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1.
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface and core sediment samples collected from Manzala Lake, the largest of the Egyptian coastal lakes. Total concentrations of OCPs and ∑7 PCBs (ICES) in sediments ranged from 0.63 to 31.31 ng/g and 0.26 to 31.27 ng/g, respectively. Geographical distribution indicates that levels of contaminants were significantly higher in areas which are mainly influenced by municipal discharge, indicating significant sources of these compounds in urbanised areas. The composition of DDT and its metabolites suggest old input of DDT. The levels of contaminants in Manzala Lake were similar or lower than those observed in comparable areas worldwide. The profiles of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs in a core from a site heavily impacted by sewage discharge have highest concentrations in the surface core section indicating recent inputs. Assessment of ecotoxicological risk indicated that sediments in two sites were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.  相似文献   

2.
A separation procedure was developed for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urban air, while simultaneously eliminating the interfering compounds. This was carried out by optimization of a column chromatograph with regard to the eluent type (n‐hexane and n‐pentane), volume of eluent, type of sorbent material (silica gel and florisil) and activation level of the sorbent material. The determination of the level of PCBs and PAHs was carried out using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD), while determination of the OCPs was carried out by GC equipped with an electron capture detector (μ‐ECD). The use of a silica gel column (10 g, 5% deactivated with H2O) with 70 mL of n‐hexane gave satisfactory separation of PCBs from PAHs and OCPs. After collecting the PCBs with 70 mL of n‐hexane, 3·20 mL of n‐hexane:ethyl acetate, (1:1, v:v) was adequate for elution of the PAHs and OCPs from the column. The primary aim of this study was to develop a multimethod for analyses of PCBs, PAHs, and OCPs in urban air as well as reducing solvent and sorbent consumption and analysis time during the clean‐up procedure compared to the US EPA standard methods (EPA methods TO‐13A for PAHs and TO‐4A for both PCBs and OCPs).  相似文献   

3.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment and subject of several studies due to their adverse effects as endocrine disruptors. Despite the concern over widespread distribution of PBDEs even in sparsely populated regions of the world, few studies have reported their occurrence in Brazil. In this study, PBDEs and PCBs levels were measured in selected fish species and dolphins from Paraiba do Sul River, Brazil. BDE 47 and 85 were the predominant congeners. Low chlorinated congeners showed the highest concentrations in fish; however dolphins presented the highest proportion of PCBs 153, followed by 138 and 180. The daily intake of PBDEs and PCBs was estimated for the population of this region. PCB daily intake through consumption of croaker was above the limits set by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, raising great concern over the existence of a source of PCB contamination in Brazil.  相似文献   

4.
Eighteen surface sediment samples representative of the entire Izmir Bay were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This was in order to provide extensive information concerning the recent deposition of these compounds in this area, together with levels, distribution, possible sources and potential biological risk. Sites that were contaminated by high concentrations of organochlorine compounds were associated with dense population, such as the harbour and the Gediz River estuary. Relatively higher ΣDDT concentrations and high DDT/DDE + DDD ratios in the Gediz River estuary indicated DDT usage, probably linked to public health emergencies. According to the established guidelines for sediment quality, the risk of adverse biological effects from such levels of OCPs and PCBs as recorded at most of the study sites was insignificant. But the higher concentrations in Inner bay and in the Gediz River estuary could cause biological damage.  相似文献   

