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1.
本文利用气体组分及大气气溶胶在线监测系统(MARGA ADI 2080)观测武汉市2018年1月9—26日大气气溶胶中的8种水溶性离子(NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4、Cl-、K+、Ca2+、Na+和Mg2+),结合气象要素数据,使用主成分分析(PCA)、正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、潜在源区贡献(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT),对霾污染过程中水溶性离子进行了全面的来源解析,探究了霾不同阶段下来源差异和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)本次霾污染中的8种水溶性离子和4种污染气体,PCA解析出的源和占比分别为二次源和燃煤源的混合源(41.28%)、工业排放和土壤扬尘混合源(27.73%)和机动车排放源(9.63%),PMF解析出的源和占比分别为燃煤与土壤扬尘混合源(18.57%)、机动车排放源(20.74%)、二次源(18.30%)、光化学污染源(22.24%)和燃煤源(20.15%)。(2)霾在不同阶段下水溶性离子和4种污染气体的来源存在差异,在清洁天和霾消散阶段,光化学的贡献最高,占比分别为31.42%和36.07%;在霾发生阶段燃煤与土壤扬尘源的贡献最高,其贡献为40.94%;在霾发展阶段,最大的控制源为二次源,贡献占比为37.51%。(3)此次武汉市霾污染中PM2.5浓度和NH+4、NO-3和SO2-4的潜在源区为皖豫鄂三省和赣湘鄂三省交界处。霾污染中PM2.5的主要影响范围是武汉市南部和北部省份,NO-3、NH+4和SO2-4的主要影响区域为武汉市东北方向的城市、湖南省和江西省。 相似文献
2.
The UNMIX and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor models were used to investigate sources of PM2.5 aerosols measured between March 2001 and February 2002 in Gwangju, Korea. Measurements of PM2.5 particles were used for the analysis of carbonaceous species (organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) using the thermal manganese dioxide oxidation (TMO) method, the investigation of seven ionic species using ion chromatography (IC), and the analysis of twenty-four metal species using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)/ICP-Mass Spectrometry (MS). According to annual average PM2.5 source apportionment results obtained from CMB calculations, diesel vehicle exhaust was the major contributor, accounting for 33.4% of the measured PM2.5 mass (21.5 μg m− 3), followed by secondary sulfate (14.6%), meat cooking (11.7%), secondary organic carbon (8.9%), secondary nitrate (7.6%), urban dust (5.5%), Asian dust (4.4%), biomass burning (2.8%), sea salt (2.7%), residual oil combustion (2.6%), gasoline vehicle exhaust (1.9%), automobile lead (0.5%), and components of unknown sources (3.4%). Seven PM2.5 sources including diesel vehicles (29.6%), secondary sulfate (17.4%), biomass burning (14.7%), secondary nitrate (12.6%), gasoline vehicles (12.4%), secondary organic carbon (5.8%) and Asian dust (1.9%) were identified from the UNMIX analysis. The annual average source apportionment results from the two models are compared and the reasons for differences are qualitatively discussed for better understanding of PM2.5 sources.Additionally, the impact of air mass pathways on the PM2.5 mass was evaluated using air mass trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model. Source contributions to PM2.5 collected during the four air mass patterns and two event periods were calculated with the CMB model and analyzed. Results of source apportionment revealed that the contribution of diesel traffic exhaust (47.0%) in stagnant conditions (S) was much higher than the average contribution of diesel vehicle exhaust (33.4%) during the sampling period. During Asian dust (AD) periods when the air mass passed over the Korean peninsula, Asian dust and secondary organic carbon accounted for 25.2 and 23.0% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively, whereas Asian dust contributed only 10.8% to the PM2.5 mass during the AD event when the air mass passed over the Yellow Sea. The contribution of biomass burning to the PM2.5 mass during the biomass burning (BB) event equaled 63.8%. 相似文献
3.
A set of daily PM10 (n = 281) samples collected from April 2001 to April 2002 at a rural site (Erdemli), located on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, were analyzed applying Mass Closure (MC), absolute principal factor analysis (APFA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to determine source contributions. The results from the three techniques were compared to identify the similarities and differences in the sources and source contributions. Source apportionment analysis indicated that PM10 were mainly originated from natural sources (sea salt + crustal ≈ 60%) whilst secondary aerosols and residual oil burning accounted for approximately 20% and 10% of the total PM10 mass, respectively. Calculations for sulfate showed that on average 8% and 12% of its total concentration were originated from sea salt and biogenic emissions, respectively. However, the contribution by biogenic emissions may reach up to a maximum of ~ 40% in the summer. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis for identification of source regions showed that the Saharan desert was the main source area for crustal components. For secondary aerosol components the analysis revealed one source region, (i.e. the south-Eastern Black Sea), whereas for residual oil, Western Europe and the western Balkans areas were found to be the main source regions. 相似文献
4.
