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1.
It is well known that the chemical environment determines the success of the flotation process, however its characterisation and control is difficult to achieve. This paper, as two parts, Part I and Part II, evaluates the use of various measurements and their interpretation to gain an understanding of the influence of varying parameters such as the type of milling media and copper sulphate addition on the flotation performance of sulphide minerals from a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore. It shows the complexity of interpretation and the importance of analysing flotation performance holistically. Part I focuses on the pulp chemistry and mineral potential measurements have been used to show the differences in the response of the various mineral electrodes to different conditions. The final flotation recoveries of the sulphide minerals in the ore followed the same trend as the decrease in mineral potential due to collector addition viz. chalcopyrite > pentlandite > pyrrhotite. Type of milling media and copper sulphate addition slightly affected the mineral electrode potential and flotation recovery of chalcopyrite. Addition of copper sulphate increased the recovery of pentlandite and particularly pyrrhotite due to activation by copper (II) ions. The copper activation mechanism was likely to be in the form of initial adsorption of copper hydroxide followed by reduction to Cu+ at the surface. However, the changes in flotation performance of the different minerals in the ore could not be completely described by the electrochemical changes, demonstrating the limitations of these measurements. Part II addresses the effect of froth stability as demonstrated by the variations in the mass and water recovery data resulting from the different milling conditions and addition of copper sulphate which emphasised the importance of considering the froth phase in the evaluation of flotation data. 相似文献
2.
G. Fairthorne D. Fornasiero J. Ralston 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1997,50(4):227-242
The ability of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC), O-isobutyl-N-ethoxycarbonyl thionocarbamate (IBECTC) and butyl ethoxycarbonyl thiourea (BECTU) collectors to increase the flotation of the sulphide minerals, chalcopyrite, galena and pyrite, has been studied. For each collector, the flotation characteristics of these minerals, flotation rate constant and flotation recovery maximum, have been calculated from the flotation data and compared as a function of pH and collector concentration. Overall, the flotation performance of these collectors is stronger for chalcopyrite than for galena and pyrite. Flotation increases with collector concentration and decreasing pH values. For chalcopyrite, the collector performances of BECTU are slightly better than those of IPETC but far superior to those of IBECTC, especially at high pH values or at low collector concentrations. The flotation performance of these collectors has been shown to be in good agreement with the amount of collector adsorbed at the mineral surface. The affinity of BECTU for the various minerals has been calculated using a multilayer adsorption model. 相似文献
3.
《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2005,75(1-2):113-122
This paper discusses the selective depression of pyrite from chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite by biomodulation using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans under natural conditions of pH. The effect of bacteria–mineral interaction on the surface charge of mineral and bacterial cell was studied by microelectrophoresis. Adhesion experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between cell adhesion to specific minerals and the electrokinetic behaviour of the minerals subsequent to interaction with cells. Effect of bacterial interaction on the xanthate-induced flotation of all the minerals was assessed. Adhesion of A. ferrooxidans on pyrite was rapid and tenacious and subsequent to interaction with cells, pyrite remained hydrophilic even in presence of xanthate collector. The collector, on the other hand, was able to render good flotability to chalcopyrite even after interaction with bacterial cells. Copper activated arsenopyrite was able to retain its hydrophobicity in presence of cells due to poor attachment kinetics of cells to the mineral surface. Thus, by suitably conditioning with the cells and collector, it was possible to effectively depress pyrite from chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. 相似文献
4.
