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1.
黄河上游水电工程对局地气候的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文阐述了黄河上游段水电工程概况，并以刘家峡和龙羊峡水库为主对库周各站建加前后各５年或１０年的气象资料进行了对比分析，揭示了水库对周围地区各气候因子影响程度。 相似文献
2.
Radwan Ahmed E. Nabawy Bassem S. Kassem Ahmed A. Hussein Walid S. 《Natural Resources Research》2021,30(2):1667-1696
Waterflooding is one of the most common secondary recovery methods in the oil and gas industry. Globally, this process sometimes suffers a technical failure and inefficiency. Therefore, a better understanding of geology, reservoir characteristics, rock typing and discrimination, hydraulic flow units, and production data is essential to analyze reasons and mechanisms of water injection failure in the injection wells. Water injection failure was reported in the Middle Miocene Hammam Faraun reservoir at El Morgan oil field in the Gulf of Suez, where two wells have been selected as injector’s wells. In the first well (A1), the efficiency of injection was not good, whereas in the other analog A2 well good efficiency was assigned. Therefore, it is required to assess the injection loss in the low efficiency well, where all aspects of the geological, reservoir and production data of the studied wells were integrated to get a complete vision for the reasons of injection failure. The available data include core analysis data (vertical and horizontal permeabilities, helium porosity, bulk density, and water and oil saturations), petrographical studies injection and reservoir water chemistry, reservoir geology, production, and injection history. The quality of the data was examined and a set of reliable X–Y plots between the available data were introduced and the reservoir quality in both wells was estimated using reservoir quality index, normalized porosity index, and flow zone indicator. Integration and processing of the core and reservoir engineering data indicate that heterogeneity of the studied sequence was the main reason for the waterflooding inefficiency at the El Morgan A1 well. The best reservoir quality was assigned to the topmost part of the reservoir, which caused disturbance of the flow regime of reservoir fluids. Therefore, it is clearly indicated that rock typing and inadequate injection perforation strategy that has not been aligned with accurate hydraulic flow units are the key control parameters in the waterflooding efficiency.
相似文献3.
Groundwater is a vital water resource in the arid to semi-arid southwestern United States. Accurate accounting of inflows to and outflows from the groundwater system is necessary to effectively manage this shared resource, including the important outflow component of groundwater discharge by vegetation. A simple method for estimating basin-scale groundwater discharge by vegetation is presented that uses remote sensing data from satellites, geographic information systems (GIS) land cover and stream location information, and a regression equation developed within the Southern Arizona study area relating the Enhanced Vegetation Index from the MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite to measured evapotranspiration. Results computed for 16-day composited satellite passes over the study area during the 2000 through 2007 time period demonstrate a sinusoidal pattern of annual groundwater discharge by vegetation with median values ranging from around 0.3 mm per day in the cooler winter months to around 1.5 mm per day during summer. Maximum estimated annual volume of groundwater discharge by vegetation was between 1.4 and 1.9 billion m3 per year with an annual average of 1.6 billion m3. A simplified accounting of the contribution of precipitation to vegetation greenness was developed whereby monthly precipitation data were subtracted from computed vegetation discharge values, resulting in estimates of minimum groundwater discharge by vegetation. Basin-scale estimates of minimum and maximum groundwater discharge by vegetation produced by this simple method are useful bounding values for groundwater budgets and groundwater flow models, and the method may be applicable to other areas with similar vegetation types. 相似文献
4.
长江口水域悬沙浓度时空变化与泥沙再悬浮 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
根据近年来长江河口及其邻近水域8个测站1年的表层悬沙浓度逐日观测资料,并结合水动力状况,对悬沙浓度的时空变化进行了分析。结果发现,长江口自徐六泾以下悬沙浓度不断增高,并呈现口内夏高冬低,而口外冬高夏低,且量值为口外大于口内,杭州湾大于长江口。表明长江入海泥沙在海洋动力作用下强烈再悬浮;悬沙浓度在时间上呈现明显的大小潮周期和季节性变化。进一步分析认为,海洋动力 (风浪和潮流) 是泥沙再悬浮的主导因素,制约悬沙浓度的年内变化,其中潮流控制悬沙浓度的大小潮周期变化,风浪引起悬沙浓度的季节性变化,河流径流和海洋动力的对比制约悬沙浓度的空间分布。 相似文献
5.
