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地壳均衡与海平面变化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
提要:在全球海面变化的近期研究中，无论是均衡模式、还是重力模式，写考虑到冰川均衡作用和水力均衡作用。本文认为，绝对均衡表示地壳均街的最终结果，相对均衡表示地壳均衡中一系列中间过程。这两种均衡之间的差别，往往被人们所忽视。
定量计算的结果表明，冰盖的吸引不仅使周围的海面升高，而且使内核在外核中产生定向运动。由于参加相对均衡的大陆壳数量不同、宕石圈的强度不同，陆壳与陆充、陆克与洋壳之间将产生不同幅度的垂直运动。这为解释全球海面变化不一致性提供了另一个新思路。
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定量计算的结果表明，冰盖的吸引不仅使周围的海面升高，而且使内核在外核中产生定向运动。由于参加相对均衡的大陆壳数量不同、宕石圈的强度不同，陆壳与陆充、陆克与洋壳之间将产生不同幅度的垂直运动。这为解释全球海面变化不一致性提供了另一个新思路。
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近二十年来海面变化的区域性经验研究表明,确实无法找到一条公认的全球一致的海面变化(eustasy)曲线。为了解释其原因,地质学家与地球物理学家、数学与力学家相结合,对海面变化的机制进行了探讨。 本文着重介绍了以J.A.Clark为代表的负荷模式和以N.-A.Mǒrner为代表的重力模式。前一模式从扩大的冰川均衡作用和水均衡作用出发,为粘弹性地球提出了一个数学模型,计算结果表明,即使在假定5000年来eustasy不变的前提下,也可以划分出六个具有不同全新世海面变化带的曲线带。后一模式则根据测地卫星所获得的大地水准面图具有近200米的隆凹,论证了不同时间尺度的大地水准面—海面变化及其可能的原因。 相似文献
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近二十年来海面变化的区域性经验研究表明，确实无法找到一条公认的全球一致的海面变化(eustasy )曲线。为了解释共原因，地质学家与地球物理学家、数学与力学家相结合，对海面变化的机制进行了探讨。
本文着重介绍了以J.A.Clark为代表的负荷模式和以N,-A.Morner为代表的重力模式。前一模式从扩一大的冰川均衡作用和水均衡作用出发，为粘弹性地球提出了一个数学模型，计算结果表明，即使在假定5000年来eustasy不变的前提下，也可以划分出六个具有不同全新世海面变化带的曲线带。后一模式则根据测地卫星所获得的大地水准面图具有近200米的隆凹，论证了不同时间尺度的大地水准面海面变化及其可能的原因。 相似文献
本文着重介绍了以J.A.Clark为代表的负荷模式和以N,-A.Morner为代表的重力模式。前一模式从扩一大的冰川均衡作用和水均衡作用出发，为粘弹性地球提出了一个数学模型，计算结果表明，即使在假定5000年来eustasy不变的前提下，也可以划分出六个具有不同全新世海面变化带的曲线带。后一模式则根据测地卫星所获得的大地水准面图具有近200米的隆凹，论证了不同时间尺度的大地水准面海面变化及其可能的原因。 相似文献
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渤海湾地区广泛分布的古海面标志物,为建立该地区的相对海面变化曲线提供了良好的基础。过去20年来该地区已相继建立了一些相对海面变化曲线,但在讨论影响古海面标志物高程的因素时,未将构造活动与水动型海面变化及均衡作用对高程的贡献量加以区分。文章以该地区7个点的古海面标志物及相关层位的高程测量与年代学测定结果,经与地区性预测海面变化曲线进行对比后,定量讨论了该地区海面变化(包括绝对海面变化与冰川、水均衡作用)与构造活动对古海面标志物高程的贡献;并以壳体的稳定同位素、地层记录与古地震研究资料讨论了牡蛎礁体在建礁过程中所记录的构造下沉。 相似文献
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文章介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展,诸如地幔柱特征、动力学模式及其地质意义.在重力分异过程中,随着地球质量不断向地心集中,地球自转动能也不断向地核集中,从而产生圈层分化和差异旋转.地核相对地壳、地幔高速旋转,具有巨大动能,旋转阻力不断将其转化为热能,在核幔边界聚积起来,为液核对流和热幔柱提供足够的能量.核幔边界是产生热幔柱的位置.阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系.地幔柱理论涉及地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制,对了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义. 相似文献
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略论全新世海面变化的波动性及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文根据统计分析、模型模拟、虚拟试验和多种海面变化代用资料的研究结果,提出了全新世中国东部海面和全球平均海面千年尺度波动期和两千年来中国东部海面百年尺度波动期的划分方案,分析了这些波动与同期全球和中国温度波动之间的对应关系.以长江三角洲地区为例,探讨了全新世千年-百年尺度海面波动对沿海地区海陆环境演变和人地关系的影响,提出了三角洲和沿海平原全新世海陆交互作用研究应注意从趋势模式向波动模式推进的建议. 相似文献
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腾冲地块西缘岛弧地体中发现洋壳残片 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
重力分异在使质量向地心集中的同时,也使能量向地核集中。热能在地核的集中是液核热对流和热幔柱活动的原因;旋转动能在地核的集中可通过圈层角动量交换转化为热能,它是地核周期性热膨胀的原因。地核周期性热膨胀使地壳地幔胀裂,形成全球性大洋和大陆裂解事件,为热幔柱上涌打开了通道。裂隙在核幔边界造成的突然减压使重元素迅速气化,并在液核膨胀内压下随轻元素一起上喷到地表,产生了反重力分异运动。因此,重力分异与内能释放是深部与浅部之间物质运移和能量交换的两个相反过程。认识这两个过程的差异和联系对理解全球化学过程十分必要。 相似文献
10.
文章介绍了地幔柱理论研究的一系列进展，诸如地幔柱特征、动力学模式及其地质意义。在重力分异过程中，随着地球质量不断向地心集中，地球自转动能也不断向地核集中，从而产生圈层分化和差异旋转。地核相对地壳、地幔高速旋转，具有巨大动能，旋转阻力不断将其转化为热能，在核幔边界聚积起来，为液核对流和热幔柱提供足够的能量。核幔边界是产生热幔柱的位置。阐明了地幔柱构造与板块构造的关系。地幔柱理论涉及地幔深部物质垂直运动的机制，对了解地球深部动力学机制有重大意义。 相似文献
11.
A fully integrated ice‐sheet and glacio‐isostatic numerical model was run in order to investigate the crustal response to ice loading during the Late Weichselian glaciation of the Barents Sea. The model was used to examine the hypothesis that relative reductions in water depth, caused by glacio‐isostatic uplift, may have aided ice growth from Scandinavia and High Arctic island archipelagos into the Barents Sea during the last glacial. Two experiments were designed in which the bedrock response to ice loading was examined: (i) complete and rapid glaciation of the Barents Sea when iceberg calving is curtailed except at the continental margin, and (ii) staged growth