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1.
M. S. A. Siddiquee M. S. Islam F. Tatsuoka 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2013,31(2):627-645
A phenomenological model has been developed for soft rock based on the results of a series of triaxial compression (TC) tests conducted on Kobe sandstone with a very high precision measurement. From the analysis and interpretation of the test results, it has been found that small strain Young’s modulus (Ee) was a function of the major principal stress. Ee for elastic strains of soft rock was assumed to be cross-anisotropic. A damage function has been used to derive the appropriate elastic Young’s modulus when subjected to shear loading. As the basic stress–strain relation, the relationship between the tangent modulus and the shear stress level was used. The differential form of which was subsequently integrated by a 4th order Runge–Kutta solver to obtain the stress–strain relation. The model of soft rock is based on an isotropic strain hardening elasto-plastic framework which takes into account the pressure sensitivity, cross-anisotropy, degradation of Young’s modulus with the degree of mobilized shear stress and the nonlinearity of the shear stress-shear strain relationship. Although the model was developed from the analysis of the TC tests results of Kobe sandstone, it was also applied to the other types of soft rock or stiff geomaterials. Plate loading tests were conducted at a level of 61 m below the ground level at the bottom of a large excavated shaft at four locations. Finally, the model was used to simulate the plate loading test results successfully. This model was successfully calibrated with Akashi sandstone and applied in the simulation for the settlement of Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge piers. The simulations were carried out for both drained and undrained condition by changing the Poisson’s ratio. The layering information beneath the foundations were used in the FEM simulation. The use of very accurate Young’s modulus from the field shear wave velocity test was the key to the successful simulation of the settlement under bridge pier foundations. 相似文献
2.
A damage model for geomaterials and concrete is proposed. This model expresses the anisotropic character induced by the degradation of material. The law of behavior obtained by differentiation of the free energy shows the dissymmetry effect observed in traction–compression loading and the residual strains caused by the damage. The present approach requires the identification of a reduced number of parameters having a clear physical significance. An application to the case of the uniaxial traction–compression loading shows a good adequacy with the experimental observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
A new model for describing induced anisotropic damage in brittle rocks is proposed. Although phenomenological, the model is based on physical grounds of micromechanical analysis. Induced damage is represented by a second rank tensor, which is related to the density and orientation of microcracks. Damage evolution is related to the propagation condition of microcracks. The onset of microcrack coalescence leading to softening behaviour is also considered. The effective elastic compliance of the damaged material is obtained from a specific form of Gibbs potential. Irreversible damage‐related strains due to residual opening of microcracks after unloading are also captured. All the model's parameters could be determined from conventional triaxial compression tests. The proposed model is applied to a typical brittle rock. Comparison between test data and numerical simulations shows an overall good agreement. The proposed model is able to describe the main features related to induced microcracks in brittle geomaterials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
盐岩流变损伤特性及本构模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
借助盐岩单轴流变-声发射试验,分析了流变3个特征阶段与声发射事件数的对应关系,并基于Weibull分布构建了声发射事件数随加载时间的关系式,进而获得了损伤变量的演化关系式。对盐岩流变-声发射试验及流变-超声波试验数据拟合分析表明,该损伤变量表达式具有很好的适用性。进一步对损伤表达式中的参数进行了敏感性分析,揭示了形状参数、尺度参数对损伤值的影响规律。引入分数阶微积分理论及损伤理论,构建了基于损伤的Abel黏壶本构关系,通过替代西原模型中Newton黏壶的方法,求解获得了盐岩分数阶流变本构模型。由盐岩单轴流变试验曲线拟合分析可知,分数阶流变模型能很好地描述盐岩流变的3个特征阶段,尤其是加速流变阶段,且验证了西原模型为分数阶流变模型的一种特殊形式。 相似文献
5.
煤矿的深度开挖、核废料的地下储存和能量桩的广泛应用等诸多的岩土工程问题都需要考虑温度对软岩力学特性的影响。为了能较为全面地描述软岩的力学特性,基于上下负荷加载面,引入温度等价应力的概念,在tij应力空间下构建了一个可同时考虑温度效应、中间主应力影响、结构性、超固结性等软岩力学特性的弹塑性本构模型。新模型的所有参数都具有明确的物理含义。通过理论曲线与试验结果进行对比,验证了所提本构模型的正确性。最后通过改变模型参数,对新本构模型的性能进行了分析讨论。计算结果表明：（1）增大超固结比发展控制参数m或者减小结构状态发展控制参数m*,将会提升软岩的剪切强度。（2）随着温度的上升,软岩的剪切强度反而减弱。（3）初始的超固结比越大,软岩的剪胀特性更明显;而初始的结构性较大时,其体积应变在剪切的最后阶段表现为剪缩。 相似文献
6.