Pyrite plays the central role in the environmental issue of acid rock drainage. Natural weathering of pyrite results in the release of sulphuric acid which can lead to further leaching of heavy and toxic metals from other associated minerals. Understanding how pyrite reacts in aqueous solution is critical to understanding the natural weathering processes undergone by this mineral. To this end an investigation of the effect of solution redox potential (Eh) and various anions on the rate of pyrite leaching under carefully controlled conditions has been undertaken.Leaching of pyrite has been shown to proceed significantly faster at solution Eh of 900 mV (SHE) than at 700 mV, at pH 1, for the leach media of HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4. The predominant effect of Eh suggests electrochemical control of pyrite leaching with similar mechanism(s) at Eh of 700 and 900 mV albeit with different kinetics. Leach rates at 700 mV were found to decrease according to HClO4 > HCl > H2SO4 while at 900 mV the leach rate order was HCl > HClO4 > H2SO4. Solution Fe3+ activity is found to continually increase during all leaches; however, this is not accompanied by an increase in leach rate.Synchrotron based photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) measurements showed a localised distribution of adsorbed and oxidised surface species highlighting that pyrite oxidation and leaching is a highly site specific process mediated by adsorption of oxidants onto specific surface sites. It appears that rates may be controlled, in part, by the propensity of acidic anions to bind to the surface, which varies according to , thus reducing the reactive or effective surface area. However, anions may also be involved in specific reactions with surface leach products. Stoichiometric dissolution data (Fe/S ratio), XPS and XRD data indicate that the highest leach rates (in HCl media at 900 mV Eh) correlate with relatively lower surface S abundance. Furthermore, there are indications that solution Cl− assists oxidation especially at higher Eh through the prevention of surface S0 buildup at reactive surface sites. 相似文献
5.
G.D. Senior L.K. Smith E. Silvester W.J. Bruckard 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,93(2):165-171
The flotation response of gersdorffite has been determined in a series of batch flotation tests in which a sulphide sample containing about 76% gersdorffite was floated from mixtures with quartz.Using xanthate as collector, the arsenide floated strongly at pH 9, irrespective of whether lime, sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate was used as pH modifier. When the pH was raised further to 10 or more using lime, the flotability decreased sharply.Changing the pulp potential at pH 9 also strongly affected the flotation response. Above about − 230 mV SHE, the mineral floated strongly, but below this potential it was essentially non-flotable. As far as it was tested (up to + 400 mV SHE), no upper limiting potential was found.Adding cyanide to the grinding mill brought about only a weak depressant effect on subsequent gersdorffite flotation at both pH 9 and 10. However, adding the same amount of cyanide to the flotation cell produced a strong depressant effect at the same pH values. At both pH 9 and pH 10, a threshold cyanide addition existed below which gersdorffite floated strongly, and above which it did not. For the conditions used in this study, this addition equates to about 100 g/t at pH 9 and about 80 g/t at pH 10. A hypothesis for the depression effect is presented which is consistent with both the available flotation data and a series of diagnostic analyses of grinding and flotation pulps completed during the test work. 相似文献
6.
R.H. Yoon 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》1981,8(1):31-48
The flotation of chalcopyrite and sphalerite from copper and copper-zinc ores has been achieved without using thiol-type collectors. Typically, a sulfide ore sample is first treated with sodium sulfide either during grinding or during the preflotation conditioning period, and then the chalcopyrite is floated with frother alone. With a copper-zinc ore, sphalerite is subsequently floated from the chalcopyrite tailings by activating it with copper sulphate. Results of the collectorless flotation tests are comparable to those obtained by using thiol collectors. The mechanisms of selective collectorless flotation are discussed on the basis of differences in the solubilities of sulfide minerals. 相似文献
7.
利用电子探针研究甘肃陇南赵家庄金矿载金矿物特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
应用偏光显微镜与电子探针相结合的手段是研究载金矿物的主要方法。本文采用镜下鉴定和电子探针分析技术,对赵家庄金矿中载金矿物含量、形态特征及其与其他矿物的空间关系开展研究,并对载金矿物进行定性和定量分析,探寻具有找矿意义的载金矿物和总结标志矿物特征。结果表明:研究区金矿石中主要载金矿物为黄铁矿,少量为黄铜矿、闪锌矿,这些载金矿物中Au含量依次为:细晶黄铁矿粗晶黄铁矿草莓状黄铁矿黄铜矿。不同时期的黄铁矿(粗晶黄铁矿、细晶黄铁矿、草莓状黄铁矿)中Au的分布均匀,但存在差异性,主要表现为细晶黄铁矿和草莓状黄铁矿中的Au含量较高(平均含量0. 14%～0. 18%),这种现象表明此类矿物为构造热液期形成,金易富集。Au以两种形式存在,一种是"可见金"包裹于脉石矿物中,或以裂隙金的形式嵌布在矿物晶隙及裂隙中;另一种是"不可见金"以纳米级颗粒金的形式存在于载金矿物中,也是Au的主要存在形式。本研究为后期矿床的成因、成矿过程和成矿机理研究提供了佐证,同时易于根据含金矿物的特征选择合适的选冶方法。 相似文献
8.