春季中国东部气溶胶化学组成及其分布的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用区域空气质量模式RAQMS（Regional Air Quality Model System）,对2009年春季中国东部气溶胶主要化学成分及其分布进行了模拟研究。与泰山站观测资料的对比结果显示,模式能比较合理地反映气溶胶浓度的逐日变化特征。整体上,模式对无机盐气溶胶的模拟好,分别高估和低估黑碳和有机碳气溶胶浓度,其原因与排放源、二次有机气溶胶化学机制和模式分辨率的不确定性有关。模拟结果显示,春季气溶胶浓度高值主要集中于华北、四川东部、长江中下游等地区。受东南亚生物质燃烧和大气输送的影响,中国的云南和广西等地区有机碳浓度高于中国其他地区。中国西北部沙尘浓度较高,而且向东输送并影响到中国东部和南方部分地区。中国东部的华北、四川东部、长江中下游等地PM2.5（空气动力学直径在2.5微米以下的颗粒物）污染严重,4月平均PM2.5浓度超过了我国日平均PM2.5浓度限值。中国东部泰山站的观测和模拟结果都显示近地面硝酸盐浓度超过硫酸盐,中国北部对流层中硝酸盐的柱含量也大于硫酸盐,而在中国南部则相反,这一方面与春季中国云量 南多北少的分布特征以及云内液相化学反应有关,另一方面也与南北温差对气溶胶形成的影响有关。就整个中国东部而言,虽然硫酸盐的柱含量（46 Gg）仍大于硝酸盐（42 Gg）,但比较接近,反映出我国氮氧化物排放迅速增加的趋势。春季中国地区对流层中PM10（空气动力学直径在10微米以下的颗粒物）及其化学成分柱含量分别为:990.8 Gg（PM10）,52.6 Gg（硫酸盐）,48.2 Gg（硝酸盐）,32.1 Gg（铵盐）,22.9 Gg（黑碳）和74.1 Gg（有机碳）,有机碳（OC）中一次有机碳（POC）和二次有机碳（SOC）分别占60%和40%,中国东部PM10中人为气溶胶和沙尘分别占30%和70%,反映了春季沙尘对我国大气气溶胶的重要贡献。 相似文献
5.
An extensive aerosol sampling program was conducted during January-December 2006 over Kolkata (22o33?? N and 88o20?? E), a mega-city in eastern India in order to understand the sources, distributions and properties of atmospheric fine mode aerosol (PM2.5). The primary focus of this study is to determine the relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic as well as local and transported components to the total fine mode aerosol loading and their seasonal distributions over the metropolis. The average concentrations of fine mode aerosol was found to be 71.2?±?25.2???gm-3 varying between 34.5???gm-3 in monsoon and 112.6???gm-3 in winter. The formation pathways of major secondary aerosol components like nitrate and sulphate in different seasons are discussed. A long range transport of dust aerosol from arid and semi-arid regions of western India and beyond was observed during pre-monsoon which significantly enriched the total aerosol concentration. Vehicular emissions, biomass burning and transported dust particles were the major sources of PM2.5 from local and continental regions whereas sea-salt aerosol was the major source of PM2.5 from marine source regions. 相似文献
6.
B. Holmén D. Miller A. Hiscox W. Yang J. Wang T. Sammis R. Bottoms 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,59(2):117-134
Particulate matter emissions generated by agricultural field preparation and harvesting operations were measured remotely
via aerosol lidar and sampled simultaneously with a variety of aerosol point samplers in order to quantify dust plume space
and time dynamics and particulate mass and number concentrations. Data for two cotton operations (disking, harvesting) in
a flood-irrigated field in New Mexico are presented. Dust plume dynamics varied with boundary layer meteorological conditions,
especially atmospheric stability, with plume maximum height significantly lower under stable conditions. Plume tracking indicated
little change in plume area with height under unstable conditions and plume movement depended on wind speed and direction.
Particle mass distributions indicate approximately 50% of the measured PM10 mass was PM2.5, significantly higher than previously reported values, possibly due to the near-source nature of the samples collected here.