ANDREW BACH 《Geographical review》2002,92(2):192-212
ABSTRACT. Meltwater contributes to watershed hydrology by increasing summer discharge, delaying the peak spring runoff, and decreasing variability in runoff. High‐elevation snowshed meltwater, including glacier‐derived input, provides an estimated 26.9 percent of summer streamflow (ranging annually from 16 to 40 percent) in the Nooksack River Basin above the town of Deming, Washington, in the North Cascades Range. The Nooksack is a major spawning river for salmon and once was important for commercial, recreational, and tribal fishing, and in the past its flow met the demands of both human and aquatic ecosystems. But the river is already legally overallocated, and demand is rising in response to the rapidly growing human population. Variability in snowshed contributions to the watershed is considerable but has increased from an average of 25.2 percent in the 1940s to an average of 30.8 percent in the 1990s. Overall stream discharge shows no significant increase, suggesting that the glaciers are melting, and/or precipitation levels (or other hydrologic factors) are decreasing at about the same rate. If glaciers continue to recede, they may disappear permanently from the Cascades. If that occurs, their summer contribution to surface‐water supplies will cease, and water‐management policies will need drastic revision. 相似文献
6.
《Polar Science》2014,8(3):232-241
This study analyzes long-term (40–60 years) discharge and water temperature records collected near the basin outlets of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. It defines seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature (WT), and heat flux (HF) for the basins, and compares their main features to understand their similarity and difference. Both rivers have similar hydrographs, i.e. low flows in winter and high discharge in summer, with the peak flood in June due to snowmelt runoff. Mackenzie River has many large lakes and they sustain the higher base flows over the fall/winter season. Mackenzie basin is large with high precipitation, thus producing 50% more discharge than the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean. The WT regimes are also similar between the two rivers. Yukon River WT is about 2–3 °C warmer than the Mackenzie over the open water months. Both rivers have the highest WT in the mid summer and they transport large amount of heat to the polar ocean system. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10–60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. They are useful for large-scale climate and ocean model development and validation, and climate/hydrology change research in the northern regions. 相似文献
7.
本文应用山仔水库2003-2006年叶绿素a浓度、总磷浓度、总氮浓度、水温、溶解氧浓度、高锰酸盐指数、pH值7个参数监测数据对人工神经网络模型进行训练,在此基础上应用1997-2002年除叶绿素a浓度外其他6个参数监测数据,推算出1997-2002年间缺失的叶绿素a浓度,并对1997-2006年春末夏初的叶绿素a浓度动态进行分析,结果表明:山仔水库1997年建库初期,叶绿素a浓度处于较高水平,2000年以后叶绿素a浓度开始降低,近几年基本保持稳定.2003-2006年叶绿素a浓度呈季节周期性变化,春末经夏季到初秋,叶绿素a浓度持续升高,冬季下降明显,春季又开始回升;说明近几年山仔水库水体春末夏季秋初处于富营养化水平,秋末冬季处于中营养水平.本研究结果将为山仔水库的富营养化防治提供科学依据. 相似文献
8.
亚热带樟树树干液流通量变化规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用热脉冲技术于2013―2015 年连续测定了樟树的树干液流,并同步监测了环境因子,分析了樟树树干液流日变化和季节变化特征以及对不同环境条件的响应。结果表明：樟树树干液流速率晴天日变化为典型的单峰型曲线,季节变化明显,液流速率峰值夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季,峰宽随季节变化存在“窄→宽→窄”的逐步变化过程。樟树存在微弱的夜间液流,且生长季较其他月份活跃。液流启动时间夏季最早,冬季最晚,液流结束（进入夜间低值）时间夏季晚于冬季约1~2 h。上下午液流量比值均＜1,平均值为0.74。同月不同天气条件下,液流速率和液流量均为晴天＞阴天＞雨天。干旱环境下,樟树树干液流峰值下降了约95%,与2014 年相比,同期内液流总量减少了约47.8%,在干旱中液流量与气温、水汽压亏缺呈显著负相关,改变了常年中（没有干旱）液流量与气温和水汽压亏缺呈显著正相关的关系。干旱显著降低了樟树的树干液流量,也反映了樟树对干旱的适应过程。 相似文献
9.
