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1.
Sustainable development and the exploitation of mineral and energy resources: a review 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Natural resources, e.g., metals, industrial minerals, water, and soil, are the essential basis for our economy and well-being. We have to know where these raw materials come from and how they are mined. Sustainable development requires the maintenance, rational use and enhancement of natural resources, as well as a balanced consideration of ecology, economy and social justice. Four general rules concerning the implementation of sustainable development for renewable and non-renewable resources are discussed. Examples of the consumption of selected materials from historical times to the present day are presented, as well as of regional distribution, usage (in contrast to consumption), lifetimes of resources, the supply-and-demand cycle, recycling and substitution in modern times. To fulfill the requirement of sustainable development, the efficiency with which resources are utilized has to be improved. The learning process, often driven by financial rewards, leads from one technology to a better one, thus increasing the efficiency of the use of a resource or commodity. Examples of learning curves are discussed. Industrial countries have to transfer their advanced technologies to developing countries in order to avoid undesirable development in the mining industry and use of natural resources in those regions. The use of the best available technology by the mining industry, taking into account economic considerations, and the necessity to establish environmental guidelines are essential if environmental impact of the production of non-renewable resources is to be minimized. Far more critical than the production of non-renewable resources under the aspect of sustainable development and the capacity of the pollutant sinks of the Earth is the element of natural attenuation with regard to the resources soil and water. 相似文献
2.
Abdullah R. A. Al-Kandari 《GeoJournal》1992,27(4):353-363
Conclusions As developing countries expand both agricultural and industrial activities over the coming decade, sensitive management of the limited available freshwater resources will become increasingly important. If their supplies consist solely of ground water, then some water deficit countries could end up by mining a non-renewable resource as it takes many thousands of years to replenish deep fossil groundwater stocks. Conservation and careful husbandry of existing stocks must therefore be carried out if the growing human populations of arid lands are to be protected from famine and poverty.The arid zones may provide more than sufficient food in a sustainable system despite the harsh natural conditions. In arid areas rainfall is low, biological cycling is limited by low soil moisture and evapotranspiration is high. The absence of leaching by infiltration results in a large active pool of nutrients and the addition of water by irrigation allows this potential fertility to be realised. Given the high insolation of desert lands and a man-made continuous water supply it is possible to obtain 2–4 crop harvest a year. However, the success of any future development is ultimately in the hands of the governments who control the management of water resources.Until recently pollution of the sea was relatively localised. It has now become a problem globally around coasts and even affects the open ocean. Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas are most vulnerable to degradation of their ecosystems and the Golf region has proved to be no exception to this, sensitivity exacerbated by weak currents and political instability leading to increasing oil pollution.The pollution in the Gulf is at its most harmful in the biologically diverse and productive areas around coastlines where pollution tends to concentrate and where human welfare is also most at risk. The outbreak of cholera and other waterborne disease in Iraq immediately following the Gulf war highlights the exceptional reliance people throughout the Gulf States must place of fresh water supplies. Continuing political instability in the region and its associated environmental damage will not, therefore, only threaten wildlife or fisheries but may threaten human welfare as water supplies are limited or decline in quality and industry, agriculture and health all suffer the consequences. 相似文献
3.
An integrated GIS and hydrochemical approach to assess groundwater contamination in West Ismailia area, Egypt 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Groundwater is a very important resource across Ismailia area as it is used in domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This makes it absolutely necessary that the effects of land use change on groundwater resources are considered when making land use decisions. Careful monitoring of groundwater resource helps minimize the contamination of this resource. This study developed a GIS-based model to assess groundwater contamination in the West Ismailia area based on its hydrochemical characteristics. The model incorporated five different factors which are standardized to a common evaluation scale. The produced factor maps include the depth to the water table, the potential recharge, the soil type, the topography, and the thickness of saturation. These maps are combined in ERDAS Imagine, ARC INFO, and ARC GIS software using geostatistics and a weighted overlay process to produce the final groundwater potential risk map. The model output is then used to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. The produced risk maps are then combined with the groundwater contamination potentiality map using an arithmetic overlay in order to identify areas which were vulnerable to contamination. The results of this study revealed that the groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination that may result from the inappropriate application of agrichemicals and domestic and industrial activities. The produced integrated potential contamination maps are very useful tools for a decision maker concerned with groundwater protection and development. 相似文献
4.