5.
The concentrations of three classes of persistent organic compounds (POPs) in the sewage sludge from 12 Beijing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated and their ecological risks were assessed. The concentrations of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 27 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sewage sludge were measured using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) technique. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 445.1 to 3,586.4 ng g?1 dry weight (dw), and the sum of the phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), naphthalene (Nap), fluoranthene and chrysene accounted for 69.3–97.0 % of the total PAHs. The most abundant compounds present were 2-ring and 3-ring Ant, Phe and Nap, indicating a possible petrogenic source. Total PCBs concentrations were ranged between 3.2 and 21.8 ng g?1 dw. Total OCPs concentrations ranged from 38.0 to 143.3 ng g?1 dw, and the sum of total DDT, HCB and HCHs accounted for 69.6–97.7 % of the total OCPs. The levels of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in this study were comparable to or lower than those reported in relatively WWTPs from other regions. In addition, they were also shown to have various distribution patterns, possibly due to their different wastewater sources. The 12 WWTPs may be classified into 4 groups because of their different sources of waste water based on cluster analysis. The ecological risk assessment shows that the concentrations of Ant or Fla at two sites, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDT at 83 % of the 12 sites may cause adverse ecological effects.  相似文献   

6.
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in nearshore marine surficial sediments from three locations in Trinidad. Sediments were sampled at Sea Lots on the west coast, in south Port-of-Spain Harbor, south of Sea Lots at Caroni Lagoon National Park, and on Trinidad’s east coast at Manzanilla. Total PCB concentrations in Sea Lots sediments ranged from 62 to 601 ng/g (dry weight {dw}), which was higher than at Caroni and Manzanilla, 13 and 8 ng/g dw, respectively. Total OCP concentrations at Sea Lots were ranged from 44.5 to 145 ng/g dw, compared with 13.1 and 23.8 n/g (dw), for Caroni and Manzanilla respectively. The concentrations of PCBs and of some OCPs in sediments from Sea Lots were above the Canadian interim sediment quality guidelines. To date, this data is the first report on the levels of PCBs and other organochlorine compounds from Trinidad and Tobago.  相似文献   

7.
Historical trends of organic pollutants in sediment cores from Hong Kong   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Recent studies have indicated the occurrence of a wide range of trace organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Hong Kong environment. These contaminants are potentially harmful to ecological systems, particularly in coastal areas. In this study, two sediment cores (4m) were collected from southern waters of Hong Kong in 2004 to study the historical trends, distribution patterns, and potential sources of trace organic contaminants. DDTs (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE), hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (alpha and gamma), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and PCBs were detected in the samples, whereas other target compounds were all below detection limits. Many OCPs have not been produced or used for many years due to toxicological or environmental concerns and PCB use is prohibited in Hong Kong. However, some compounds were still detectable in recent years, and were found to be widely distributed in the environment, likely because of pollutant inputs from the highly industrialized Pearl River Delta region. These results provide important information on current and historical contamination in Hong Kong, and help to reconstruct the pollution history of these trace organic pollutants in Hong Kong coastal waters.  相似文献   

8.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,65(12):2839-2843
The residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface sediments collected from Candarli Gulf. Total concentrations of OCPs and PCBs in sediments ranged from 10.2 to 57.3 and 2.8 to 205 ng g−1 dwt, respectively. DDTs in sediments were derived from the aged and weathered agricultural soils in 61% of the sampling stations while 39% of the sites originated from the recent DDT inputs. Their concentrations appeared to be relatively low by global standards and only sediments receiving the impact from the Bakircay River and petrochemical industry approached the sediment quality guidelines for PCBs and DDTs. Based on ERL/ERM guidelines, DDT and PCBs posed ecological risk to the bottom-dwelling consumers.  相似文献   

9.
The occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in crabs Hepatus pudibundus and Callinectesdanae was assessed from two different places inside of the Santos Bay and Moela Island near one of the most economically important metropolitan areas in Southern Brazil. Among POPs analyzed, ∑PCBs (222-923 ng g(-1)lipid weight) and ∑DDTs (154-410 ng g(-1)lw) exhibited the highest concentrations in the crabs. ∑HCHs ranged from 10.3 to 30.9 ng g(-1)lw and were found in all individuals. Other OCPs found in lower concentration was Mirex (7.6-41.6 ng g(-1)lw) and HCB (5.83-16.9 ng g(-1)lw). ∑PBDEs (24.1 ng g(-1)lw) were only found in one male individual from the species C. danae collected near to the submarine sewage of Santos. Male crabs showed higher POP concentrations than female crabs for those two species.  相似文献   