Glaciers in the western USA contribute summer meltwater to regional hydrological systems. In the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, where glaciers do not exist, rock glaciers serve that function during the summer runoff period. Most rock glaciers in Colorado are located on northern slopes in mountainous areas; however, some rock glaciers in southwest Colorado have different aspects. In this study, we asked how slope aspect and rising air temperatures influence the hydrological processes of streams sourced from rock glaciers in the San Juan Mountains. We focused on three adjacent basins, Yankee Boy basin, Blue Lakes basin, and Mill Creek basin, which share a common peak, Gilpin Peak. Using HOBO® U20-001–04 water-level loggers, streamflow data were collected in each of these basins, below each rock glacier. Air temperature significantly influenced stream discharge below the rock glacier. Discharge and air temperature patterns indicate a possible air temperature threshold during late summer when rock glacier melt increases at a greater rate. The results also suggest that the aspect of rock glacier basins influences stream discharge, but that temperature and precipitation are likely larger components of melt regimes. 相似文献
10.
气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖流域入湖输沙量影响的定量估算 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用HydroTrend水文模型,以鄱阳湖流域的赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水为研究对象,基于1956-2010年鄱阳湖流域气候数据、水沙数据及其他相关资料,分别模拟了5个子流域的入湖水沙通量变化。在此基础上,探讨了气候变化、植被覆盖变化和水库修建活动对输沙量变化的影响,并定量估算了上述因子对流域输沙量变化的贡献。结果表明：① 1956-2010年,气候、植被和水库三种因子影响下的流域年均输沙量分别为15.5 Mt、20.8 Mt、8.5 Mt,而三种因子共同影响下的流域年均输沙量达到12.6 Mt。② 1956-2010年,植被覆盖变化使流域年均输沙量增加4.2 Mt,而水库拦截造成流域年均输沙量减少8.2 Mt,两者分别占实际年均输沙量的32.4%和63.2%。③ 1956-1989年,植被覆盖变化导致的输沙增加量和水库修建拦截导致的输沙减少量均为5.1 Mt/a,两者对流域输沙量贡献持平;1990-2010年,水土流失加重导致的输沙增加量和水库拦截导致的输沙减少量分别为2.7 Mt/a和13.3 Mt/a,水库对入湖输沙量的影响效应是植被覆盖变化的5倍左右。 相似文献
11.
扎陵湖、鄂陵湖对黄河源头年径流的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
黄河源头扎陵湖、鄂陵湖为吞吐湖泊，是黄河源头二大主要湖泊。对黄河源头年径流具有滞蓄、调节作用。利用黄河源头控制站黄河沿站和下游吉迈、唐乃亥、循化3个测站水文资料，依据年径流在地区上的变化特点，分析了扎、鄂二湖对黄河源头径流影响。①扎、鄂二湖滞蓄，改变了源头径流年内分配，使其均匀化；②在枯水年份，入湖水量小，加上湖面强烈蒸发，使得湖泊以下黄河沿站年径流量更小，致使枯水程度加剧，加大了年径流年际变化；③黄河沿站与下游吉迈站年径流丰、平、枯程度对比分析，二站丰、平、枯水年同步出现机率为78．8％，扎、鄂二湖没有改变源头黄河沿站年径流丰、枯规律，是年调节湖泊，不是多年调节湖泊。 相似文献
12.
玉溪干旱季节分布特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1971～2009年玉溪市干旱发生概率最大的是冬季为85.0%,依次是春季、秋季和夏季,出现频率分别为74.4%、66.7%和33.3%。2000年以来,随着全球气候变暖,干旱发生的概率增大,特别是重旱到特旱年发生次数与20世纪相比明显增多,其中除春季变化不大外,冬、夏季分别增加了8%、6.7%,秋季增加最大为12.8%。造成玉溪干旱灾害的原因主要是冬春季受较强的偏西气流控制,夏秋季西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强、印度季风异常活跃等大气环流异常,另外自然地理复杂、生态环境遭破坏也是干旱增多的因素之一。 相似文献
13.
