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1.
Baotang Shen 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(6):2225-2238
Roadway instability has always been a major concern in deep underground coal mines where the surrounding rock strata and coal seams are weak and the in situ stresses are high. Under the high overburden and tectonic stresses, roadways could collapse or experience excessive deformation, which not only endangers mining personnel but could also reduce the functionality of the roadway and halt production. This paper describes a case study on the stability of roadways in an underground coal mine in Shanxi Province, China. The mine was using a longwall method to extract coal at a depth of approximately 350 m. Both the coal seam and surrounding rock strata were extremely weak and vulnerable to weathering. Large roadway deformation and severe roadway instabilities had been experienced in the past, hence, an investigation of the roadway failure mechanism and new support designs were needed. This study started with an in situ stress measurement programme to determine the stress orientation and magnitude in the mine. It was found that the major horizontal stress was more than twice the vertical stress in the East–West direction, perpendicular to the gateroads of the longwall panel. The high horizontal stresses and low strength of coal and surrounding rock strata were the main causes of roadway instabilities. Detailed numerical modeling was conducted to evaluate the roadway stability and deformation under different roof support scenarios. Based on the modeling results, a new roadway support design was proposed, which included an optimal cable/bolt arrangement, full length grouting, and high pre-tensioning of bolts and cables. It was expected the new design could reduce the roadway deformation by 50 %. A field experiment using the new support design was carried out by the mine in a 100 m long roadway section. Detailed extensometry and stress monitorings were conducted in the experimental roadway section as well as sections using the old support design. The experimental section produced a much better roadway profile than the previous roadway sections. The monitoring data indicated that the roadway deformation in the experimental section was at least 40–50 % less than the previous sections. This case study demonstrated that through careful investigation and optimal support design, roadway stability in soft rock conditions can be significantly improved. 相似文献
2.
Yan Xing P. H. S. W. Kulatilake L. A. Sandbak 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(1):45-67
Stability and deformation of rock masses around tunnels in underground mines play significant roles on the safety and efficient exploitation of the ore body. Therefore, understanding of geomechanical behavior around underground excavations is important and necessary. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was built and stress analyses were performed by using 3DEC software for an underground mine in USA using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures and mechanical properties of rock masses and discontinuities. Investigations were conducted to study the effect of the lateral stress ratio (K0), material constitutive models, boundary conditions and rock support system on the stability of rock masses around the tunnels. Results of the stress, displacement, failure zone, accumulated plastic shear strain and post-failure cohesion distributions were obtained for these cases. Finally, comparisons of the deformation were made between the field deformation measurements and numerical simulations. 相似文献
3.
鉴于盐岩地下储库界面对储气（油）库稳定性和密闭性的重要影响,分别从细观和宏观方面对其变形与破损特性开展研究。细观方面：开展含界面盐岩的电镜扫描试验,分析表明：盐岩与夹层界面处颗粒结合紧密、相互嵌合,胶结良好,为储库密闭性提供有利条件。宏观方面：基于复合岩体理论构建层状盐岩交接界面的应力表达式,进而分析界面的变形及破损特性。分析表明,界面附近应力状态极为复杂,硬夹层对盐岩体具有约束锚固作用,且界面处易产生应力集中,进而诱发储库围岩体裂纹扩展直至破坏。综合细观、宏观分析表明,裂纹起裂机制和渗透通道形成是界面的细观结构特性及其应力状态共同影响的结果。研究成果为进一步分析地下盐岩储库的稳定性和密闭性提供一定参考。 相似文献
4.
煤层开采过程中巷道围岩会发生变形、移动与破坏,其动态变化特征对巷道设计、支护等技术参数的选择具有重要的参考意义。论文结合淮南矿区某工作面回采进程,在煤巷中布设测试断面,通过钻孔布置分布式光纤传感器,对煤岩层变形与破坏过程中产生的应变参数进行实测与分析,讨论断面空间岩层变形发育规律及其采动影响特征。井下2个监测钻孔的16组监测数据分析结果表明:工作面回采过程中,底板岩层受采动影响发生变形产生位移特征明显,且受岩层界面控制,变形位置多自层面开始逐渐发育,探查区底板岩层破坏的最大深度达14.1 m,与电阻率CT结果基本一致,且超前应力显现明显,整体监测效果良好。认为分布式光纤测试技术可精确分辨采动作用下岩层的变形演化过程,有利于研究不同条件下岩层受力后发生变形及破裂的规律。 相似文献
5.