Variability in plume movement matched the variability in short-term wind fluctuations and this variability helps explain why
models that utilize long-term averages perform poorly when trying to capture plume dynamics for nonsteady sources such as
tractor operations. 相似文献
7.
Evolution of aerosol vertical distribution during particulate pollution events in Shanghai 
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下载免费PDF全文 A set of micro pulse lidar(MPL)systems operating at 532 nm was used for ground-based observation of aerosols in Shanghai in 2011.Three typical particulate pollution events(e.g.,haze)were examined to determine the evolution of aerosol vertical distribution and the planetary boundary layer(PBL)during these pollution episodes.The aerosol vertical extinction coefficient(VEC)at any given measured altitude was prominently larger during haze periods than that before or after the associated event.Aerosols originating from various source regions exerted forcing to some extent on aerosol loading and vertical layering,leading to different aerosol vertical distribution structures.Aerosol VECs were always maximized near the surface owing to the potential influence of local pollutant emissions.Several peaks in aerosol VECs were found at altitudes above 1 km during the dust-and bioburning-influenced haze events.Aerosol VECs decreased with increasing altitude during the local-polluted haze event,with a single maximum in the surface atmosphere.PM2.5 increased slowly while PBL and visibility decreased gradually in the early stages of haze events;subsequently,PM2.5 accumulated and was exacerbated until serious pollution bursts occurred in the middle and later stages.The results reveal that aerosols from different sources impact aerosol vertical distributions in the atmosphere and that the relationship between PBL and pollutant loadings may play an important role in the formation of pollution. 相似文献
8.
云和降水过程是大气污染物的重要清除途径,但由于降水过程和大气污染颗粒物本身的复杂性,目前降水过程对大气污染物的清除机制及影响因素有待深入研究。该文利用2014年3月—2016年7月在北京地区连续观测的PM2.5和降水数据,研究了不同降水强度对PM2.5的清除率,以及雨滴谱、风速和降水持续时间对PM2.5清除率的影响。研究表明:降水强度越大,对PM2.5清除效率越高。小雨、中雨和大雨对PM2.5清除率平均值分别为5.1%,38.5%和50.6%。小雨不但对PM2.5的清除率最低,而且对PM2.5的清除效果也存在很大差异,约50%的小雨个例中PM2.5质量浓度出现减小情况,而另外50%的小雨个例中,PM2.5质量浓度出现增加情况。在持续时间长或地面风速增大的情况下,小雨也表现出较高的清除率。在中雨和大雨情况下,PM2.5质量浓度均出现明显减小情况。但降水持续时间和风速对中雨和大雨的清除率影响较小,这是由于中雨和大雨一般在较短时间内即可清除大部分PM2.5,因此,对降水的持续时间和风速大小不敏感。 相似文献
9.
Zhang Xiaoyu Ji Guixiang Peng Xiaowu Kong Lingya Zhao Xin Ying Rongrong Yin Wenjun Xu Tian Cheng Juan Wang Lin 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2022,79(2):101-115
In this study, 123 PM2.5 filter samples were collected in Wuhan, Hubei province from December 2014 to November 2015. Water- soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and inorganic elements were measured. Source apportionment and back trajectory was investigated by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the hybrid single particle lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, respectively. The annual PM2.5 concentration was 80.5?±?38.2 μg/m3, with higher PM2.5 in winter and lower in summer. WSIIs, OC, EC, as well as elements contributed 46.8%, 14.8%, 6.7% and 8% to PM2.5 mass concentration, respectively. SO42?, NO3? and NH4+ were the dominant components, accounting for 40.2% of PM2.5 concentrations. S, K, Cl, Ba, Fe, Ca and I were the main inorganic elements, and accounted for 65.2% of the elemental composition. The ratio of NO3?/SO42? was 0.86?±?0.72, indicating that stationary sources play dominant role on PM2.5 concentration. The ratio of OC/EC was 2.9?±?1.4, suggesting the existence of secondary organic carbon (SOC). Five sources were identified using PMF model, which included secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), coal combustion, industry, vehicle emission, fugitive dust. SIA, coal combustion, as well as industry were the dominant contributors to PM2.5 pollution, accounting for 34.7%, 20.5%, 19.6%, respectively.
相似文献10.