of ice in which ice sheets are allowed to ground at different water depths. Model results predict that glacially generated isostatic uplift, caused by an isostatic forebulge from loads on Scandinavia, Svalbard and other island archipelagos, affected the central Barents Sea during the early phase of glaciation. Isostatic uplift, combined with global sea‐level fall, is predicted to have reduced sea level in parts of the central Barents Sea by up to 200 m. This reduction would have been sufficient to raise the sea floor of the Central Bank into a subaerial position. Such sea‐floor emergence is conducive to the initiation of grounded ice growth in the central Barents Sea. The model indicates that, prior to its glaciation, the depth of the Central Deep would have been reduced from around 400 m to 200 m. Such uplift aided the migration of grounded ice from the central Barents Sea and Scandinavia into the Central Deep. We conclude that ice loading over Scandinavia and Arctic island archipelagos during the first stages of the Late Weichselian may have caused uplift within the central Barents Sea and aided the growth of ice across the entire Barents Shelf. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Ian Shennan Sarah Bradley Glenn Milne Anthony Brooks Sophie Bassett Sarah Hamilton 《第四纪科学杂志》2006,21(6):585-599
While contributing <1 m equivalent eustatic sea‐level rise the British Isles ice sheet produced glacio‐isostatic rebound in northern Britain of similar magnitude to eustatic sea‐level change, or global meltwater influx, over the last 18 000 years. The resulting spatially variable relative sea‐level changes combine with observations from far‐field locations to produce a rigorous test for quantitative models of glacial isostatic adjustment, local ice‐sheet history and global meltwater influx. After a review of the attributes of relative sea‐level observations significant for constraining large‐scale models of the isostatic adjustment process we summarise long records of relative sea‐level change from the British Isles and far‐field locations. We give an overview of different global theoretical models of the isostatic adjustment process before presenting intercomparisons of observed and predicted relative sea levels at sites in the British Isles and far‐field for a range of Earth and ice model parameters in order to demonstrate model sensitivity and the resolving power available from using evidence from the British Isles. For the first time we show a good degree of fit between relative sea‐level observations and predictions that are based upon global Earth and ice model parameters, independently derived from analysis of far‐field data, with a terrain‐corrected model of the British Isles ice sheet that includes extensive glaciation of the North Sea and western continental shelf, that does not assume isostatic equilibrium at the Last Glacial Maximum and keeps to trimline constraints of ice surface elevation. We do not attempt to identify a unique solution for the model lithosphere thickness parameter or the local‐scale detail of the ice model in order to provide a fit for all sites, but argue that the next stage should be to incorporate an ice‐sheet model that is based on quantitative, glaciological model simulations. We hope that this paper will stimulate this debate and help to integrate research in glacial geomorphology, glaciology, sea‐level change, Earth rheology and quantitative modelling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Greenland Ice Sheet is one of the two largest ice sheets on the planet. Under the background of climate warming, the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and its contribution to sea level rise has become an international hot issue. The whole melting of the Greenland ice sheet can cause the global sea level