为探究岩溶水库水文地球化学行为过程,对贵州普定夜郎湖表层水体进行了为期3 d的高分辨率昼夜监测。结果表明：1）多变的天气和水文条件叠加导致水体离子指标昼夜变化不显著,规律性较差。而水温、DO、pH值、SpC、SIc、pCO2等常规理化指标受水温变化和生物作用表现出明显的昼夜波动。2）利用亨利常数和主成分分析,得到温度变化、生物作用、人类活动、水库的蓄水与放水对夜郎湖水库水文地球化学特征变化的贡献率分别为21.66%、17.28%、14.08%和10.22%,说明作用于水库水文地球化学行为的因子具有多元性。3）δ 18O表现出与DO一致的波动趋势,即白天上升,晚上下降,反映在短时间尺度上,氢氧稳定同位素变化受控于生物过程（主要是呼吸作用过程）;而对比水库水体和大气降水的d-excess（d值）发现,水库水体的d值（8.21‰）显著偏低于当地大气降水的d值（9.64‰）,说明在长时间尺度上,主要受蒸发效应引起的不平衡分馏影响。 相似文献
14.
Leanne Elchyshyn Jean-Olivier Goyette Émilie Saulnier-Talbot Roxane Maranger Christian Nozais Christopher T. Solomon Irene Gregory-Eaves 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,60(3):361-379
Declining water quality in reservoirs is of growing concern in many regions, yet there is still little understanding of long-term water quality trends in these systems. Across the landscape, reservoirs have diverse origins, functions, and operational strategies. In temperate environments, winter water-level drawdown is a common operational practice in reservoirs but the long-term impacts of this hydrological modification has not been extensively studied. We paired a comparative, pre-dam-to-contemporary study (i.e. a top–bottom design) of 12 reservoirs with a detailed paleolimnological study of a focal lake to generate quantitative insights into the relative effect of hydrological changes vs. landscape and climatic drivers on water quality. The focal reservoir, Grand Lac Saint-François, is of relatively similar morphometry, geography, and limnology to our other sites, and has experienced annual winter water-level drawdown of?~?5 m since it was dammed approximately 100 years ago. Based on our top–bottom analysis, we did not find strong correlations between long-term changes in water quality (i.e. diatom-inferred TP estimates) and winter water-level drawdown amplitudes. Instead, reservoir morphometry and watershed characteristics (i.e. geography, maximum depth, and cropland areas) appeared to be stronger drivers of trends across the region. From the detailed paleolimnological analysis, we found that sedimentary pigments and DI-TP concentrations significantly increased over the last century based on Mann–Kendall trend analyses. Breakpoint analyses showed that changes in biological-proxy trends, as well as the sedimentology (i.e. lithology and accumulations rates), coincided with dam construction and the onset of water level regulation. However, given the high variability in metrics and the extent of water level monitoring records, we were unable to quantitatively associate the impacts of drawdown with water quality trends at Grand Lac Saint-François. Conversely, we did find that watershed nutrient surpluses from livestock farming, and warming temperatures were significant explanatory variables of water quality metrics. 相似文献
15.
截止 2018 年,全疆（含兵团）已建、在建及拟建水库 722 座（包括电站水库）,总库容 295.0 × 108 m3。有力地改善了水资源调控和利用效率,在灌溉、供水、防洪、发电、旅游等方面发挥了极其 重要的作用。新时期按照水利部“水利工程补短板、水利行业强监管”的工作总基调,针对南北疆 水资源配置不平衡问题、水资源利用不充分问题,谋划提出了兴建数十座大中型山区水库,以及提 升已建水库大坝信息化管理水平、加强水库调度运行管理,在满足生态需水的前提下统筹生活、生 产供水,最大程度发挥水库效益、确保水库安全运行。针对新时期气候变化条件下水库洪水风险 分析、大坝建设需要重点关注的几项关键技术、山区水库替代平原水库、河流健康与生态调度、水库 清淤与能力提升、水库信息化与智能调度以及延长服役期等问题进行了探讨,提出若干对策建议。 相似文献
16.