针对受体模型对大气PM2.5中二次无机、有机气溶胶不能给出有效源贡献的问题,建立了一种基于污染源清单的化学质量平衡(Inventory-Chemical Mass Balance,I-CMB)颗粒物源解析受体模型,代入北京市近年的污染物排放数据进行了解析应用。结果表明,燃煤是北京大气PM2.5的最大来源(占比约28.06%),其余依次为机动车(19.73%)、扬尘(17.88%)、工业(16.50%)、餐饮(3.43%)、植物(3.40%)。相比于传统的化学质量平衡法(Chemical Mass Balance,CMB),I-CMB的源解析过程对源成分谱的要求较低、抗干扰性更强,计算结果均衡、详尽,比较适合我国当前大气PM2.5控制的需求。 相似文献
11.
Aditi Kulshrestha Deewan Singh Bisht Jamson Masih David Massey Suresh Tiwari Ajay Taneja 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(2):121-138
This paper deals with the atmospheric concentrations of PM5 and PM2.5 particulate matter and its water soluble constituents along with the size distribution of ions and spatial variation at three
different residential environments in a semiarid region in India. Samples were collected from the indoors and outdoors of
urban, rural and roadside sites of Agra during October 2007–March 2008. The mean concentrations of PM2.5 indoors and outdoors were 178 μgm−3 and 195 μgm−3 while the mean concentrations of PM5 indoors and outdoors were 231.8 μgm−3 and 265.2 μgm−3 respectively. Out of the total aerosol mass, water soluble constituents contributed an average of 80% (33% anions, 50% cations)
in PM5 and 70% (29% anions, 43% cations) in PM2.5. The indoor–outdoor ratio of water soluble components suggested additional aerosol indoor sources at rural and roadside sites.
Indoor–outdoor correlations were also determined which show poor relationships among concentrations of aerosol ions at all
three sites. Univariate Pearson correlation coefficients among water soluble aerosols were determined to evaluate the relationship
between aerosol ions in indoor and outdoor air. 相似文献
12.
Airborne particulates were monitored at an urban location of middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and subsequently analyzed for particulate diversity and mixing states. Exceptionally high particulate loadings were found both in case of coarser (PM10: 157.5 ± 102.9 μgm?3, n = 46) and finer particulates (PM2.5: 92.5 ± 49.8 μgm?3). Based on particulate morphology and elemental composition, five different clusters of particulates namely tarball, soot, sulphur-rich, aluminosilicate and mineral species were found to dominate. Soot particles (0.1–5 μm) were found to be partly coated, having voids filled by coating material without being completely engulfed. A specific type of amorphous, carbonaceous spherules was evident in wintertime fine particulates signifying emissions from biomass burning and wild fire. Traces of S, Na and Ca were found associated with carbonaceous agglomerates suggesting its metal scavenging behavior. Particle laden filters were further processed for metallic and water soluble ionic species to constitute aerosol composition. Coarser particulates were characterized with higher metallic species (9.2–17.8 %), mostly of crustal origin (Ca: 5.5 %; Fe: 1.6 %; Zn: 1.3 % and Na: 3.8 %) while PM2.5 also revealed their association with metallic components (6.0–14.9 %) having Ca (4.6 %), Fe (0.9 %) and K (0.8 %) as principle constituents. Ca, Na and NH4 + found to generate chloride and sulphate salts thus affecting particulate hygroscopicity. Elevated fractions of NO3 ? and K+ in PM2.5 signified contribution of biomass burning while presence of Cl? with carbonaceous aerosols having traces of Si and K denoted contribution of farming and burning practices. Black carbon aerosol exhibited significant seasonal variability (6.9?21.9 μgm?3) which support larger association of carbonaceous aerosols in particle micrograph. 相似文献
13.
In this work, the influence of South Asian biomass burning emissions on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is investigated by using the regional climate chemistry transport model WRF-Chem. The simulation is validated by comparing meteorological fields and pollutant concentrations against in situ observations and gridded datasets, providing a clear perspective on the spatiotemporal variations of O3 and PM2.5 concentrations across the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau. Further sensitivity simulations and analyses show that emissions from South Asian biomass burning mainly affect local O3 concentrations. For example, contribution ratios were up to 20% in the Indo-Gangetic Plain during the pre-monsoon season but below 1% over the TP throughout the year 2016. In contrast, South Asian biomass burning emissions contributed more than 60% of PM2.5 concentration over the TP during the pre-monsoon season via significant contribution of primary PM2.5 components (black carbon and organic carbon) in western India that were lofted to the TP by westerly winds. Therefore, it is suggested that cutting emissions from South Asian biomass burning is necessary to alleviate aerosol pollution over the TP, especially during the pre-monsoon season. 相似文献
14.