to rise by about 7.3 meters. However, the dynamic mechanism that affects the mass balance of ice sheet is still unclear and is the greatest uncertainty source for predicting the rise in sea level in the future. The National Key Research and Development Program of China “A Study of the Monitoring, Simulation and Climate Impact of Greenland Ice Sheet” conducts monitoring and simulation studies on the key processes of instability of the “ice sheet-outlet glacier-sea ice” system, and establishes a satellite-airborne-ground integrated observation system, supporting the numerical simulation and impact research of the ice sheet and its surrounding sea ice, laying the foundation for long-term monitoring and international cooperation in Greenland. This program will work to reduce the uncertainty of sea level change projections by improving the ice sheet dynamic model forced by the ice core records, reveal the driving mechanism of sea ice changes around the ice sheet, focusing on the Northwest Passage, evaluate and forecast the navigation window period. The results of the project will deepen the understanding of the changes and impacts of the Arctic cryosphere, serve the safe navigation and operation of the Northwest Passage, and provide scientific support for the comprehensive risk prevention of coastal zones in China. 相似文献
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MARTIN J. SIEGERT JULIAN A. DOWDESWELL 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1995,24(3):207-224
A numerical ice-sheet model was run in order to produce reconstructions of the Late Weichselian ice coverage of Franz Josef Land, Russian High Arctic. The model grid covers the archipelago and surrounding shelf, but does not include the whole Barents-Kara region or the extensive ice cover that may have built up there. One experiment, where rates of iceberg calving at the grounded margin were curtailed because of the assumed presence of permanent thick sea ice, yielded a single I.8 km-thick ice dome which covered the entire archipelago and surrounding sea. If, however, iceberg calving were included in the model's environmental input, the extent of the ice sheet would be limited to the periphery of the archipelago. If a large ice sheet existed over Franz Josef Land, the deglaciation of the islands may have been linked to the decay of the adjacent Barents-Kara Sea Ice Sheet, permitting iceberg calving (enhanced by relative sea-level rise) to occur. The introduction of a water-depth-related iceberg calving function at 15 000 yr ago forced an initial rapid rate of ice-sheet decay of 30 000 km3 1000 yr'. However, as the ice sheet thinned, and isostatic rebound began, the calculated rate of iceberg calving was reduced such that ice remained over the archipelago at 8000 yr ago. The model's failure to simulate complete ice-sheet decay by 8000 yr ago is at variance with radiocarbon-dated raised terraces on Franz Josef Land, which indicates the complete deglaciation of the islands at this time. 相似文献
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We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming. 相似文献
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通过西北冰洋阿尔法脊B84A孔中—晚第四纪以来的沉积物颜色旋回,Mn、Ca元素相对含量、颜色反射率、有孔虫丰度、冰筏碎屑(IRD)含量、粒度组分及其敏感性分析的综合研究,建立了B84A孔的地层年代框架,其沉积物被划分为MIS 12～MIS 1的沉积序列。阿尔法脊B84A孔可以识别出12个IRD事件,它们大多出现在冰消期,并认为其源区为加拿大北极群岛地区。这些IRD事件反映了加拿大北极冰盖的崩塌和气候变化。阿尔法脊B84A孔沉积物的环境敏感组分分别为细组分(4～9μm)和粗组分(19～53μm),两者的变化趋势相反,主要由海冰和洋流进行搬运,指示了洋流的强度变化。B84A孔的平均沉积速率约为0.4 cm/ka,与阿尔法脊周围地区沉积速率相近。相比于近岸的高沉积速率,其限制因素主要为大面积海冰覆盖造成的较低的生产力和由于长距离搬运造成的较低的陆源输入量。 相似文献
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《Quaternary Science Reviews》1995,14(1):1-16
