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1.
Climate- and weather-related disasters have become increasingly frequent and costly, resulting in substantial government spending on disaster assistance. Yet less is known about the effectiveness of disaster aid in enhancing community resilience to future disaster risks. This study examines multiple post-disaster aid programs implemented by the US federal government to support state and local governments as well as households and private businesses. Specifically, we estimate the risk-mitigating effects of these disaster-related programs by linking program spending with reported economic losses from flooding. Our empirical analysis utilizing panel data at the county level finds that low-interest disaster loans lead to the largest reduction in subsequent flooding damage, and grants targeting public infrastructure restoration and flood control measures also reduce future flooding losses. Results suggest a limited loss-mitigating effect of disaster cash aid given to private individuals. These findings provide important implications for federal disaster policy design and suggest that more efficiency gains could be realized by redistributing funds and streamlining processes across programs and agencies.
相似文献2.
Rethinking the relationships of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation from a disaster risk perspective 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation are three fundamentally inter-related concepts among such research communities as global environmental/climatic change, social–ecological and disaster risk science. However, their mutual relationships are still unclear so far particularly in the field of disaster risk reduction, which to some extent blocks the reasonable risk analysis and scientific decision making. This paper performed a brief overview on the basic definitions and evolution processes of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation, and tentatively categorized past diverse thoughts of their relationships into three modalities, such as, vulnerability preference, resilience preference, and overlapped relationships. From a “hit-damage-recovery-learning cycle” insight and based on an empirical case study, we put forward two conceptual frameworks to address the relationships of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation within the disaster risk domain, and we further discussed their broader implications in terms of disaster risk management and social–ecological sustainability. In an attempt to bring together the analytical frameworks of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation, this study indicates that a sustainable adaptation strategy to the unavoidable disasters or changes should not only seek to reduce the vulnerability of a social–ecological system, but also to foster its resilience and adaptive capacity to future uncertainties and potential risks. 相似文献
3.
攀西地区山高谷深,地形切割强烈,历来是地质灾害的重灾区和易发区。为摸清地质灾害家底,查明地质灾害分布与发育规律,排查出可能存在的地质灾害隐患,支撑灾害现场核查与工程防治,利用高分辨率遥感技术(简称高分遥感技术)对四川攀西米易地区开展地质灾害遥感调查与现场验证,共确定有明显威胁对象的地质灾害隐患点106处,主要以崩塌、滑坡为主,其次为泥石流。结合调查结果,开展隐患点成灾规律分析,结果表明: 地质灾害主要发育于安宁河及其支流沿岸一线,沿省道S214线及米普路、麻楠路、二滩库区环湖路段呈带状分布,主要分布于断层两侧500 m范围内,达到51处,占遥感调查隐患点总数的35.8%; 2019年5—9月共发生地质灾害104处,占全年发生地质灾害总数的98.11%; 区域西北部和中北部地质灾害发育程度相对较低。应用结果表明,利用高分遥感技术能够有效查明地质灾害隐患分布与成灾规律,对服务基层防灾减灾工作,减轻灾害损失,提升地质灾害科技水平和防灾能力具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
Charles Kelly 《GeoJournal》1995,37(3):381-385
Megacities are extreme manifestations of urban complexity that present aid agencies with major disaster assessment challenges. Geographers can contribute to improving megacity disaster assessments by: 1) defining megacity disasters; 2) improving socioeconomic measures of disaster to allow for clearer differentiation of effects among different population sub-groups; 3) specifying criteria for identifying thresholds of disaster and trends in the status of disaster-affected populations; and 4) developing credible data collection and analysis methods appropriate for complex urban environments. In addition, long term research is needed to encourage the formulation of models of megacity life that provide better understanding of human survival under normal conditions of severe adversity.The views expressed herein are entirely those of the author and are not attributable to organizations which have sponsored the author's research. 相似文献
5.