Characterization and source identification of trace elements in PM2.5 from Mira Loma, Southern California 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Concentrations of thirty-five trace elements in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured from September 2001 to January 2002 in Mira Loma, a semi-urban area in southern California. The most abundant species were found to be sulfur (S; 23% of the total trace element concentration), followed by Si, Fe, Ca, and Al (soil-related elements; 51% of the total). In general, total trace element concentrations were found to be significantly higher for the drier months of September and October, compared to December and January. Factor analysis, enrichment factor (EF) analysis, and ratio analysis (Al/Zn) revealed a significant contribution of soil-related sources to the ambient trace elements for PM2.5 in the study area. Other important contributors to the trace elements in ambient PM2.5 in Mira Loma included motor vehicle-related emissions (brake pads, lubricant oils, gasoline, and diesel combustion), secondary sulfates, sea salts, and biomass burning. The influence of sea salts on the study area was identified using a backward trajectory analysis. 相似文献
15.
S. G. Tsyro 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2008,33(5):300-309
This paper provides performance evaluation of the EMEP (Cooperative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe) model, formulated in [1], and presents model calculation results. A satisfactory agreement is found between calculated and observed PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (i.e., particulate matter with diameters smaller than 10 and 2.5 μm) and their chemical composition for different parts of Europe for the years 2001–2004. The model manages to reproduce observed regional gradients of background PM10 and PM2.5, with spatial correlations being 0.70 and 0.80, respectively, while the temporal correlation coefficients between modeled and measured daily PM vary mostly between 0.4 and 0.8 at EMEP sites. The agreement between calculated and observed aerosol number concentrations is worse than for mass concentrations. Model calculated PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and chemical composition in Europe for the year 2004 are presented, as well as their interannual variations in the period 2000–2004. Further, contributions of different sources to PM10 and PM2.5 are estimated. Model results show that in 2004, background PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded EU critical levels and WHO recommended guidelines in a number of European regions. They also show that the transboundary transport contributes considerably to PM pollution in the European countries. 相似文献
16.
基于国际大气化学—气候模式比较计划模式数据评估未来气候变化对中国东部气溶胶浓度的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化引起的地面气溶胶浓度变化与区域空气质量密切相关。本文利用“国际大气化学—气候模式比较计划”（Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project, ACCMIP）中4个模式的试验数据分析了RCP8.5情景下2000~2100年气候变化对中国气溶胶浓度的影响。结果显示,在人为气溶胶排放固定在2000年、仅考虑气候变化的影响时,2000~2100年气候变化导致中国北部地区（31°N~45°N, 105°E~122°E）硫酸盐、有机碳和黑碳气溶胶分别增加28%、21%和9%,硝酸盐气溶胶在中国东部地区减少30%。气候变化对细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度的影响有显著的季节变化特征,冬季PM2.5浓度在中国东部减少15%,这主要是由硝酸盐气溶胶在冬季的显著减少造成的;夏季PM2.5浓度在中国北部地区增加16%,而长江以南地区减少为9%,这可能与模式模拟的未来东亚夏季风环流的增强有关。 相似文献
17.
Ximei Hou Guoshun Zhuang Yanfen Lin Juan Li Yilun Jiang Joshua S. Fu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(2):119-131
The indoor PM2.5 aerosol samples for charcoal broiling source under Chinese traditional charbroiling and the ambient fine aerosols samples
(PM2.5) were collected in Beijing to investigate the characteristics of the charcoal broiling source and its impact on the fine
organic aerosols in the atmosphere. The concentrations of 20 species of the trace organic compounds, including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fatty acids, levoglucosan, and cholesterol in PM2.5 were identified and quantified by GC/MS. The total PAHs and fatty acids emitted from charcoal broiling to PM2.5 were 8.97 and 87,000 ng mg−1 respectively. The concentrations of the light molecular weight (LMW) 3- and 4-ring PAHs were much higher than those of the
high molecular weight (HMW) 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Fatty acids were the most abundant species in source profile, accounting for
over 90% of all identified organic compounds. More polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acids) than the saturated fatty acid
(stearic acids) emitted in the cooking. Charcoal broiling is a minor source of PAHs compared to the source of biomass burning.
Comparing the ratios of levoglucosan/fatty acid and levoglucosan/cholesterol in the charcoal broiling samples to the ambient
samples, it is evident that meat cooking is an important source of fatty acids, but a less important source of cholesterol.
Cooking, as one of the source of fine organic particles, plus other anthropogenic sources would be related to the formation
of the severe haze occurred and spread over the urban atmosphere in most of the cities of China in the past several years. 相似文献
18.
