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1.
依照“源、场、外”相结合的地震科学研究思路,提出地下水诱发浅层前兆异常机理。认为降水等因素造成的地下水动态变化,可产生一种作用于地壳岩石的附加流体力;地震前,通过多种流体力作用,引起已经积累较高应力的地壳应力--应变场调整变化,并使岩石强度改变,从而促进与诱发浅层地壳的构造变动;其结果是派生或伴生出地形变、地应力、水化学及地电阻率等多种浅层前兆异常。在降水、地下水的多种周期变化成分中,只有那些能与地壳应力-应变过程产生力学耦合的周期变化,才能调制与诱发出异常,这一部分变化可做为广义的地震前兆。孔隙压力、动水压力以及化学腐蚀等原理,是该异常机理的理论基础。列举出六方面的事实做为该机理直接的或间接的证据。  相似文献   

2.
大地震在主破裂前往往行成地壳变形,高应力作用下进入峰值后的变形阶段,常有大量介质破裂及裂隙间的粘滑产生,反映到地倾斜记录仪上,表现为固体潮形变异常。近年来不少研究者发现,远场前兆往往出现在对应力、应变变化反应灵敏的特殊构造部位。佳木斯地震台可能处于这种特殊的构造部位,其前兆异常对1000km以外的日本及日本海域的地震有明显短临前兆反映。  相似文献   

3.
Geochemical precursors to seismic activity   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena during the last several decades have found that significant geophysical and geochemical changes can occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes. Among the more intensely investigated geochemical phenomena have been: (1) changes in the concentrations of dissolved ions and gases in groundwaters and (2) variations in the concentrations of crustal and mantle volatiles in ground gases. The concentration changes have typically showed no conanomalies trend (either increasing or decreasing), and the spatial and temporal distribution of the observed anomalies have been highly variable. As a result, there is little agreement on the physical or chemical processes responsible for the observed anomalies. Mechanisms proposed to account for precursory groundwater anomalies include ultrasonic vibration, pressure sensitive solubility, pore volume collapse, fracture induced increases in reactive surfaces, and aquifer breaching/fluid mixing. Precursory changes in soil gas composition have been suggested to result from pore volume collapse, micro-fracture induced exposure of fresh reactive silicate surfaces, and breaching of buried gas-rich horizons. An analysis of the available field and laboratory data suggests that the aquifer breaching/fluid mixing (AB/FM) model can best account for many of the reported changes in temperature, dissolved ion and dissolved gas concentrations in groundwater. Ultrasonic vibration and pressure sensitive solubility models cannot reasonably account for the geochemical variations observed and, although the pore collapse model could explain some of the observed chemical changes in groundwater and ground gas, uncertainties remain regarding its ability to generate anomalies of the magnitude observed. Other geochemical anomalies, in particular those associated with hydrogen and radon, seem best accounted for by increases in reactive surface areas (IRSA model) that may accompany precursory deformation around the epicenter of an impending earthquake. Analysis of the probable response of these models to the earthquake preparation process, as well as to other environmental factors, suggests that geochemical monitoring programs can provide information that may be valuable in forecasting the probability of an earthquake; however, because of the complexity of the earthquake preparation process, the absolute prediction of seismic events using geochemical methods alone, does not presently appear to be feasible.  相似文献   

4.
中国大陆地震震例异常统计与分析   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
郑兆苾  张国民  何康  张来平 《地震》2006,26(2):29-37
以1986~1999年中国大陆地震震例为基础, 对中国大陆及其不同分区的测震和前兆异常进行了统计与分析。 研究结果认为: 地震异常数目、 异常站点和项次百分比随着震级的增大而增多; 震级高异常出现的时间早, 异常范围大; 中期异常多于短期异常, 短期异常多于临震异常, 目前还缺少较多有效的观测到短临异常的方法。 测震中的频度、 空区、 b值、 缺震、 条带、 地震窗、 前兆震(群)、 地震活动分布、 应变释放测项和前兆中的水化学、 水物理、 地形变、 地电测项是出现较多的异常测项。 不同的区域异常出现率高的测震和前兆测项不同, 显示出区域差异。  相似文献   

5.
A lot of observational data both at home and abroad suggested that before some strong earthquakes anomalous variations of radon concentration appear in the chemical composition of groundwater. In order to further study these anomalies and get reliable precursory anomalies, a special packet of precursory data processing has been developed recently. By using a computer program of first-order difference method, it is discovered that the scatter of radon content increased systematically before earthquakes at some observation posts where observational conditions are fairly good. This change may be a new criterion for evaluating short-term and imminent earthquake precursors.  相似文献   

6.
基于汶川地震同震地下水位变化反演含水层体应变   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
许多地下流体监测井在地震发生时都能记录到同震水位变化,而利用地下水位的同震响应特征以及水位固体潮效应可以反演地震对含水层产生的体应变量.本文尝试从大尺度上对大地震引起的体应变变化进行研究,为此收集了位于我国大陆不同构造活动区5口地下流体监测井两年半的水位数据资料进行分析,去除干扰项,提取出水位固体潮成分,进行调和分析求取潮汐因子,并反演出汶川MS8.0地震对这5口井所在含水层产生的体应变量.结果显示,汶川大地震对这5口井 含水层造成的体应变量基本在10-7量级. 地震引起的体应变随距离的衰减规律比较复杂,其不仅与震中距有关,而且与活动断裂带的展布和地壳岩体结构等密切相关.   相似文献   