A.-Z.M. Abouzeid A.T. Negm D.A. Elgillani 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,90(1-4):81-89
Sedimentary phosphates contain-besides the phosphate minerals-, various associated gangue minerals such as: clays, silica, calcareous minerals (mainly calcite and dolomite), carbonaceous matter, iron oxides and/or pyrite. The common practiced flow-sheets for concentrating these types of phosphate ores consist of a combination of various mineral processing units such as: crushing and screening, attrition, washing, magnetic separation, and/or flotation. However, none of these combinations was successfully efficient to upgrade the calcareous ores because of the close similarity of the physical properties (density, particle size, particle shape, etc.) as well as the surface physico-chemical properties of the carbonate and phosphate minerals. For the last five decades extensive efforts have been spent to adopt flotation for separating carbonates from phosphate ores. These efforts include thermodynamic analysis, modification of the technique, controlling the pulp environment, and finding new reagents that can specifically differentiate between carbonates and phosphates.This paper reviews some of the published work on the separation of carbonates from phosphate ores by flotation and presents the flotation results of phosphate ore samples different in their physical properties and mineralogical composition. The results obtained reflect the effect of ore nature on the flotation performance and the reagents consumption. 相似文献
9.
次显微金在毒砂,黄铁矿等矿物中富集的成因研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
本文详细探讨了次显微金在毒砂、黄铁矿等矿物中富集的成因机制，指出这些矿物生长时生长面附近出现的氧化还原电位局部降低和（或）（ＡｓＳ）３－，Ｓ２－等组分的局部负异常会导致金的络合物变得不稳定和易于分解，从而引起次显微金在这些矿物中富集。由此笔者解释了次显微金龙富集于小颗粒的毒砂、黄铁矿中及特别富集于这些矿物边缘的原因。同时笔者认为普遍呈小圆球形态出现于载金矿物中的金颗粒可能是金胶体沉聚下来形成的。文中还对黄铁矿含Ａｕ量与含Ａｓ量之间具正相关关系以及黄铁矿和黄铜矿的含Ａｕ量在不同矿床中互有高低的原因予以了解释 相似文献
10.
Katrina J. Edwards Thomas M. McCollom Peter R. Buseck 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2003,67(15):2843-2856
We present results of incubation studies conducted at low temperatures (∼4°C) in the vicinity of a seafloor hydrothermal vent system. We reacted Fe-, S-, Cu-, and Zn-bearing minerals including pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, elemental sulfur, and a portion of a natural chimney sulfide structure for 2 months at the Main Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean. Our study utilizes Fluorescent In Situ Hybridizations (FISH), Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM), and light microscopic analysis. The surfaces of these minerals are solely colonized by Bacteria and not by Archaea. Colonization densities vary over an order of magnitude with the following sequence: elemental sulfur > chimney sulfide > marcasite > pyrite > sphalerite > chalcopyrite, and correspond well with the abiotic oxidation kinetics of these materials, excepting elemental sulfur, which is both the least reactive to oxidizing species and the most heavily colonized. Colonization densities also correspond with apparent degree of reaction (dissolution pitting + accumulation of secondary alteration products). Heavy accumulations of secondary Fe oxides on Fe-bearing minerals, most notably on the chimney sulfide, form in situ as the result of mineral dissolution and the activity of neutrophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria. Results suggest that mineral-oxidizing bacteria play a prominent role in weathering of seafloor sulfide deposits, and that microbial utilization of mineral substrates contributes to biomass production in seafloor hydrothermal environments. 相似文献
11.
Zinc extraction from Iranian low-grade complex zinc–lead ore by two native microorganisms: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
S.M. Mousavi S. Yaghmaei M. Vossoughi A. Jafari R. Roostaazad 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):238-243
A mesophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, has been isolated (33 °C) from a typical, chalcopyrite concentrate of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine in the region of Kerman located in the south of Iran. In addition, a thermophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Sulfobacillus, has been isolated (60 °C) from the sphalerite concentrate of Kooshk lead and zinc mine near the city of Yazd in the center point of Iran. Variation of pH, ferrous and ferric concentration on time and effects of some factors such as temperature, cell growth, initial ferrous concentration and pH on bioleaching of low-grade complex zinc–lead ore were investigated. The results obtained from bioleaching experiments indicate that the efficiency of zinc extraction is dependent on all of the mentioned variables; especially the temperature and initial Fe(II) concentration have more effect than other factors for these microorganisms. In addition, results show that the maximum zinc recovery was achieved using a thermophilic culture. Zinc dissolution reached 58% with Sulfobacillus while it was 51% with A. ferrooxidans at pH = 1.5, initial Fe(II) concentration = 7 and 9 g/L for A. ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus, respectively, after 30 days. 相似文献
12.