选取1955-2017年新疆因雪灾造成的牲畜受灾数量、作物受灾面积、经济损失三大灾情数据,揭示新疆雪灾时间和空间分布特征,通过构建雪灾灾损指数,对新疆雪灾进行区划。分析表明：新疆雪灾的发生北疆多于南疆,山区多于盆地,西部多于东部,主要集中发生在阿尔泰山区、天山山区及昆仑山区,灾情最重的是阿勒泰地区、伊犁地区、塔城地区;进入2000年以后,雪灾呈现明显高位震荡特点;利用多指标综合评估法,运用连续型随机变量分布密度近似求法,求得的新疆雪灾灾损指数,能客观反映新疆雪灾灾情;雪灾灾损指数遵从Γ分布,根据Γ分布函数属性及各类雪灾事件发生概率,进行了新疆雪灾等级区划。研究成果可为决策服务及气候可行性论证提供理论依据,对科学准确地制定防灾备灾措施、及时组织开展雪灾应急救助工作以及灾后的恢复重建决策给予一定参考。 相似文献
6.
地铁建设中浅层气危害防治对策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
杭州地铁1号线在勘察过程中发现很多区段在埋深15～35 m的土层中存在一定压力的浅层气,浅层气的存在不但对勘察的安全实施构成一定的威胁,而且会影响地铁构筑物的正常施工,如果采取的防治措施不当,还会进一步威胁到地铁的后期运营。浅层气问题是杭州地铁1号线建设中遇到的难题之一,但目前国内外在地铁建设中大范围遇到浅层气的实例还比较少,防治浅层气危害的方法和积累的经验都十分有限。在综合分析研究杭州地区浅层气和含气土层工程特性的基础上,考虑杭州地铁工程不同建设阶段的特点,结合在实际工程的经验,以及室内试验和监测结果,提出有针对性的危害防治对策,为地铁工程建设和后期运营的安全提供帮助,也可为类似地区地下工程的建设提供参考。 相似文献
7.
Afan Haitham Abdulmohsin Yafouz Ayman Birima Ahmed H. Ahmed Ali Najah Kisi Ozgur Chaplot Barkha El-Shafie Ahmed 《Natural Hazards》2022,112(2):1527-1545
Natural Hazards - Due to the need to reduce the flooding disaster, river streamflow prediction is required to be enhanced by the aid of deep learning algorithms. To achieve accurate model of... 相似文献
8.
本文根据应力与应变原理对地球上自然灾害发生的原因进行了分析研究，根据灾害发生原因的不同，将其分为一般灾害和特殊灾害两种类型。本文还介绍了每种灾害类型的特点，危险及其相互关系，通过综合研究，掌握了地球上各种自然灾害发生的原因后，人类对各种灾害的预防工作就会变被动为主动。 相似文献
9.
藏北地区自然灾害及其防治--以巴青县-索县地区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
巴青县-索县地处西藏那曲地区NE部，唐古拉山山脉两翼，是青藏高原上的高原。区内高寒缺氧，交通不便，自然条件恶劣，灾害活动频繁、生态环境脆弱。文章以1／25万《仓来拉幅》区域地质调查过程中实地获得的灾害调查资料为依据，将研究区15635km^2范围内的自然灾害划分为11类。其中，鼠兔灾、草场退化、风灾及雷雨冰雹是全区普遍的灾害类型；土壤盐渍化、荒漠化、水质成化在唐古拉山以北尤为严重；雪灾、雪崩集中于唐古拉山及其南侧终年积雪区，洪涝灾害、泥石流主要发育于唐古拉山南部的藏北高山深谷区。文章综合分析了各类自然灾害形成因素，指出灾害的演化趋势不容乐观。当务之急应采取有效措施和政策，变被动为主动，开展多种形式防灾减灾知识宣传活动，及早成立专业机构对区内灾害进行全面深入的调查研究，探索其发生发展规律，针对不同的灾害类型采取切实的防灾治灾措施，将灾害造成的损失降低到最低程度。 相似文献
10.
海岸侵蚀灾害管理信息系统的实现 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海岸侵蚀灾害的管理是以大量的调查研究成果,特别是长期监测数据为基础进行管理的。海岸侵蚀信息系统建设是针对海岸侵蚀的数据收集、交换到数据利用这样一系列的数据流的处理过程。参考地理信息系统在海洋管理方面的应用,海岸侵蚀灾害管理系统的关键技术,包括:系统基本框架,灾害预测评价模型库、数据框架与数据组织方式、标准体系相关技术研究。 相似文献
11.
