations in mean air temperatures that range from 0° to 15°C.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号