Characteristics of Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in the Spring Period at Tongyu in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Continuous observations of mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles （PM2.5） were conducted at Tongyu, a semi-arid site in Northeast China in the spring of 2006. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 at Tongyu station was 260.9±274.4 μg m^-3 during the observation period. Nine dust events were monitored with a mean concentration of 528.0±302.7 μgm^-3. The PM2.5 level during non- dust storm （NDS） period was 111.65±63.37 μg m^-3. High mass concentration shows that fine-size particles pollution was very serious in the semi-arid area in Northeast China. The enrichment factor values for crust elements during the dust storm （DS） period are close to those in the NDS period, while the enrichment factor values for pollution elements during the NDS period are much higher than those in the DS period, showing these elements were from anthropogenic sources. The ratios of dust elements to Fe were relative constant during the DS period. The Ca/Fe ratio in dust aerosols at Tongyu is remarkably different from that observed in other source regions and downwind regions. Meteorological analysis shows that dust events at Tongyu are usually associated with dry, low pressure and high wind speed weather conditions. Air mass back-trajectory analysis identified three kinds of general pathways were associated with the aerosol particle transport to Tongyu, and the northwest direction pathway was the main transport route. 相似文献
19.
K. Slezakova J. C. M. Pires M. C. Pereira F. G. Martins M. C. Alvim-Ferraz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,60(3):221-236
In urban areas traffic is the major contributor to atmospheric particulate matter and exposure to these particles currently
represents a serious risk to human health. The attention has been recently focused more on the particles of smaller sizes
(PM2.5) which penetrate deeper in respiratory system causing severe health effects. Therefore, more information on PM2.5 should be provided, namely concerning morphological and chemical characterization. Aiming further evaluation of the impact
of traffic emissions on public health, this work evaluated the influence of traffic on the chemical and morphological characteristics
of PM10 and PM2.5, collected at one site influenced by traffic emissions and at one reference site. Chemical and morphological characteristics
of 1,000 individual particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometer
(SEM–EDS). Cluster analysis (CA) was used to identify different types of particles that occurred in PM, aiming the identification
of the respective emission sources. Traffic PM2.5 were dominated by particles composed of Fe oxides and alloys (67%) which were related to traffic emissions (this percentage
was 3.7 times higher than at the background site); in PM2.5–10 the abundance of Fe oxides and alloys were 20% and 0% for the traffic and background sites, respectively. Background PM2.5 were mainly constituted by aluminum silicates (63%) related to natural sources (this percentage was 2.5 times higher than
at the traffic site); the abundances of aluminum silicates in PM2.5–10 were 74% and 73% for traffic and background sites, respectively. It was concluded that traffic emissions were mainly present
in PM2.5 (the percentage of particles associated to these emissions was 3.4 times higher than in PM2.5–10), while coarse particles were dominated by material of natural origin (the percentage of particles associated was 1.2 and
3.0 times higher than in PM2.5 for traffic and background sites, respectively). Previous results obtained by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) were consistent
with SEM–EDS analysis that showed to be very useful to complement elemental analysis of different PM2.5 and PM2.5–10. 相似文献
20.
为了探明PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的来源和气象因子对其浓度变化的影响,利用2012年2、5、8和11月苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子浓度和本站气象观测数据,分析了苏州市水溶性无机离子的时间变化特征,解析了当地PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的主要来源,探讨了气象因素对离子组分的影响。结果表明:(1)苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子年均浓度大小依次为:SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-NH_4~+Na~+Cl~-K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+)F~-;SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-为PM_(2.5)中最重要的3种水溶性无机离子物种,其总和占PM_(2.5)总质量浓度的50.9%。各离子的季节浓度特征均为冬季最高、夏季最低。(2)通过运用主成分分析法对苏州市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子进行来源分类解析,发现第一类为二次污染源和生物质燃烧,其贡献率为32.84;第二类为道路扬尘及工业排放,其贡献率为19.99%;第三类为海盐污染,其贡献率为18.43%。(3)通过水溶性无机离子与气象条件的相关性分析发现,风向、风速和温度与水溶性无机离子浓度的相关性较显著,这三者是颗粒物浓度变化的主要影响因子。(4)利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式对外来污染物进入苏州市的轨迹进行聚类分析后发现:因受季风气候影响,苏州市外来污染物的输入路径存在明显的季节性变化特征,其中夏半年输送主径源自海上,冬半年主径源自内陆。 相似文献