焦家金矿选厂旋流器溢流产品工艺矿物学分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
焦家金矿选矿厂目前的日处理量达12000吨/天,金回收率92%。选矿厂已将破碎段产品用双螺旋分级机洗矿,洗矿的矿泥产率为7%,矿泥单独浮选,整体工艺初步实现了泥砂分选。为进一步提高选金回收率,流程改造拟将磨矿-浮选系统的旋流器溢流产品二次分级,分级的次生矿泥与洗矿矿泥进入矿泥浮选系统一并浮选,为了掌握旋流器溢流产品的性质,本文采用偏光反光两用显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱和差热分析等手段进行研究。研究结果表明矿物种类主要是金属硫化物和脉石矿物,金属硫化物约占4%,脉石约占96%,金属硫化物主要是黄铁矿(70.17%)和黄铜矿(16.27%),脉石主要是石英(47.12%)和长石(15.90%)。黄铁矿和石英是重要的载金矿物,黄铁矿含金65%,石英含金20%。颗粒越细,单体颗粒含量越高,连生体颗粒含量越少;颗粒越细,黄铁矿含量越高,Au、Ag分布率越高,-0.037 mm粒级中黄铁矿含量达到73.58%,Au、Ag占到47.99%和56.60%,金分配率与黄铁矿含量成正相关;粗粒级中未发现金颗粒,中等粒级中次显微金约占30%,细粒级中次显微金约40%,金粒径在2~10μm范围内;金形状有三角形、棱角状、小粒状、不规则状等。红外光谱与差热曲线研究发现颗粒越细矿物成分趋于复杂。研究结论为磨矿分级产生的次生矿泥浮选调控提供了依据,对矿泥浮选的药剂制度调控、浮选流程确定等具有重要实际意义。 相似文献
13.
To characterize the hydrothermal processes of East Pacific rise at 9o-10oN, sulfide mineral compositions, textural, and geochemical features of chimney ores were studied using ore microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microprobe techniques. Results show that there are three mineral assemblages for the hydrothermal chimney ores, namely: (i) anhydrite marcasite pyrite, (ii) pyrite sphalerite chalcopyrite, and (iii) chalcopyrite bornite digenite covellite. Mineral assemblages, zonational features, and geochemical characteristics of the ore minerals indicate that ore fluid temperature changed from low to high then to low with a maximum temperature up to 400 ℃. The chimney is a typical black smoker. The initial structure of the chimney was formed by the precipitation of anhydrites, and later the sulfides began to precipitate in the inner wall. 相似文献
14.
G. V. Novikov N. A. Shulga N. V. Lobus O. Yu. Bogdanova 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2020,55(1):55-62
Data on the mineral and chemical composition of samples of sulfide deposits from the Broken Spur and TAG (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) are presented. The main minerals in the Broken Spur field are marcasite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite; in sample from TAG: chalcopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite. It has been established that these sulfide minerals of Fe, Cu, and Zn are natural ion exchangers and belong to the class of adsorbents. Exchange capacity of sulfide minerals in terms of heavy metal cations (Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) is 0.022–0.32 mg-equiv/g. In the exchange reaction products, the mineral composition of sulfide deposits is retained, and new phases do not appear. It is suggested that the adsorbed heavy metal cations populate either vacant cationic or interstitial defect sites in the structures of sulfide minerals. Bond strength of the adsorbed heavy metal cations with the main structural elements of minerals is low, which is confirmed by their high extraction in an acid medium. The results of adsorption-desorption experiments indicate two forms of heavy metal cations in sulfide minerals: adsorbed (basic) and chemically bound. 相似文献
15.
16.