10.
As a part of Mussel Watch Program in Korea, the contamination levels and accumulation features of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were assessed for 82 bivalve samples collected from 66 sites along the entire coast of Korea. The dry weight based ∑PCBs and ∑OCPs ranged from 4.4 ng g−1 to 422.0 ng g−1 (geometric MEAN=36.9 ng g−1) and from 9.95 ng g−1 to 131.37 (34.88) ng g−1, respectively. PCB was predominant in Korean coast, followed by DDTs, HCHs, and Chlordanes. From the observed log normal distribution of PCB and each OCP, low- and high-levels were defined as geometric mean ±1 S.D., respectively. The levels at the sites near urban and/or industrial areas often exceeded the high-levels and the spatial distributions of ∑DDTs and ∑CHLs were correlated with that of ∑PCBs, indicating terrestrial input pathways. Even distribution of ∑HCHs suggested a possibility of atmospheric input pathway of HCHs. The observed isomer ratios of DDTs, HCHs, and CHLs indicated that aging has occurred.  相似文献   

11.
Lin Z  Zhong P  Niu X  Yin K  Yu H  Du J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,50(6):617-623
In this study, we propose a simple hydrophobicity-based approach to predict the toxicity of mixtures of marine organic micropollutants. Fifty mixtures were chosen, comprising individual chemicals randomly chosen from three halogenated benzenes, three phenols, two petroleum hydrocarbons, three polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), four organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and two herbicides, with the intention of simulating the mixtures of organic micropollutants that may exist in some marine waters. The hydrophobicity of the mixtures was quantified by measuring the C(18)-Empore(TM) disk/water partition coefficients (K(MD)). A K(MD)-based approach was proposed to describe their toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum, and the application of this approach to another 10 related mixtures proved its predictive capability, as indicated by the consistency between the predicted and observed toxicities (r(2)=0.905, SE=0.101, and F=76.325 at P<0.001). This predictive capability convinces us that the K(MD)-based approach provides a general approach to predicting the toxicity of mixtures of organic micropollutants in marine water.  相似文献   

12.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the dissolved and suspended particulate phase in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) and subsurface water (SSW) collected from Hong Kong's coastal environment. The concentration ranges (pg/L) for summation sigmaHCHs, summation sigmaDDTs and summation sigmaPCBs in the SSW dissolved phase (DP i.e. sum of truly dissolved and colloidal phase) were 409-940 (mean 602), 774-5583 (mean 1908) and 266-433 (mean 278), respectively. The concentration ranges (pg/L) for summation sigmaHCHs, summation sigmaDDTs and summation sigmaPCBs in SSW suspended particulate matter (SPM) were <5-85 (mean 59), 358-1369 (mean 787) and 85.6-273 (mean 172), respectively. The enrichment factor of PCBs and OCPs in the SML varied between 1.1 and 4.5 for the DP, and 0.4-8.2 for the SPM. The distribution of contaminants between DP and SPM in both the SML and SSW indicates that particulate matter plays an important role in the distribution and fate of DDTs and PCBs, but not for HCH isomers. The Pearl River Estuary is likely to be a major source of contaminants transported to Hong Kong.  相似文献   

13.
The paper presents the results of monitoring trace organic contaminants (17 PCBs and 7 OCPs) and 6 trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic in 2006 using Mytilus galloprovincialis as indicator species. OCPs were found in all samples (0.07-14.3 ng g−1 d.wt.), while in positive samples concentrations of PCBs ranged between 0.16 and 20.5 ng g−1 d.wt. The α-HCH/γ-HCH and DDE/DDT ratios indicated recent input of γ-HCH and DDT. Spatial distributions of HCB, PCBs, DDTs and Hg were significantly correlated with population density. Although elevated concentrations of all trace metals and organic contaminants were recorded in the densely populated and industrialized areas, overall data point to relatively low level of contamination of the eastern Adriatic coast. Evaluation of the risks to human health associated with consumption of the mussels suggested that there is no health risk for moderate shellfish consumers.  相似文献   