7.
Earthquake aftereffects and triggered seismic phenomena   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
  相似文献   

8.
龚丽文  刘琦  张治广  武善艺  陈丽娟 《地震》2019,39(1):101-113
地震前兆异常的识别和提取一直是地震预报研究的重要任务, 也是地震预报事业发展的瓶颈。 结合鲁甸地震的研究成果, 利用S变换和超限率等方法, 提取定点形变高频异常, 总结鲁甸地震前兆高频异常形态特征, 分析异常台站空间分布规律, 剖析高频异常形成的前兆机理。 研究发现, 高频异常主要表现为信号周期在数分钟至数小时的信号成分, 频带较宽, 丛集性好, 与曲线的突跳、 毛刺或阶跃对应较好, 震前4~5 d开始出现, 震后2~3 d衰减消失; 其台站分布较分散, 主要沿NW—SE方向分布, 与区域应力场方向和发震断层走向趋于一致, 且均分布在构造块体边界; 可能是对不同速率的构造块体在震前发生的滑移和瞬间错动的记录, 它的形成与台站附近地壳介质的稳定性有关。  相似文献   

9.
地震临震预测预报的地应力方法   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
地震的发生与地球自转和极移的惯性力的作用密切相关,在惯性力的作用下地壳岩石内产生应力应变。用四方位地应变传感器观测水平地应力应变变化规律和临震前兆信息-地应力应变剧烈变化和地壳岩石出现微观断裂滑移及微观弹塑性应变应变波群,再根据主压应力作用方向和地质构造断裂带分布情况作综合分析,可以在临震前10 ̄72小时内初步预报出地震的时间、方向、地点和震级。对于震中距400公里内的中强地震预报对应率较高,根据  相似文献   

10.
综合介绍2008年汶川大地震以来,GPS观测得到的国内外10多次6—9级,不同构造、不同类型的大地震前兆地壳形变震例:2008年汶川8级大地震、2011年东日本9级巨震、2013年芦山7级,直至2020年6月墨西哥7.4级地震和7月美国阿拉斯加州以南海域7.8级地震等。利用GPS连续观测站区域参考框架水平位移时间序列和水平位移场,特别是水平位移向量时间序列的研究证明,同震水平位移是研究地震前兆形变存在的关键;利用垂直位移和水平位移向量时间序列、同震垂直位移及同震水平位移向量的分解,揭示地震弹性回跳真实方式;提出了符合GPS观测和岩石破裂试验结果的地震压-剪弹性回跳模型;根据已有震例,提出预报不同震级地震的可能性和监测临震前兆形变的GNSS站布设设想。   相似文献   

11.
云南地区震前地下流体异常特征统计分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
依据 《中国震例》 资料,统计分析了云南地区1966—2006年MS≥5.0地震的地下流体测项异常,结果表明:超过70%的水位和水温震前异常表现为上升,水氡和水位异常出现时间最早;震级越大相应的流体异常范围就越大;大多数震前流体异常会持续到地震发生,说明流体异常与震前地壳活动有关,并据此得出云南地区地震发生时间及异常检测井至震中距离的经验性边界方程。分类汇总云南地区地下流体测项的异常形态,识别出该地区地下流体异常的5种主要异常形态,即趋势转折类、周期类、突变类、阈值类和综合类,并举例阐明了各种异常形态的特征及其可能的成因。本文研究结果对于认识云南地区流体异常特征以及提升流体异常应用水平具有一定的参考意义。   相似文献   

12.
大地震前体应变临震异常现象   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3  
本文对2011年1月至2014年4月间全球发生的80次MS≥7级地震前,二张营台和天堂河台Sacks体应变临震异常现象进行了研究,针对复杂震例提出了异常识别的前提条件。统计结果显示,体应变观测对震中距为8000km范围内的MS≥7级地震映震和前兆异常反映较好。同时,对异常现象进行了分类和描述,划分了三种异常类型:即固体潮畸变型、突变型和慢地震型,并对各种类型作了统计分析,初步探讨了力学性质。结果发现,体应变异常信息对未来大地震的发生具有一定的预示意义。  相似文献   

13.
付虹  刘丽芳  张晓东 《地震》2005,25(1):8-14
在成组地震孕育模型的指导下, 分析研究了川滇地区M≥6.5地震成组孕育的地震学和前兆异常特征。 结果表明, 川滇地区的M≥6.5成组地震都发生在云南强震活跃期内, 这个时期云南地区多点水汞测值出现了比正常值高出几十倍甚至上百倍的变化, 比强震平静期的“异常”测值也要高得多; 成组地震前1~2年的中期阶段地震活动会出现大面积增强; 成组地震的首发地震发生时有30%以上的前兆异常持续发展, 不出现转折变化, 而单一强震和成组地震的最后1个地震, 震前有异常震后不出现转折继续发展的数量≤15%; 成组地震的首发地震前兆异常数量比结束地震多。  相似文献   