This paper examines the effect of a country’s own past disaster experiences and nearby countries’ past experiences on subsequent disaster damage. We use global disaster data from 1990 to 2010, which include disaster-related death tolls for both natural and technological disasters that are further divided into sub-categories. Overall, we find evidence of a reduction effect of past disaster damage on future disaster damage. More detailed analyses show that an adaptation effect seems to be present for certain combinations of disaster types and levels of economic development. The results show that a country’s own experiences reduce future damage for natural disasters but that the marginal effect is larger for lower-income countries. On the other hand, for technological disasters, a robust impact of experiences was found only in higher-income countries. In terms of the disaster experiences of nearby countries, the adaptation effect was found only for natural disasters, and the marginal impact was relatively higher for higher-income countries. 相似文献
12.
Integrated risk assessment method of waterlog disaster in Huaihe River Basin of China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ju-Liang Jin Juan Fu Yi-Ming Wei Shang-Ming Jiang Yu-Liang Zhou Li Liu You-Zhen Wang Cheng-Guo Wu 《Natural Hazards》2015,75(2):155-178
Regional waterlog disaster integrated risk system, affected by natural, social, and economic systems and its combination relationship, is a complex system with certain structure and function. Waterlog disaster integrated risk results from the combined effects of regional environment, impact factors, vulnerability, and disaster-reducing capability of flood hazards in the drainage area. Waterlog disaster integrated risk system can be divided into four subsystems of hazard, vulnerability, disaster-reducing capability, and disaster conditions. Evaluation indexes are selected using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, and the evaluation index system is established. Then, the waterlog disaster integrated risk evaluation model is proposed based on set pair analysis method. Taking Huaihe river in Anhui Province of China as the typical area in this study, the results show that the proposed approach is able to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of waterlog hazard, vulnerability, mitigation capabilities, and integrated disaster risk within the study area. From the quantitative point of view, identification of the areas with high flood risk can provide a scientific basis for the flood management and technical support. 相似文献
13.
Jin Ju-Liang Fu Juan Wei Yi-Ming Jiang Shang-Ming Zhou Yu-Liang Liu Li Wang You-Zhen Wu Cheng-Guo 《Natural Hazards》2014,75(2):155-178
Regional waterlog disaster integrated risk system, affected by natural, social, and economic systems and its combination relationship, is a complex system with certain structure and function. Waterlog disaster integrated risk results from the combined effects of regional environment, impact factors, vulnerability, and disaster-reducing capability of flood hazards in the drainage area. Waterlog disaster integrated risk system can be divided into four subsystems of hazard, vulnerability, disaster-reducing capability, and disaster conditions. Evaluation indexes are selected using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method, and the evaluation index system is established. Then, the waterlog disaster integrated risk evaluation model is proposed based on set pair analysis method. Taking Huaihe river in Anhui Province of China as the typical area in this study, the results show that the proposed approach is able to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of waterlog hazard, vulnerability, mitigation capabilities, and integrated disaster risk within the study area. From the quantitative point of view, identification of the areas with high flood risk can provide a scientific basis for the flood management and technical support.
相似文献14.
Flood disaster has become one of the most damaging natural disasters for the highway transportation all around the world, especially its destructive effects on highway infrastructures. In order to better understand the ruinous influence of flood disaster on highway transportation in China, this paper proposes an alternative evaluation index of highway flood disaster risk from three aspects, namely the disaster-causing factors, disaster-inducing environment, and disaster-bearing subjects. This paper also puts forward some targeted suggestions for the risk management, including two aspects: physical protection measurement and organization and management measurement. Moreover, this paper develops a highway flood disaster risk management system by using the ArcGIS technology. 相似文献
15.