中低应变率下的岩石损伤本构模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
深部岩石的破碎与钻探中,岩石主要处在中低应变率的载荷作用下,而目前的研究还沿用中高应变率推导的动态损伤本构关系。从工程背景和试验角度分析了中低应变率下的岩石动力学特性,提出Maxwell体、Bingham体和损伤体的并联模型,借助拉普拉斯变换,引入基于岩石孔隙、裂隙劣化的损伤变量,导出了中低应变率下的岩石动态损伤本构模型。利用该模型对泥质砂岩和花岗岩在应变率为87 s-1、382 s-1、673 s-1时的应力-应变试验数据进行拟合,并将拟合结果与实测数值、原文献拟合曲线对比,结果表明该理论模型适用性较好。分析拟合参数可知,该动态损伤本构模型能够主动适应中低应变率两类情况,本构曲线和损伤变量的变化符合实际情况。 相似文献
7.
Traditional Nishihara model is a linear constant parameters model, and it is difficult to describe nonlinear accelerated creep characteristics of rock with this model. Therefore, an improved Nishihara model is proposed in the way of replacing, cascading elements and substituting parameters in the original model. Firstly, fractional differential elements are used to replace viscous elements in the traditional Nishihara model; then a viscous plastic element with assumption exponential relationship between the rock nonlinear rheological deformation and time power function is cascaded; finally, the viscosity coefficient of the traditional model is rewritten to a variable parameter related to stress and time, thus obtaining the nonlinear variation parameters creep model of rock. The improved model is verified with data from creep test to frozen soft rock during Cretaceous period, which shows that this model can describe the rock nonlinear accelerated creep characteristics more accurately and more comprehensively. 相似文献
8.
The size of intergranular bonds significantly affects the macroscopic mechanical properties of geomaterials. A size-dependent bond contact model is desired in the distinct element method (DEM) for geomaterials formed by aggregates of bonded particles. This paper proposes an analytical solution of highly-precise stress fields of a biconcave bond between two identical disc-shaped particles under different loading paths based on Dvorkin’s solution. The Unified Strength theory is then introduced to obtain the initial failure domain in the bond. The proposed solution is consistent with results predicted by finite element simulations and experimental observations. The functions of bond stiffness with respect to all influencing parameters, i.e. bond width/thickness, particle radius and elastic parameters of bond material, are provided by the solution and empirically formulated by fitting a large number of analytical results. Additionally, the failure criterion or envelope under different combined loads is formulated for typical brittle bonds. The resulting failure criterion, approximated as an ellipsoid, depends on the size and material properties of the bonds. The proposed solution and equation can be implemented into a bond contact model used in DEM simulations of a geomaterial, where variation of bond sizes is significant and size-dependent contact model is important. 相似文献
9.
对苏州湖相软土进行了三轴流变试验,根据试验结果拟采用S-6、K-B、K-S 3个流变模型来描述土体的流变特征,在模型参数反演中发现,S-6模型对加载初期变形的拟合精度不够,K-B模型对加载中期变形的拟合精度不够,而K-S模型能够很好地描述苏州湖相软土的流变特征。在模型的实际应用中引入应力比的概念,发现应力比与模型参数成指数关系,以此可以根据不同的工程应力条件来选择模型参数,最后,将该模型用于实际工程的沉降计算,通过与实测数据的对比显示模型的拟合精度较高,可以用于指导该地区的工程建设。 相似文献
10.
11.
岩体粗糙裂隙非线性渗透特性是岩体渗流研究的重要课题。针对Javadi所提T模型中亚裂隙中速度恒定这一假设的不足,将其修正为速度与开度成正比的经验关系,考虑黏性压降和局部压降,提出了新的低速下粗糙裂隙非线性渗流模型（MT模型）。为了验证MT模型的正确性,对5种不同粗糙裂隙进行了低流量的饱和渗流试验,将现有模型及MT模型的预测值与试验结果进行对比,分析表明MT模型与试验结果更为吻合,且模型适用于粗糙性系数JRC≤10的低粗糙度裂隙,雷诺数小于1 000的低流速情况。对MT模型进行分析,初步揭露了粗糙裂隙的非线性渗流机制,即小雷诺数下的Darcy流和大雷诺数下的Forchheimer流,并用临界雷诺数区分两种流动行为。分析了裂隙的粗糙度和开度对非线性渗流特性的影响,表明裂隙越粗糙或开度越小,则临界雷诺数越小,非线性作用将越强。提出了临界雷诺数与水力开度和绝对粗糙度的经验关系式,同时指出该关系式适用于JRC≤10的低粗糙度裂隙。 相似文献
12.