Assessment and mapping of the intrinsic vulnerability to pollution: an example from Keritis River Basin (Northwestern crete, Greece) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Due to the geological and hydrogeological characteristics, the carbonate aquifers are frequently vulnerable to natural and/or anthropogenic polluting sources. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the intrinsic vulnerability to pollution of the Keritis River Basin (northwestern Crete, Greece). The huge amount of the flowing groundwater represents a strategic water resource to be allocated to drinking water purpose and to agricultural activities, too. The studied groundwater are characterized by quality degradation processes represented by the anthropogenic and natural pollution such as olive oil farming, agriculture activities, industrial waste and salt water intrusion. For a better management and protection of the water resources, the assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability to pollution are very important. From this investigation, the Keritis Basin showed an intrinsic vulnerability degree from extremely high to very low. This study allows to define the strategies which will permit a proper safeguard criteria, against the pollution sources of the Keritis Basin groundwater resources. 相似文献
5.
不同自然环境和城市功能区的土壤黑碳特征及来源研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黑碳是由生物质和化石燃料等燃烧产生的一系列含碳物质,长期广泛分布于土壤、大气等多种载体中,且表现出不同的环境效应。土壤作为一种不可再生的自然资源,是人类生存与发展不可缺少的物质基础,也是支撑城市发展的空间和生态基础。土壤中的黑碳构成土壤有机碳库的重要组分,且影响着土壤肥力、结构、有机污染物等多方面。目前,对黑碳的研究集中在其对环境的影响,我国在这方面的研究开始较晚,特别是对土壤中黑碳的研究还处于起步阶段。本文详细分析了土壤黑碳的可能来源（自然火灾、人类农业活动、化石燃料燃烧以及汽车尾气排放等）,概括了常见的土壤黑碳来源辨析方法（黑碳形态特征分析、黑碳/有机碳比值分析、黑碳碳同位素分析）,总结了国内外对不同自然环境、不同城市功能区的土壤黑碳研究现状。最后,提出了全球黑碳研究亟待关注和解决的关键问题,以期为将来合理制定控制黑碳排放的相关政策,减缓黑碳对环境质量和人体健康的影响,提供重要的理论依据。 相似文献
6.
James P. Dorian Dr. 《GeoJournal》1989,19(2):145-160
This paper evaluates the development of India's mining industry, its present status and future outlook. Despite its growth, the contribution of India's mining industry to GDP has remained relatively stable since 1970. At present the nation is a leading world producer of 11 major mineral and energy commodities, including bauxite, chromite, coal, iron ore and manganese. Recent economic reforms have stimulated industrial expansion in India; however, problems, including a restricted private sector role in resource development and ineffective government mineral strategies, may limit future growth in output. Capital investment levels in India's mining industry are examined in the paper to assess possible long-term expansion levels. 相似文献
7.
柴达木盆地是中国西北地区重要的含油页岩盆地,其中柴北缘鱼卡地区油页岩潜力巨大。为查明柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组油页岩品质特征,对研究区鱼油页1井(YYY-1)岩芯进行系统取样和测试,分析结果表明研究区油页岩为中等含油率、中等发热量、高灰分、中等挥发分、低水分、低密度和低硫型油页岩。鱼卡地区交通便利、地质条件好,结合一系列工业分析指标,认为鱼卡地区油页岩品质好、埋藏浅、具有较高工业开发价值。建议对鱼卡油页岩含矿区可采用一套联合干馏炼油-发电-二氧化硅-建材的一体化工业开发流程,进而建设鱼卡地区油页岩综合开发利用工程,不仅可以改善柴达木盆地当前能源短缺的局面,还有利于促进柴达木地区的农牧业生产。 相似文献
8.
油气是重要的战略资源。其中天然气作为清洁能源,它曾经是,现在是,在可预期的未来——全球碳减排、中国碳达峰情景下,仍然是最重要的能源资源。能源进口渠道的多元化一直是中国缓解能源紧张的有效措施之一。北极地区油气资源丰富且以天然气为主,已发现的油气资源中绝大多数在俄罗斯,尤其是天然气。但是俄罗斯天然气生产的油气田80%以上已经进入北极圈。2012年,中俄合作开发北极亚马尔液化天然气项目正式启动,标志着中国参与北极油气资源开发利用取得重要进展,也事实上开启了中国主导的"丝绸之路经济带建设"和俄罗斯主导的"欧亚经济联盟建设"对接合作的进程。北极地区已发现的油气资源共计3289.4亿桶油当量,其中石油605.4亿桶（84.1亿吨）油当量,仅为全球已发现石油资源的2.5%;天然气41.4万亿立方米（约合2683亿桶,372.6亿吨油当量）,占全球已发现天然气资源的15.5%。北极地区已发现的油气总资源中绝大多数在俄罗斯,俄罗斯已发现的北极油气资源合计2905亿桶油当量（403.5亿吨）,占88.3%;其中天然气约39.47万亿立方米,约合2557.9亿桶（355.3亿吨）油当量,占北极地区已发现天然气总资源的95%以上。北极待发现的油气资源量也非常可观,约占世界待发现常规石油资源的15%;天然气占世界待发现常规天然气资源的30%,其分布也主要在俄罗斯。随着全球气候变暖和能源战略博弈,俄罗斯为确保其天然气出口及财政来源,必然要加大北极油气、特别是天然气的开采和开发,并通过北极航道运到中国和其他消费国。本文在概括分析北极油气资源分布特点、俄罗斯油气资源与北极战略及北方海航道通行能力的基础上,回顾了北极亚马尔液化天然气项目诞生、发展演变及其国际博弈的背景;概括介绍了中国成功介入北极油气资源项目这一标志性事件过程,并进一步提出了中国对北极油气资源利用战略举措的建议。 相似文献
9.