Quansen Wu Jinquan Jiang Quanlin Wu Yanchao Xue Peng Kong Bin Gong 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(6):3357-3373
The movement of hard and thick key stratum during underground coal extraction via longwall top coal caving differs from that of other types of overlying strata. Therefore, numerous problems such as roadway instability, rock burst and strong mining-induced mine seismicity will be encountered as a result of the fracture of a hard and thick key stratum. The key to controlling the behavior of strata is to understand the movement and fracture pattern of the hard and thick key stratum. Taking the 103up02 working face of Baodian coal mine as a case study in this study, according to the in situ measured microseismic data, the rule of fracture of overlying hard and thick sandstone caused by working face mining is studied, and the mechanism of dynamic pressure impact induced by hard and thick strata fracture is explained. Finally, the dynamic pressure control technology is put forward. The research results are of great significance for coal mining under hard and thick strata, mastering the fracture rules of hard and thick strata and predicting dynamic disasters. 相似文献
6.
Seismicity associated with mining 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
N.G.W. Cook 《Engineering Geology》1976,10(2-4):99-122
The virgin state of stress in the earth's crust is disturbed by mine excavations which result in stress concentrations in the rock. Rock emits seismic pulses when subjected to stresses approaching in value the strength of the rock. Mining gives rise to seismic activity ranging from microseismic events radiating 10−5 J (M - 6) to rockbursts or tremors radiating 109 J (M5).
Rock failures in mines fall into four main categories: rockfalls, in which loosened rock falls mainly under its own weight; rockbursts which are violent failures of rock and may cause damage to excavations; bumps, which are violent failures, but which do not cause damage to the excavations; and outbursts in which the rapid release of gas causes rock to be ejected into the excavation. Microseismic activity is associated with all these four categories of rock failure.
Rockbursts and bumps occur in deep metalliferous mines in which thin tabular deposits in strong, brittle siliceous rocks of igneous or metamorphic origin are worked. The seismicity associated with mining appears to have many features in common with those natural earthquakes. However, the mechanics and dynamics of mining can be analysed relatively completely and the excavations provide access to the source region of the seismic events.
Comprehensive studies of rock deformation and fractures have been made on several gold mines of the Witwatersrand System. The gold-bearing reefs are mined at depths of down to more than 3 km below surface by stoping. This creates flat voids in the quartzitic strata extending laterally for distances of up to several kilometres with an initial excavated thickness of a metre. Geodetic-type measurements in tunnels and boreholes traversing the rock mass around these excavations have shown that the rock mass responds elastically over long periods of time to the extension of the boundaries of the excavations resulting from advancing the stope faces. Failure of the rock in the regions of maximum stress concentration near the edges of these excavations is an unavoidable concomitant of mining. It gives rise to new fracture planes closely parallel to the stope faces and to continuous seismic activity. The foci of seismic events with magnitudes from less than 0 to greater than 3 are found to occur mainly within tens of metres of the advancing stope faces. Diurnal and weekly distributions of seismic activity and of deformation show that the failure of the rock is time-dependent. The seismic radiation efficiency has been found to be of the order of 0.1%.
The seismicity is related to the spatial rate of energy release associated with the extension of the excavations and the incidence of seismic events and their magnitudes can be predicted statistically from calculated values of this quantity. 相似文献
7.
Role of Acoustic Emission for Solving Rock Engineering Problems in Indonesian Underground Mining 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Suseno Kramadibrata Ganda Marihot Simangunsong Kikuo Matsui Hideki Shimada 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2011,44(3):281-289
In situ stress measurement is not well accepted yet in Indonesia due to the unavailability of technology, high costs and because
it is impractical in remote regions. Alternatively, the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission (AE) can be used as a method for
determining the stress-state at depth, without creating induced stress and is practical in remote areas. This paper is focused
on the development of the AE test. The research has started to study the phenomenon of stress memory in a rock sample, the
factors influencing the phenomenon, and finally, to determine the in situ stresses around underground excavations by applying
the AE method. It is expected that knowledge in gaining the most important input parameters for maintaining the stability
of underground excavations can be well understood and be reliably conducted at a reasonable cost. 相似文献
8.