Direct evidence for Late Weichselian grounded glacier ice over extensive areas of the Barents Sea is based largely on indirect observations, including elevations of old shorelines on Svalbard and arguments of isostatic rebound. Such isostatic models are discussed here for two cases representing maximum and minimum ice-sheet reconstructions. In the former model the ice extends over the Kara Sea, whereas in the latter the ice is limited to the Barents Sea and island archipelagos. Comparisons of predictions with observations from a number of areas, including Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya and Finnmark, support arguments for the existence of a large ice sheet over the region at the time of the last glacial maximum. This ice sheet is likely to have had the following characteristics, conclusions that are independent of assumptions made about the Earth's rheological parameters. (i) The maximum thickness of this ice was about 1500–2000 m with the centre of the load occurring to the south and east of Kong Karls Land. (ii) The ice sheet extended out to the western edge of the continental shelf and its maximum thickness over western Spitsbergen was about 800 m. (iii) To the north of Svalberg and Frans Josef Land the ice sheet extended out to the northern shelf edge. (iv) Retreat of the grounded ice across the southern Barents Sea occurred relatively early such that this region was largely ice free by about 15,000 BP. (v) By 12,000 BP the grounded ice had retreated to the northern archipelagos and was largely gone by 10,000 BP. (vi) The ice sheet may have extended to the Kara Sea but ice thicknesses were only a fraction of those proposed in those reconstructions where the maximum ice thickness is centered on Novaya Zemlya. Models for the palaeobathymetry for the Barents Sea at the time of the last glacial maximum indicate that large parts of the Barents Sea were either very shallow or above sea level, providing the opportunity for ice growth on the emerged plateaux, as well as on the islands, but only towards the end of the period of Fennoscandian ice sheet build-up. 相似文献
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以2003年的中国第2次北极科学考察的海冰物理过程调查数据为依据,分析了海冰动力学特征并给出体现动力学特征的定量参数。这些参数指出:现场调查的海冰密集度同NOAA冰图上的密集度相比低2~3成,而厚度比1999年的中国首次北极考察结果减少2 m;冰层底面起伏方差约是冰层表面积雪起伏方差的3.8倍;浮冰最快以1 300m/h速度运动并伴随振荡旋转。实测浮冰向东北运动时,旋转角度增加,最大达到37.8o,东南方向旋转时,角度减小;浮冰运动的振荡周期为12.45 h,同该纬度惯性流振荡周期一致,体现出惯性流对浮冰运动的贡献。 相似文献
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Postglacial relative sea‐level observations from Ireland and their role in glacial rebound modelling
Anthony J. Brooks Sarah L. Bradley Robin J. Edwards Glenn A. Milne Ben Horton Ian Shennan 《第四纪科学杂志》2008,23(2):175-192
The British Isles have been the focus of a number of recent modelling studies owing to the existence of a high‐quality sea‐level dataset for this region and the suitability of these data for constraining shallow earth viscosity structure, local to regional ice sheet histories and the magnitude/timing of global meltwater signals. Until recently, the paucity of both glaciological and relative sea‐level (RSL) data from Ireland has meant that the majority of these glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling studies of the British Isles region have tended to concentrate on reconstructing ice cover over Britain. However, the recent development of a sea‐level database for Ireland along with emergence of new glaciological data on the spatial extent, thickness and deglacial chronology of the Irish Ice Sheet means it is now possible to revisit this region of the British Isles. Here, we employ these new data to constrain the evolution of the Irish Ice Sheet. We find that in order to reconcile differences between model predictions and RSL evidence, a thick, spatially extensive ice sheet of ～600–700 m over much of north and central Ireland is required at the LGM with very rapid deglaciation after 21 k cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献