The limitations of pulp chemistry measurements in the flotation of a platinum group mineral (PGM) bearing Merensky ore were demonstrated in Part 1 of this article. In this paper the importance of the contribution of the froth structure due to changing froth stability is analysed using the batch flotation data. The effects of mild steel (MS) and stainless steel (SS) milling media and the addition of copper sulphate on the flotation performance of the sulphide minerals in Merensky ore have been evaluated in relation to the changes in stability of the froth phase. The effects of pulp chemistry and froth stability on the flotation of sulphide minerals were distinguished by using two different rate constants (kt and kw). The rate constant (kw) calculated as a function of cumulative water recovery was used to describe characteristics of froth phase and kt was calculated as a function of flotation time. The results revealed that the type of grinding media and copper sulphate addition had an interactive effect on the froth stability. While mild steel (MS) milling increased the froth stability due to the presence of hydrophilic iron hydroxides and colloidal metallic iron, the addition of copper sulphate reduced the stability, especially with stainless steel (SS) milling. Copper sulphate addition had a dual role in the flotation of Merensky ore in that it caused destabilisation of the froth zone as well as activation of selected sulphide minerals. The dominant effect was found to depend on the type of milling media and floatability of the mineral in question and this work has demonstrated the importance of using a combination of measurements to evaluate flotation performance holistically. 相似文献
17.
Fine hydrophilic particles are known to be entrained with water in flotation of many ores. Flocculation of the hydrophilic particles by polymer depressants could potentially reduce the mechanical entrainment of these particles. This paper reports testwork completed on fine particles of several solids, iron oxide, hydroxyapatite and sphalerite, as well as on a relatively coarse quartz sample (− 75 + 38 μm). Dodecylamine was used as a collector for quartz, and several dispersants and polymer depressants, including sodium silicate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc sulfate, cornstarch, corn dextrin and carboxymethyl celluloses (with molecular weights of both 700,000 and 80,000) were used as flotation modifiers. The major part of the testwork involved flotation tests in a 200 mL flotation column. It was observed that flocculation of the fine hydrophilic particles significantly reduced their mechanical entrainment, while dispersion severely aggravated it. Thus, in the flotation separation of synthetic mixtures of the − 75 + 38 μm quartz and fine (reagent grade) iron oxide or hydroxyapatite, polymer depressants that caused flocculation performed better than those that did not cause flocculation. 相似文献
18.
A laboratory study of the batch flotation of chalcocite from chalcocite-quartz mixtures and of cuprite from cuprite-quartz mixtures with potassium ethyl xanthate as collector has shown that the oxidation-reduction state of the flotation pulp can have a pronounced influence on mineral floatabilities. At pH 11 chalcocite floated over a relatively narrow Eh range of about 300 mV; pH had no influence on the potential of the lower flotation boundary in reducing conditions but had a significant effect on the potential of the upper boundary in oxidizing conditions. Below this upper limit, the floatability was reversible with respect to Eh. Provided the Eh was in correct region chalcocite could be floated in the absence of measurable concentrations of dissolved oxygen.Cuprite displayed a high level of floatability with ethyl xanthate for which, by contrast with chalcocite, no flotation limit in reducing conditions was found; over a small range of potentials close to zero, its behaviour was strongly pH dependent.An attempt to account for the floatabilities of chalcocite and cuprite in terms of the formation of cuprous ethyl xanthate on their surfaces did not lead to correlations with the observed behaviour in reducing conditions but provided a rough correlation with the upper flotation potential limit. It is believed that more detailed and properly controlled comparative flotation studies of the chalcocite-xanthate and cuprite-xanthate systems could help to resolve some of the uncertainties associated with the effects of Eh, pH and oxygen concentration in sulphide mineral flotation. 相似文献
19.
云南官房铜矿床矿石矿物特征及银的赋存状态 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过显微镜鉴定、电子探针(EPMA)及扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)等方法,首次对官房铜矿的矿物组合和银的赋存状态进行了研究。初步查明,矿石矿物为中-低温热液成因,并受火山机构及断裂构造的控制;银矿物主要为碲银矿和辉银矿。矿石中银与铜呈明显正相关关系,而方铅矿中不含银。银主要以类质同象的形式赋存于含铜矿物或黄铁矿中;银的独立矿物含量低,且多呈包裹体的形式存在于黄铜矿、斑铜矿及黄铁矿中,或以微细粒状赋存于矿物颗粒间和斑铜矿的表面。 相似文献