矿井动力现象如巷道变形破坏、煤和瓦斯突出及煤层底板突水等都与地应力密切相关。应用水压致裂法对新集矿区的原地应力进行了测量,确定原地系统深部围岩的应力状态,即原地应力的量值和方向,研究获得了矿区地应力的赋存规律和基本特征。测量结果分析表明:新集矿区地应力场以水平应力为主导,属于构造应力场类型;垂直主应力和最大、最小水平主应力均随埋深的增加呈近似线性增加;最大水平主应力与最小水平主应力的比值范围是1.01~1.29,反映新集矿区受构造作用较恒定;测压系数的范围是0.98~1.3,随深度变化不明显;新集矿区受到F10断层东西向的拉张应力,最大水平主应力方向为近EW向。最后探讨了原地系统不同构造部位地应力方向差异的原因,初步分析认为,是受到阜凤推覆体的影响。 相似文献
9.
Study of Influence of Regional Geodynamic Background on Strata Behaviors in China's Tongxin Mine 
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下载免费PDF全文 Strata behaviors are mainly affected by regional geodynamic background. The influence of rock mass stress and energy distribution on strata behaviors in the Tongxin mine is studied in terms of regional tectonic movement, seismic activity and tectonic stress field. The results show that the extrusion lifting movement of Kouquan fault adjacent to the Tongxin mine results in the stress concentration in the rock of the Carboniferous coal bed and accumulation of a large amount of elastic energy and forms structural background of Tongxin mine. Due to various seismic activities in the mine area, the strain energy is known to reach much higher levels, up to 0.5×108 J1/2. Since the stratigraphic structure is sensitive to the mining operation, the strain energy could cause strong strata behaviors. A special geological structure model of the Tongxin mine is established based on the geodynamic division method. The distribution of regional structure stress field is determined by the rock mass stress analysis system. Based on this model, Tongxin mine is divided into five areas with high stress, eight areas with low stress and eight areas with gradient stress. The strong strata behaviors mostly occur in high stress areas. These results could provide guidance to predict the strength of regional or mine pressure and control strata behavior in different areas. 相似文献
10.
突水是复杂地质区域隧道修建时常见的地质灾害。掌子面前方隔水岩层是阻止突水发生的重要安全屏障。本文主要对隧道前方隔水层临界安全厚度的确定方法进行研究。首先基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则构建了隔水岩层剪切破坏力学分析模型并得到相应的隔水岩层安全厚度的计算公式;其次,对于深埋隧道,构造应力场对水平应力影响更明显,通过理论分析以及安全性角度分析,发现利用竖向应力计算法向应力更合理;然后,考虑隧道开挖对初始地应力的影响,对上述模型做了进一步的改进;最后,结合跃龙门隧道工程突水灾害的特点,利用区间非概率可靠性以及概率分析两种方法对隔水岩层厚度进行分析,并与现场实测结果进行对比验证。工程案例应用结果表明本文所提出的计算模型是有效的。本文的研究成果既是对现有的临界隔水岩层厚度的知识体系进行补充和完善,也可为后续的风险评估、风险对策的制定提供辅助信息。 相似文献
11.
针对我国层状盐岩的地质赋存特征,开展了层状模型材料的三轴压缩试验,探讨了界面倾角对层状交互模型材料试样的应力-应变曲线、压缩强度、弹性模量、峰后应力跌幅和破坏形态的影响,并对不同界面倾角试样的破坏形态进行了理论分析。分析结果表明,（1）三轴峰值强度随界面倾角的增大呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,60°时取得最小值,90°时取得最大值;（2）弹性模量随界面倾角的增大而增大,刚开始随角度增大而增大的趋势很平缓,倾角接近90°时增大趋势明显,0°时取得最小值,90°时取得最大值;（3）随界面倾角增大,峰后应力跌幅先减小后增大,30°最小,90°最大;（4）破坏形态随界面倾角增大依次呈现出共轭剪切（0°）、沿弱面的剪切破坏（30°和60°）和剪切-局部劈裂破坏形态（90°）三种破坏模式;（5）储库腔顶和腔底部位强度较高,但脆性很强,须采取一定措施控制这些部位的变形和位移,腔体30°和60°的腰部部位及附近强度较低,塑性变形能力较强,须对储库形状和运营压力进行精细设计。针对试验结果进行的理论分析,可为进一步分析层状盐岩地层中储库的围岩稳定性和局部破损特性提供一定参考。 相似文献
12.