14.
Various benthic invertebrates (flying crab, common shrimp, and red starfish), small fish (sand goby), benthic flatfish (dab, plaice, and sole) and gadoids (bib and whiting) were collected in the Belgian North Sea and along the Scheldt Estuary, both representing areas impacted by various contaminants to different degrees. The levels of 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which included penta- and hexachlorobenzene, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, chlordanes, and DDT and metabolites, were determined. Sum of PCBs and OCPs in benthic invertebrates and goby ranged from 1.5 to 280 ng/g wet weight (ww) and from 0.27 to 23 ng/g ww, respectively. The fish livers revealed total PCB and OCP levels ranging from 20 to 3200 ng/g ww and from 6.0 to 410 ng/g ww, respectively. Levels of both contaminant groups were significantly higher in samples from the Scheldt Estuary compared to the Belgian North Sea. For most species a highly inverse correlation was found between the concentration of contaminants and the distance to Antwerp (r between 0.812 and 0.901, p < 0.05), pointing to a higher degree of exposure further upstream. PCB and OCP exposures are highly correlated (r between 0.836 and 1.000, p < 0.05), which suggests that the pollution can be classified as historical. However, because urban and industrial centres may still be emitting these compounds, more recent point and non-point sources cannot be ruled out.  相似文献   

15.
Patterns of bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by chironomid larvae (Chironomus riparius Meigen) were studied under laboratory conditions. Larvae were maintained for 20 days, separately in two batches of natural bottom sediments sampled from Rybinsk Reservoir (Russia), each differing in PCB content (425.6 μg / kg or 24.8 μg / kg dry weight, respectively). The study revealed that chironomid larvae accumulated PCBs at levels comparable to the PCB content measured in sediments from each exposure. The bioaccumulation coefficient (1.11 and 1.59, respectively, as per dry weight for compared sediment batches) depended directly on the sum PCB content in sediments. At high sediment PCB content, the ratios of homologous groups of PCBs in larvae and sediment were identical and corresponded to the Aroclor 1254 congeners profile; at lower PCB content, pronounced differences were revealed. In larvae, the ratios of 3, 4, 5, and 6CB homologues were evenly distributed at levels of 20–34 %, while the 4CB homologues prevailed (47 %) in sediments. The content of the latter compounds in larvae was lower than in sediments, and higher for the other homologous groups. The study indicates selective bioaccumulation of various homologous groups of PCBs under conditions of low sediment PCB content.  相似文献   

16.
The occurrence of plastic objects in the digestive tract was assessed in eight species of Procellariiformes collected in southern Brazil and the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the ingested plastics pellets and plastic fragments was evaluated. PCBs were detected in plastic pellets (491 ng g−1) and plastic fragments (243-418 ng g−1). Among the OCPs, p,p′-DDE had the highest concentrations, ranging from 68.0 to 99.0 ng g−1. The occurrence of organic pollutants in post-consumer plastics supports the fact that plastics are an important source carrying persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment. Although transfer through the food chain may be the main source of exposure to POPs to seabirds, plastics could be an additional source for the organisms which ingest them, like Procellariiformes which are the seabirds most affected by plastic pollution.  相似文献   