针对地震作用下孕险环境样本数据有限、复杂非线性等特点,提出了一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的地下结构孕险环境危险性预警方法。围绕地震后效应的地下工程区域孕险环境危险性预警目标和特征参数,设计孕险环境危险性问题的向量机表示形式,提出孕险环境危险性支持向量机训练工作机制,利用支持向量机结构风险最小化原则和非线性映射特性,建立基于最小二乘支持向量机的地下结构孕险环境危险性预警模型及其算法组件,并利用遗传算法优化其惩罚函数和核函数参数,隐式表达孕险环境危险性与其影响因素之间的非线性关系。结果表明,模型具有有效的小样本学习能力,具有较高的拟合和预测精度,明显优于神经网络等预测模型。 相似文献
13.
Determination of transport properties of geomaterials is an important issue in many fields of engineering analysis and design. For example, in petroleum engineering, in situ permeability of an oil reservoir may be crucial in establishing its viability for exploitation, whilst prevention of leakage from underground storage facilities for oil and gas, nuclear waste as well as viability of CO2 sequestration projects crucially depends on its long‐term values. Permeability is indirectly related to the porosity, pore‐size distribution and pore architecture of the porous media. These parameters evolve when a strain field is imposed. Physical measurement of permeability under a strain field in laboratory conditions is difficult, expensive and prone to a number of uncertainties. In the past, pore network models have been used to compute permeability of materials under stress/strain‐free conditions. In this paper, we propose an enhanced pore network model to compute permeability of rocks and rock‐like porous media under a stress/strain field. Data of pore‐size distribution obtained from mercury intrusion porosimetry are used to compute permeability of rock samples from various unspecified oilfields in the world. It is shown that the two permeabilities can be predicted from the model with sufficient accuracy. A hypothesis for change in porosity, pore‐size distribution and pore architecture as a result of imposed mechanical strains is then proposed. Based on this, permeability is computed again for one of the rock samples under uniaxial and triaxial compressive and tensile strain fields. It is shown that depending on the state of strain field imposed, permeability evolves in an anisotropic manner. Permeability under tensile strain field increases dramatically compared with the reduction that takes place under compressive strain field of the same magnitude. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
红层软岩灾变和界面上的水-岩相互作用密切相关,研究界面过程对于揭示其灾变机制具有重要的意义。目前针对红层软岩软化的研究主要是宏观唯象特征的研究,红层软岩软化界面过程的研究处于探索和起步阶段,仍需要进一步地完善。针对这一问题,通过分析红层软岩软化界面过程的特征,水-岩界面上的软岩颗粒不断溶解,水在软岩中扩散,形成新的水-岩界面,基于此建立软岩系统标准熵对软岩软化进行表征,发现软岩系统标准熵值随着时间的变化规律与软岩软化崩解具有一致性;同时,利用菲克扩散定律构建软岩软化界面过程的动力学模型,很好地描述水-岩界面的生成规律;最后在红层软岩的DEM-CFD（离散元-计算流体力学耦合）模型中,软岩软化过程颗粒连接断裂代表水-岩界面的生成,对比界面过程动力学模型,取得较好的拟合结果。该研究结果对软岩软化界面过程的探索具有一定的意义。 相似文献
15.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(1):61-74
A simple unified critical state constitutive model for bonded geomaterials is presented in this paper. The model, which is called CASM-n, is an enhancement of an existing unified critical state model for reconstituted geomaterials (CASM). Characteristic behaviours of a bonded geomaterial such as the pre-yield higher strength and stiffness and the cohesive–frictional shearing mode in the post-yield region are taken into account and included in the reference model. The salient feature of the proposed model is the incorporation of cohesive component into the stress–dilatancy relationship. Consideration of the contribution of cohesion to plastic flow allows the modelling of delayed dilatancy and softening–contraction behaviour, which are two interesting phenomena observed in bonded geomaterials. 相似文献
16.
以典型软岩－泥质粉砂岩为研究对象,进行了不同应力水平下的恒轴压、分级卸围压室内流变试验。试验结果表明,软岩在卸荷条件下的轴向及侧向流变变形较大,各向异性显著。在恒定围压较高时,轴向流变变形较大,而随着围压逐级降低,侧向流变变形发展较轴向更快,试样在破裂围压下的侧向变形远大于轴向。通过深入分析软岩卸荷流变试验成果可知,线性Burgers流变模型能较好地反映各级围压下流变曲线的衰减流变及稳态流变阶段,但对于破裂围压下的非线性加速流变阶段无法描述。基于上述分析,建立一个非线性损伤流变模型,采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性优化最小二乘法对试验结果进行拟合,并获得软岩的非线性流变参数。经比较,拟合计算与试验曲线吻合程度很高,说明该流变模型能较好地反映软岩卸荷流变各阶段的曲线特征。 相似文献
17.