针对页岩油开展了广泛文献调研,在页岩油概念的提出、演化及研究历程基础上,对陆相页岩油资源量分布、类型和潜力及若干关键问题等研究进展进行了综述,提出了陆相页岩油效益开发面临的关键开发地质问题。具体如下:1）阐述了页岩油概念的由来及最新定义。国内外页岩油均历经三个发展阶段,对页岩油的理论认识不断深入,开发效果和水平逐渐提升。我国陆相页岩油资源丰富、潜力巨大,是今后一个时期的重点攻关对象。2）陆相页岩油可按不同方式进行分类。按成熟度演化阶段划分固态有机质阶段、滞留烃阶段、液态烃阶段、液态烃裂解天然气阶段等四类;按源储组合类型划分源储共存型、源储分离型和纯页岩型三类;按开发方式分为夹层型、混积型、页岩型和裂缝型四类。3）陆相页岩油在细粒岩分类及沉积模式、源储岩石微观特征、富集机制、“七性特征”和工业化开采技术等方面取得了较大的进展。4）陆相页岩油源储结构表现出极强的非均质性,亟待加强细粒页岩沉积超高频基准面旋回对比模式、半深湖—深湖相低级次构型单元成因及分布模式、相控储层质量差异分布模式和地质工程一体化及甜点快速评价等开发地质方面的研究,以提高页岩油开发经济效益和采收率。 相似文献
10.
Industrial emissions are the major sources of heavy metal pollutions. This study investigates the anthropogenic contribution of heavy metal accumulation surrounding an industrial town in China, using the component partition method. Results show that Cu, Ni, Pb, and As have higher concentrations compared with their background levels and the industrial town has a significant impact on heavy metal accumulations in its surrounding agricultural soil. Prevailing wind direction may explain the difference of heavy metal concentration in different directions. Anthropogenic components of Cu, Ni, Pb and As, which decrease with distance following exponential functions, account for 11.4%, 6.2%, 18.5% and 7.9% of their total concentrations, respectively. The natural components are modeled as the functions of physico-chemical variables through multiple regressions. The accumulating processes of heavy metals affected by industrial activities could be explained by anthropogenic and natural components, and thus, it could provide basic information for further simulation of heavy metal accumulations. 相似文献
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13.
Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River
present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts
with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally
occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future
generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use
conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and
are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map
taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical
hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high
terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far
from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation
characteristics. 相似文献
14.
南海北部莺歌海盆地壳源型非生物(无机)成因CO2运聚成藏机制独特、分布规律复杂、资源规模及潜力巨大,根据目前勘探及研究程度,其CO2资源量逾万亿立方米,勘探所获地质储量超过2000亿m3,居中国探明CO2地质储量之首,在世界范围亦是罕见的,故具有颇大的资源潜力与综合开发利用前景。CO2具明显的多重性,其不仅能广泛应用于国民经济及工农业生产中,而且是导致"厄尔尼诺"现象,严重影响生态环境的主要温室气体,因此,如何综合开发利用这种储量规模巨大的CO2资源,充分发挥其市场经济价值,促进国家经济建设,这是目前该区天然气勘探开发面临的重大科技攻关课题。 相似文献
15.
《Geoforum》1993,24(4):381-396
Agriculture stands alone among resource sectors in Western industrialized countries as having the fastest growth in production/productivity during post-war years. Yet that growth in productivity and accompanying high levels of sufficiency has been at the expense of such goals as adequate income, community stability and resource/environmental conservation. In the process, agriculture has mimicked trends in the economy as a whole through increased segmentation and differentiation, throughput of non-renewable resources and divergence of natural and economic processes. Within the context of prevailing policies and market forces in OECD countries in general and Canada in particular, this paper evaluates the problems facing the sector and the nature of the trade-offs being made in the pursuit of high-input agriculture. It is argued that, while agri-business and market forces are generally responsible for a weakening of the links between environment and economy, numerous market distortions, precipitated by agricultural policy, do much the same. To achieve a better balance among the production and consumption functions of the land and to achieve an approach to future agricultural production which is sustainable will require changes in many of the rules, standards and conventions influencing the growth of food and fibre. From a policy perspective, the main task ahead is to redesign and implement programs which will encourage new ‘opportunity sets’ for the economic and competitive viability of the farmer and agricultural system, while at the same time meeting the nutritional needs of society and ensuring the protection of important environmental services and amenity values. 相似文献
16.