17.
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 32 species inhabiting the Yellow Sea to assess their bioaccumulation potentials. The concentrations in these samples were lower than those reported for other countries or locations. Relatively high levels of BDE 209 in biota suggest an ongoing source of deca-BDE technical mixing within the Yellow Sea. The accumulation profiles of PCBs were uniform between species, but the concentrations of OCPs and PBDEs varied widely. Pelagic and benthic food-chain components were separated by their δ13C values. Significant positive correlations between δ15N and PCB 153, PCB 138, p,p′-DDE, oxy-chlordane, and trans-nonachlordane were found only for pelagic consumers, indicating that the pelagic food chain is an important bioaccumulation pathway for selected PCB and OCP compounds. The other compounds did not show any biomagnification through benthic and pelagic food chains, suggesting the lower bioaccumulation potentials of these contaminants.  相似文献   

18.
This study evaluated the contamination status and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between Xinghua Bay and adjacent watersheds in Putian region, southeast China. Twenty-five surface soil samples and two sediment cores were collected from two watersheds and the Xinghua Bay, respectively. Results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in samples of the Mulan River Watershed (MRW), the Qiulu River Watershed (QRW), the inner bay core (IBC) and the open bay core (OBC) were in the range of 4.96-38.20 ng/g, 4.62-22.80 ng/g, 1.84-80.46 ng/g and 1.87-23.43 ng/g, respectively. The mean concentration of OCPs was in an order: IBC > MRW > QRW > OBC. The higher concentration of OCPs in recent periods may suggest that a certain amount of OCPs were still input to this area.  相似文献   

19.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(10-12):469-484
The aims of this study were to evaluate levels and effects of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn), PAHs and PCBs in mussels and fish native to the Lagoon of Venice. To this end, bioaccumulation and various biomarkers of generic stress and exposure (malondialdehyde, MDA and metallothioneins, MT; ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, EROD; fluorescent bile metabolites and somatic indices in fish; lysosomal membrane stability, LMS; lipofuscins, LF; neutral lipids, NL and survival-in-air, SOS in mussels) were measured in organisms seasonally collected from two differently influenced areas.In mussels, metal bioaccumulation levels at the two sites were low and fluctuated similarly, exhibiting decreasing levels in summer, like MDA and MT. Micro-organic pollutants and the probably related biological response of LMS did not show either significant site differences or seasonal trends. LF and NL revealed inconclusive patterns. The results of the survival-in-air test were quite erratic, showing that they were associated with the high variability of both natural and physiological parameters temperature, food, reproduction, and body reserve cycle.In fish, both inorganic and organic micropollutant levels were low, and differences were detected between sites only for PCBs. The pattern exhibited by micro-organic contaminants was clearly related to the reproductive cycle at both sites; a relationship with PCBs, EROD and MDA was established at the site where their levels were generally higher. Bile metabolites (3-OH benzo(a)pyrene, 1-OH pyrene) were associated with PAH contents.  相似文献   

20.
The aims of this study were to evaluate levels and effects of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn), PAHs and PCBs in mussels and fish native to the Lagoon of Venice. To this end, bioaccumulation and various biomarkers of generic stress and exposure (malondialdehyde, MDA and metallothioneins, MT; ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity, EROD; fluorescent bile metabolites and somatic indices in fish; lysosomal membrane stability, LMS; lipofuscins, LF; neutral lipids, NL and survival-in-air, SOS in mussels) were measured in organisms seasonally collected from two differently influenced areas. In mussels, metal bioaccumulation levels at the two sites were low and fluctuated similarly, exhibiting decreasing levels in summer, like MDA and MT. Micro-organic pollutants and the probably related biological response of LMS did not show either significant site differences or seasonal trends. LF and NL revealed inconclusive patterns. The results of the survival-in-air test were quite erratic, showing that they were associated with the high variability of both natural and physiological parameters temperature, food, reproduction, and body reserve cycle. In fish, both inorganic and organic micropollutant levels were low, and differences were detected between sites only for PCBs. The pattern exhibited by micro-organic contaminants was clearly related to the reproductive cycle at both sites; a relationship with PCBs, EROD and MDA was established at the site where their levels were generally higher. Bile metabolites (3-OH benzo(a)pyrene, 1-OH pyrene) were associated with PAH contents.  相似文献   

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