Understanding the performance of disaster monitoring systems is a key to understanding their success; therefore, various qualitative
and quantitative measures and metrics can be applied in the characterization and analysis of such systems. Through evaluation
studies, problems that impede a disaster monitoring system performance can be identified. The results can be used for system
design, control, and capacity planning. Previous studies address technical performance analysis metrics for analyzing monitoring
systems leaving out human and organizational dimensions of such systems. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to identify
and describe a set of metrics that may be employed to evaluate such systems. This study may be valuable to researchers and
practitioners involved in disaster and emergency response studies in planning the transportation of vital first-aid supplies
and emergency personnel to disaster-affected areas and in improving chances of survival after a disaster. 相似文献
16.
Flood disaster has become one of the most damaging natural disasters for the highway transportation all around the world, especially its destructive effects on highway infrastructures. In order to better understand the ruinous influence of flood disaster on highway transportation in China, this paper proposes an alternative evaluation index of highway flood disaster risk from three aspects, namely the disaster-causing factors, disaster-inducing environment, and disaster-bearing subjects. This paper also puts forward some targeted suggestions for the risk management, including two aspects: physical protection measurement and organization and management measurement. Moreover, this paper develops a highway flood disaster risk management system by using the ArcGIS technology.
相似文献17.
18.
High rates of urbanization, environmental degradation, and industrial development have affected all nations worldwide, but
in disaster-prone areas, the impact is even greater serving to increase the extent of damage from natural catastrophes. As
a result of the global nature of environmental change, modern economies have had to adapt, and sustainability is an extremely
important issue. Clearly, natural disasters will affect the competitiveness of an enterprise. This study focuses on natural
disaster management in an area in which the direct risks are posed by the physical effects of natural disasters such as floods,
droughts, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. On a local level, the potential impact of a disaster on a company and how much
damage (loss) it causes to facilities and future business are of concern. Each company must make plans to mitigate predictable
risk. Risk assessments must be completed in a timely manner. Disaster management is also very important to national policy.
Natural disaster management mechanisms can include strategies for disaster prevention, early warning (prediction) systems,
disaster mitigation, preparedness and response, and human resource development. Both governmental administration (public)
and private organizations should participate in these programs. Participation of the local community is especially important
for successful disaster mitigation, preparation for, and the implementations of such measures. Our focus in this study is
a preliminary proposal for developing an efficient probabilistic approach to facilitate design optimization that involves
probabilistic constraints. 相似文献
19.
This research is based on a questionnaire of 556 peasant households in the Jianghan Plain. By analyzing the rate of participation of peasant households using a participation model, this study intends to explain the peasant household’s willingness to participate in disaster reduction and factors that influence willingness to participate. The investigation of participation rate revealed that households are generally concerned about engineering measures used for disaster reduction, but the willingness to participate is not strong; the peasant household’s attention to recommendations for non-engineering disaster reduction is high, but the willingness to participate is very low. The quantitative analysis of the participation model of disaster reduction showed that the level of peasant household’s willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction was dependent upon their attitude toward a variety of measures of risk and the input costs of disaster reduction. The cognition of a disaster’s impact, fertility level of farmland, condition of irrigation canals, and amount of arable land have a remarkable influence on the willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction. Age of household and joining cooperating organizations do not influence the willingness to participate in engineering and non-engineering disaster reduction. On the other hand, the education level, professional skills, and family size influence on one dimension of disaster reduction, but do not influence another dimension of disaster reduction. 相似文献
20.
Managing the risks of extreme events such as natural disasters to advance climate change adaptation (CCA) has been a global focus. However, a critical challenge in supporting CCA is to improve its linkage with disaster risk reduction (DRR). Based on discussions on similarities and differences between CCA and DRR concerning their spatial–temporal scales, main focuses, preferred research approaches and methodologies, etc., this paper tentatively put forward an analytical framework of “6W” for linking DRR with CCA. This framework presented preliminary answers to a series of fundamental questions, such as “What is adaptation with respect to disaster risk?” “Why adaptation is needed?” “Who adapt to what?” “How to adapt?” “What are the possible principles to assess the adaptation effect?” To bridge the research gaps between CCA and DRR, it is imperative to associate the adaptation actions with both near-term disaster risk and long-term climate change and formulate adaptation strategies at various spatial–temporal scales by embracing uncertainty in a changing climate. 相似文献