Since the implementation of several pilot production tests were in natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs in terrestrial and marine settings, the study of NGH has entered a new stage of technological development for industrial exploitation. Prior to the industrial exploitation of any given NGH reservoir, the economic feasibility should be examined. The first step of economic evaluation of a NGH reservoir is to know whether its resource amount meets the requirement for industrial exploitation. Unfortunately, few relevant studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the net present value (NPV) method is employed to estimate the economic critical resources required for the industrial exploitation of NGHs under different production scenarios. Sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to specify the effects of key factors, such as the number of production wells, gas price, technological improvement and tax incentive, on the economic critical resources. The results indicate that China requires the lowest economic critical resource for a NGH reservoir to be industrially exploited, ranging from 3.62 to 24.02 billion m3 methane. Changes in gas price and tax incentives also play significant roles in affecting the threshold and timeline for the industrial exploitation of NGH. 相似文献
17.
刁口乡自然保护区位于利津县东北部,丰富的湿地植被和水生生物资源已成为当地生态旅游的重要场所和经济来源,但由于区内自然资源开发,特别是石油、天然气的勘探开采,石油外溢引起的大面积水土污染,导致自然生态系统破坏。根据当地地质环境和湿地生态系统特点,制定了工程措施和生物措施的湿地治理设计方案,使黄河湿地生态系统得到恢复,带动当地海洋经济板块发展和产业结构调整。 相似文献
18.
《Geoforum》2013
This paper draws upon Michael Watts’s work on governable spaces and “economies of violence” in the Niger Delta (2004a,b,c) and Colin Filer’s concept of the “ideology of landownership” in Papua New Guinea (1997) to explore how resource capitalism has been at the heart of violent conflict in post-colonial Melanesia. This schema of the political ecology of violence is elucidated with reference to three governable spaces – landownership, indigeneity, and nationalism; four different resource–industrial complexes – mining, oil and gas, logging, and oil palm; and the region’s three most serious conflicts to date – the Bougainville conflict, the Solomon Islands ‘ethnic tension’, and on-going violence in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, particularly in Enga and Southern Highlands provinces. It is argued that in each of these places the story of violent conflict is ineluctably one of resource capitalism and its engagement with local socio-political contexts. In sharp contrast to the resource determinism, state-centrism and ahistoricism of much of the ‘resource conflict’ literature, attention to governmentality and scale highlights the highly contextual and contingent nature of resource-related violence in Melanesia. The diverse experiences of different regulatory approaches to the encounters between resource complexes and governable spaces across time and space are also examined, giving rise to policy implications for governing resource conflict in Melanesia. 相似文献
19.
陕北能源化工基地煤炭、石油、天然气、岩盐等矿产资源储量丰富,经过近20a的开发,已初步建成为中国重要的能源接续地和大型煤化工基地。但该区又具有水资源相对短缺、生态环境脆弱的特点,加之近年来煤炭生产和转化等资源开发增长速度较快,采煤造成的区域性环境污染与生态破坏问题较为突出,严重制约着该区的可持续发展。通过探索建立陕北能源化工基地生态补偿机制,解决了煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护的矛盾,使资源得到适度、可持续的开发利用,环境生态得到持续的恢复和改善,从而使该区的经济发展与保护生态环境相协调,最大限度的实现了可持续发展的战略。 相似文献
20.
Developing ecotourism in First World, resource-dependent areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Deborah Che 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):212-226
Ecotourism, an economic diversification tool most commonly applied in the Third World as a means to protect ecosystems, preserve local cultures, and spur economic development, has recently been applied in First World resource-dependent areas. While ecotourism has traditionally focused on Third World ‘undisturbed’ protected lands, it has also been developed in their First World equivalents (i.e., old-growth forests) as well as in First World sites of past resource extraction and in places where current agricultural practices maintain cherished cultural landscapes. Forest County, Pennsylvania, a timber-dependent area, sought to diversify its economy by developing ecotourism based on its unique Allegheny hardwood forests, which are produced by timber harvesting. This ecotourism would encourage amenity-based, locally-driven economic development and maintain timber harvesting. While government and foundation supported ecotourism development efforts in areas dependent on resource extraction have incorporated some of ecotourism’s ideals, these operations have had mixed success. Such isolated areas, which have traditionally drawn visitors independently engaging in traditional outdoor recreation activities, have not been able to draw enough customers willing to pay for natural and cultural history tours. If ecotourism is to be successful, such areas may need further government support and destination branding to increase name recognition in order to counter the global orientation of the nature tour industry. For true community development, local collaborative efforts including resource and environmental interests are also required in which primary production is connected to processing and consumers through value-added and service sector activities such as tourism. 相似文献