节理岩体锚杆的综合变形分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在总结国内外对节理岩体中锚杆加固机制的试验研究和理论探讨基础上,综合考虑锚杆的切向和轴向变形能力,建立节理锚固锚杆在剪切荷载作用下的变形模型,将节理锚固锚杆的变形区划分为弹性变形段和挤压破坏段,引入表征挤压破坏段长度的变量,对锚杆与岩体的相互作用机制进行理论分析,推导了剪切荷载与剪切位移和轴向荷载与轴向位移的关系。通过分析锚杆的屈服破坏形式,得到了确定挤压破坏段长度的方法。最后,通过算例分析了挤压破坏段长度与锚杆直径、岩体强度、锚固角度等参数的关系,得到了以下结论：（1）节理锚固锚杆抗剪作用的实质是锚杆调动岩体的抗压强度抵抗节理切向荷载。在抗压强度较高的硬岩中,挤压破坏段局限于节理面附近,锚杆影响范围小;而在抗压强度较低的软岩中,挤压破坏段较大,而且会产生较大的剪切变形,锚杆影响范围较大。（2）锚杆屈服破坏形式与岩质和锚杆直径有关。硬质岩体发生剪切屈服,而较软岩体中容易发生弯曲屈服;小直径锚杆一般直接剪切屈服,而大直径锚杆可能发生弯曲屈服。锚杆屈服破坏后出现塑性铰,挤压破坏段范围在节理一侧约为直径的1～2倍,继续增加剪切荷载,挤压破坏段长度不再增大。（3）随岩质的不同,锚杆锚固节理的最优锚固角变化较大。岩质较硬时,最优锚固角度较小,反之则较大。 相似文献
18.
软岩巷道顶、帮、底全支全让O型控制力学模型及工程实践 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
软弱岩体的阶段性、持续性流变,导致软岩巷道围岩深度破坏和支护失效。软岩巷道顶、帮、底三者在围岩系统稳定过程中所起的作用不同,软岩巷道围岩稳定性控制应做到整体性和协调性支护。在分析巷道顶、帮、底相互作用效应基础上,针对软岩巷道强流变四周均表现出大变形的破坏特征,提出了全断面、全支全让O型封闭控制的支护原理。该原理强调,开挖初期就应对软岩巷道顶、帮、底全断面进行强力支护,同时全断面又适时让压,在高阻支护力作用下又能适当释放围岩应力,达到对软岩巷道的整体性和协调性控制。通过力学模型对软岩巷道围岩塑性区范围和表面位移与支护力的作用关系进行了分析计算,得出巷道围岩变形破坏与支护力呈负相关关系。工程实践表明,采用该支护原理有效控制了深部软岩巷道的大变形。研究成果对类似工程实践具有一定的参考借鉴价值。 相似文献
19.
A two dimensional non-linear finite element simulation model has been developed using a mathematical model for progressive
rock failure for understanding the mode and sequence of rock failure under a drag pick cutter. Rock cutting simulation has
also been done using linear elastic modeling using local stability factor contouring. It has been observed from the simulation
results that during negative rake angle cutting the chipping occurs by shear failure of the elements. Whereas, in positive
rake angle cutting, some elements were observed to fail in shear and some under tension. The predicted peak cutting force
using the developed models was found to be up to 25% higher than the experimental values. The effect of input parameters such
as rake angle, flank wear, depth of cut and rock properties on the predicted peak cutting force has been studied, verified
from earlier experimental studies and compared with some earlier proposed theories on rock cutting. The elastic stress analysis
model based on the stability factor contouring method has also been found to be an effective tool to bracket the expected
peak cutting force for a given operational and rock parameters but failed to simulate the effect of pick geometry (rake angle)
correctly. The non-linear simulation model using progressive rock element failure is superior to elastic linear stress analysis
model by simulating the correct trends for all the rock and machining parameters. 相似文献
20.
Presented are the main results of laboratory experiments aimed at studing the regularities of transition of the cumulated deformation energy to the kinetic one when a block exhibits stick-slip along model fracture filled with geomaterials with different properties. It was shown that even a small variation of material composition of the fault principal slip zone may result in a significant variation of the portion of seismic energy radiated during dynamic unloading of the enclosing rock massif. 相似文献