A boundary element model for stress/stability analysis of underground excavations in the vicinity of faults is presented. The boundary element formulation adopts the fictitious stress method for the simulation of excavation boundaries and the displacement discontinuity method for the representation of faults. The numerical model employs the Barton–Bandis non-linear joint model for the modelling of the fault behaviour and linear elastic behaviour for the rock. An incremental-iterative in situ stress relaxation algorithm is implemented for the non-linear analysis of the faults. Both deformation and peak strength models of Barton–Bandis are incorporated for modelling the mechanical behaviour of the fault. The non-linear deformation of fault considers the effects of coupling between shear and normal stresses and displacement, joint closure, joint separation, hardening followed by post-peak or residual behaviour. The peak strength model employs a mobilized non-linear shear strength envelope. The differences between linear and non-linear simulation of the fault models are discussed. A comparison of model predictions with the classical Mohr–Coulomb peak strength model with constant joint stiffness is presented. The numerical model is used for a case study of Canadian hard rock underground mine. The shear and normal displacements along the fault during four mining sequences with backfill simulation are presented and discussed. 相似文献
13.
近距离上保护层开采瓦斯运移规律数值分析 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
采动裂隙是瓦斯运移的通道,搞清瓦斯运移规律是瓦斯治理的前提。在考虑岩石动态破坏过程和含瓦斯煤岩渗流-应力-损伤耦合的基础上,结合平煤五矿实际地质条件和开采工艺,建立了数值计算模型,应用RFPA-Gas程序模拟了近距离上保护层采动顶底板岩层变形破坏、裂隙演化规律与瓦斯运移规律。模拟结果较好地再现了保护层开采过程中煤岩层应力变化、顶底板损伤及裂隙演化过程,得到了上覆岩层移动的“上三带”（冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲下沉带）和底板变形的“下两带”（底板变形破坏带和弹塑性变形带）。得到了被保护层瓦斯流量分布、瓦斯压力分布和透气系数的变化规律,卸压煤层瓦斯透气性增大了2 500倍,得到了煤壁下方压缩区和膨胀区之间的张剪瓦斯渗流通道,并将保护层底板压缩区和膨胀区的瓦斯渗流特征提炼出来：压缩区对应的是渗流减速减量区、膨胀区由卸压膨胀陡变区和卸压膨胀平稳区组成,分别对应着渗流急剧增速增量区和渗流平稳增量区。指出卸压膨胀陡变区是瓦斯突出危险区,为近距离保护层开采瓦斯治理指明了方向。实践表明,瓦斯治理效果显著。 相似文献
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倾斜层状地层中速度模型对于震源精确定位具有重要意义。基于水平层状地层两点间的快速射线追踪法,分析了应力波在倾斜地层中的传播路径及规律。结合网格搜索法,提出了针对倾斜地层的微震定位算法,并与传统的基于单一速度模型的定位算法进行对比分析;探索性地采用了颗粒流理论构建地层数值模型,通过颗粒间的相互作用模拟应力波传播进行定位算法有效性验证。研究结果表明：（1）对于倾斜地层,基于简化弹性波等速传播规律的定位算法精度较差,单一速度模型不能满足复杂介质的定位要求;（2）采用倾斜分层速度模型并改进应力波传播路径的计算方法能有效提高倾斜地层的震源定位精度,同时分析了地层倾角以及地层数对算法精度的影响,表明定位误差与倾角、地层数成正比;（3）通过减小网格搜索法的网格尺寸可在一定程度上提高定位精度,合理的尺寸大小和搜索策略有助于网格搜索法在实际工程中的应用。建立的倾斜地层震源定位及其验证方法可为进一步研究复杂地层定位监测技术提供重要的理论和技术支撑。 相似文献
17.