半干旱地区地表水平衡的特征和模拟 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
作者分析了我国半干旱区草原典型地区的水量平衡的特点。由于地处东亚季风区和西风带的过渡带,降水主要集中在夏季,且多短时间对流性降水,其中绝大部分消耗于蒸发,地表径流很少,土壤比较干燥。冬季积雪, 春季融雪集中,能产生较强的径流,这与夏季降水形成的径流构成双峰型特征,在我国半干旱区较为典型。由于这些特点,在地表水量平衡的计算和模拟中,蒸发的估算十分重要,为此在植被-大气相互作用模式 (AVIM) 中对水文过程作了改进,模式中包含了大气-植被-土壤间的能量和水分传输过程,特别是半干旱区地表蒸发和植被的蒸腾过程作了比较细致的处理,考虑了蓄满和超渗两种产流机制,同时采用了一个简化的雪盖模型。以此模型模拟了内蒙古半干旱草原上锡林河流域的地表水文过程。计算结果显示,半干旱区地表水平衡,蒸发大而径流小及产流的春夏双峰型特征都能很好地模拟。这些过程的参数化方案也适用于非干旱区。 相似文献
17.
18.
黄河下游河床萎缩典型地表现为平滩水位下河床断面面积的趋势性减小,本文根据黄河下游实测断面和水沙资料采用相关分析方法研究了游荡段河床萎缩的主要影响因素。1960~1997年游荡段河床平滩水位下断面面积经历了1960~1964年和1974~1985年的扩张时期及1965~1973年和1986~1997年的萎缩时期,这种变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。在来水来沙中,年径流量是主要因素,洪峰流量和年平均含沙量是较次要的因素;本文所讨论的其它4个因素中,花园口以上引水量影响最大,降雨量影响次之,兰州以上水库的调节作用对河床断面面积的变化也有较明显的影响;三门峡水库三种不同的使用方式对下游河床有不同的影响,采取"蓄清排浊"方式后对下游河床的影响较小。 相似文献
19.
黄河沙漠宽谷段水沙变化特征及驱动因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据定位观测、第一次全国水利普查、遥感影像解译的数据,利用MWP、双累计曲线、水土保持分析法、数学模拟等方法,分析了黄河上游水沙变化特征,评估了多元驱动因素对2000-2012年黄河下河沿-头道拐沙漠宽谷段水沙变化的贡献率。结果表明:与20世纪70年代以前的基准期相比,2000年以来径流量、输沙量同步减少,水沙关系也发生变化,单位径流量的输沙量明显减少;沙漠宽谷段径流量减幅沿程不断增加而输沙量减幅沿程变化不大,水沙年内分配较基准期发生倒置,来沙系数不断减小;灌区引水引沙、水土保持措施、水库拦沙、支流来水来沙、水库调蓄及河道冲淤是沙漠宽谷段水沙变化的主要影响因子;经济社会发展用水对沙漠宽谷段径流量减少的作用最大,贡献率为81%,其次是水库蓄泄量,占15%以上;水库拦沙对头道拐输沙量减少的贡献率最大,占41%,其次是支流水土保持措施,贡献率约占13%,入黄风沙减少的贡献率并不大,约为6%,而河道淤积量、灌区引沙量较基准期都是减少的,贡献率分别约为-41%和-8%;近10多年来降雨等自然因素对水沙变化的作用相对不大,起主要作用的是水库运用、水土保持、经济社会发展等人类活动因素。 相似文献
20.
泥沙动态研究目前仍然不够完善, 尤其是在黄土丘陵沟壑区, 有关泥沙传输时间动态的 研究论文还不多见。本文利用岔巴沟下游长达8 年的水沙资料, 探讨了该区不同时间尺度( 洪水 内、月和季节及年际尺度) 上泥沙传输动态。结果表明, 在洪水内时间尺度上, 洪峰超前于沙峰的 事件占洪水事件总数的63.2%, 洪峰和沙峰同时发生及洪峰落后于沙峰的洪水事件则各占 18.4%左右。受高含沙水流的影响, 洪水事件产流量- 含沙量呈现逆时针滞后环, 而与洪峰和沙峰 出现的先后顺序无关。在月和季节尺度上, 存在着可蚀物质“储备- 释放”的过程, 即在晚秋(10 和 11 月份)、冬季和春季可蚀物质是一个积聚过程, 在夏季和早秋( 9 月份) 是泥沙输出流域的释放 过程。在年际尺度上, 含沙量和产沙量年际变化大, 主要与年内发生的洪水事件次数和幅度有关。 相似文献