14.
地下水中氡含量离散度变化与地震的短临前兆   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
张炜  邢玉安  邢如英 《地震学报》1987,9(3):312-318
国内外已有较多的观测资料表明,强震前地下水中氡浓度会出现异常变化.为了深入研究这些变化,进一步提取可靠的前兆信息,寻找定量判据,作者最近研制了水化前兆数据处理专用程序包,对地下水氡含量观测资料进行处理.用一阶差分法发现,在一些观测条件较好的水点上,震前氡测值出现了离散度加大的现象,这种现象有可能成为判别短临异常的一种新的判定指标.   相似文献   

15.
本文用固体潮高时段地震(调制小震)活动性图象演化过程,综合判定小震调制比Rm的异常值,提高Rm异常在中短预报地震的效能,并对小震调制比地震预报方法资料区域选择问题进行了一些探讨,提出区域过小或不适当的区域选择都可能产生不合理的Rm异常。在对辽宁及邻近地区5级左右地震短临预报指标的研究中,显示出用因体潮高时段地震形成的强震前空区活动图象比用全部地震形成空区图象特征更加明显的特征。  相似文献   

16.
通过对三个震例的分析,笔者得到了周至台地电阻率观测在地震发生前出现的一些异常变化。其具体表现为:1在汶川地震发生前,周至台地电阻率观测在三个测向的日均值都呈缓慢下降,幅度为1.0%—3.9%,从异常变化出现至发震的时间间隔为1月左右。2在芦山地震和岷县漳县地震发生前,从2011年9月开始,周至台地电阻率观测在三个测向的日均值都呈显著下降且幅度较大。其中,芦山地震发生在异常变化恢复(上升)的过程中,从出现异常到发震的间隔为16个月;而岷县漳县地震也发生在异常恢复(上升)的过程中,但从异常出现到发震的间隔为19个月。表明周至台地电阻率观测能较好地反映出地震的前兆信息,具有一定的映震能力,这对陕西及相邻地区的地震监测和预报可以起到一定的作用。  相似文献   

17.
王琤琤  章熙海  陈兴东 《地震》2004,24(3):61-68
应用山东省和江苏省地震局“九五”地质研究成果, 在华东地区共选择49条断裂和7个构造块体作为地震活动性研究的构造基础, 选用频度、 ΔT-T、 小震调制比3个参数, 对构造两侧各20 km宽度范围的地震资料进行参数时间扫描。 通过普查, 得到的构造优势映震距离为300 km; 得到了10个敏感构造及其映震特点。 通过对华东地区13个中强地震震例的构造异常的综合分析, 得到如下认识: ① 震前存在场的群体异常特征, 表明华东中强地震“前兆”是在构造应力作用下表现出的、 区域性的整体过程; ② 异常的构造常常分布在震中周围; ③ 地震常常发生在平静异常的构造附近; ④ 高频度异常常常发生在震中外围, 并常具有步进性; ⑤ 震中周围的构造在震前2~3年开始先后不断出现高频和平静异常, 平静后出现多处小震调制比高值是孕震中期向短期过渡的时间转折标志。  相似文献   

18.
对东郭流体观测井在山西地震带几次4级以上地震前的异常特征及映震灵敏性进行分析,认为震前多以短临异常为主,异常持续时间具有随震级增大而增加的特点;异常形态水位以突降为主,水温则以突升为主,异常幅度表现为随震级增大而增大、随震中距减小而增大的特点;除汶川地震外,东郭井水位、水温所对应的地震均发生在山西地震带上;东郭流体观测...  相似文献   

19.
Water levels have been monitored in wells along the San Jacinto fault zone since 1977. The three largest earthquakes to occur within 30 km of the segment of the San Jacinto fault zone being monitored with continuous recorders showed magnitudesM of 4.5, 4.8, and 5.5. Two wells in Borrego Valley, 31 to 32 km southeast of theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980, showed anomalous spikes recording a probable strain event 88 hours before the earthquake. Two other wells 12 km northwest of the epicenter showed no water-level anomalies. No water-level anomalies preceded theM=4.8 earthquake near Anza on 15 June 1982. Anomalous water-level fluctuations occurred in a well near Ocotillo Wells, 13 km northeast of theM=4.5 earthquake on 22 March 1982, 19 to 23 days prior to the earthquake. Similar fluctuations in other wells have not been followed by sizable earthquakes. A simultaneous drop in water level occurred in four wells on 8 September 1982; this possible strain event was not associated with a sizable earthquake. The presumed strain events occur only in wells that show earth tides and may have been the result of creep on strands of the San Jacinto fault zone. Although water-level anomalies have occurred in only one or two wells prior to two out of three moderate (M=4.5–5.5) earthquakes, the simultaneous drop in water level on 8 September 1982 and the spikes in two wells before theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980 suggest that wells responsive to earth tides may detect strain events.  相似文献   

20.
Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities.  相似文献   

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