Flexural toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in both rock slopes and large
underground excavations. Whenever rock mass is composed of a set of parallel discontinuities dipping steeply against the excavated
face plane, the rock mass will have the potential of flexural toppling failure as well. In such cases, the rock mass behaves
like inclined superimposed cantilever beams that bend under their own weight while transferring the load to the underlying
strata. If the bending stress exceeds the rock column’s tensile strength, flexural toppling failure will be initiated. Since
the rock columns are “statically indeterminate,” thus, their factors of safety may not be determined solely by equations of
equilibrium. The paper describes an analytical model with a sequence of inclined superimposed cantilever rock columns with
a potential of flexural topping failure. The model is based on the principle of compatibility equations and leads to a new
method by which the magnitudes and points of application of intercolumn forces are determined. On the basis of the proposed
model, a safety factor for each rock column can be computed independently. Hence, every rock column will have a unique factor
of safety. The least factor of safety that exists in any rock column is selected as the rock mass representative safety factor
based on which simple equations are proposed for a conservative rock mass stability analysis and design. As a result, some
new relations are established in order to design the length, cross-sectional area and pattern of fully grouted rock bolts
for the stabilisation of such rock mass. Finally, the newly proposed equations are compared with the results of existing experimental
flexural toppling failure models (base friction and centrifuge tests) for further verification. 相似文献
18.
层状盐岩蠕变变形相互作用研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
考虑泥岩夹层和盐岩的弹性性质和稳态蠕变性质,通过数值试验方法计算层状复合盐岩体在单轴和低围压三轴荷载作用下蠕变变形过程中力学相互作用和变形时效规律,分析泥岩夹层和盐岩层因蠕变率不匹配对层状盐岩蠕变的影响,初步讨论了层状复合岩体的复合材料研究方法。结果表明,层状盐岩中泥岩夹层与盐岩因弹性参数不匹配产生的初始应力集中在蠕变过程中发生松弛,因泥岩夹层与盐岩层蠕变率不匹配导致两者之间应力重分布,泥岩夹层对盐岩层的蠕变有明显抑制作用。这些分析体现了层状盐岩蠕变过程的非线性性质,为建立层状盐岩体合理本构模型奠定了基础。 相似文献
19.
反倾层状边坡弯曲折断的应力及挠度判据 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
以地质分析为基础 ,将反倾层状边坡的任意岩层概化为受复合作用力的板梁模型 ,通过简单的力学解析 ,开展了反倾层状岩石边坡弯曲折断判据的研究。依据岩层折断时和相临岩层的瞬时关系 ,将岩层下部视为瞬时临空状态 ,考虑岩层自重荷载和上部岩层附加荷载 (上部岩层重力荷载、层间摩擦力 )的共同作用 ,基于最大拉应力准则 ,提出了岩层弯曲折断的应力判据 ;依据应力判据 ,得到了岩层弯曲折断的挠度判据 ;利用应力判据及挠度判据 ,可实现反倾层状边坡弯曲折断的现场判定及其控制设计 相似文献
20.
M. Gurel Senyur 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》1998,22(3):229-238
In this study, the vertical overburden pressure in the vicinity of an inclined circular underground opening is defined by relation to the geometry of the medium. The stresses around the opening consisting of six components are induced by geostatic field stress. In this regard, the inclined circular opening i.e. shaft changes the original stress condition and an interrupted region develops beneath it. Three zones are defined on a plane which is perpendicular to the axis of shaft. The mathematical expressions of vertical overburden stresses at these three zones are established, respectively. The example given in appendix demonstrates the variation of radial and tangential stresses around the inclined shaft. It is seen that the stress distributions in the third zone, which includes the interrupted region, beneith the shaft display different configurations than that of those obtained by undisturbed field stresses. In the interrupted region the stresses around the shaft linearly grow up due to increasing overburden pressure by radial distance from the periphery of the shaft. At the boundary of interrupted region stresses jump to the original values induced by field stresses. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献