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1.
无人飞机在台风探测中的应用进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
与有人飞机的台风探测不同,无人飞机(也称无人机)因其相对低的成本且无人员伤亡风险等优势,自1997年一款名为"气象侦察兵(Aerosonde)"投入台风探测试验以来,受到国际社会的广泛关注。随着无人机技术的迅猛发展,无人机的飞行高度、有效荷载和续航能力等性能不断提高,更多的台风特种观测仪器被搭载,特别是2010年NASA使用高空长航时无人机"全球鹰(Global Hawk)"对大西洋5个飓风的飞行探测取得成功后,基于无人机平台建立高空下投探空和近地/水面飞行观测相结合的台风精细结构探测体系渐成趋势。目前我国尚未建立飞机探测台风的业务,严重制约了我国台风定位定强和台风数值预报精度的进一步提高。鉴于此,简要概述了境内外无人机在台风探测中的实践和发展趋势,旨在推进我国无人机探测台风的实践及其业务化体系的建设。 相似文献
2.
念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川气象要素变化特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用在念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川垭口架设的自动气象站观测资料,分析了2006年9月1日至2007年8月31日的气温、气压、相对湿度和风等气象要素的日和季节变化特征.结果表明:拉弄冰川垭口气温日变化呈现升温快降温慢的特点,年平均气温为-8.1℃,最冷月为2月,最暖月为7月,其温度分别为-17.6℃和0.7℃;相对湿度日变化呈单峰单谷型,年平均相对湿度为53.4%,8月最大1月最小;气压日变化呈双峰双谷型,年均气压值为497.1hPa,9月值最大2月值最小,其气压分别为501.9hPa和489.9hPa;冬春季的风速日变化比夏秋季大,年均风速为4.2m.s-1,1月最大8月最小,其风速分别为7.5m.s-1和2.5m.s-1,全年盛行以偏南风和偏北风为主,约占全年盛行风向频率的75.2%. 相似文献
3.
2005年5～7月珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6 523 m气象要素特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
依据2005年第4次珠穆朗玛峰地区综合科学考察队在北坡海拔6 523 m处设立的自动气象站资料,分析了5月1日~7月22日的气温、相对湿度、饱和水汽压、气压和风等气象要素每10 min和日记录的观测资料.结果表明,温度和饱和水汽压的平均日变化均为单峰单谷型,相对湿度平均日变化为单谷型,气压平均日变化为双峰双谷型,风速平均日变化呈现不对称的单峰型.在观测的83 d中,温度、相对湿度、饱和水汽压和气压在波动中逐渐增大,而风速不断减小,风向由南风逐渐向北风转变;相对湿度和饱和水汽压的变化幅度大,并有明显的局部差异性.与1960年5月份相比,2005年5月份的候平均温度、候最高温度和候最低温度都明显下降. 相似文献
4.
《冰川冻土》2017,(3)
使用中国北极黄河站、德法联合AWIPEV站和挪威NPI站自动气象观测资料,对Ny-?lesund地区近年来的气候特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:2005-2014年期间Ny-?lesund地区年均气温为(-3.3±0.7)℃;该地区过去40 a间的升温速率为(0.76±0.29)℃·(10a)~(-1),是同期全球升温速率(0.17±0.03)℃·(10a)~(-1)的4~5倍。2005-2014年期间年均相对湿度为(75.9±1.0)%,月均相对湿度的最高和最低值分别出现在8月和4月,比月均最高和最低气温滞后一个月;年均比湿为(2.5±0.1)g·kg~(-1),比湿上升速率为(0.14±0.12)g·kg~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)(1994-2010年)。2005-2014年期间年均气压为(1 008.2±2.1)hPa,5月平均气压最高,12月平均气压最低,气压日变化呈双峰双谷型。该地区风力较弱,2006-2013年间年均风速仅为(3.3±0.3)m·s~(-1);由于受Svalbard群岛冰帽和冰川等地形特征的影响,Ny-?lesund地区全年盛行东南风。该地区气候表现出典型的极地海洋性气候特征,冬季冰雪-夏季高寒苔原的特殊下垫面特征对其天气气候也有重要影响。 相似文献
5.
《物探化探计算技术》2016,(6)
缺少飞行平台是目前我国进行复杂地形条件下物探数据获取的主要瓶颈之一,而无人机作为一种成本低、操作灵活、无人员伤亡危险的空中移动探测平台,正好满足高效率资源勘查的需要。近年来,国内、外航空物探飞行平台从传统的有人机向无人机发展已经取得了一定成果。这里分别介绍了国内、外无人机航空物探研发及应用现状,以及国内自主技术的无人机航空物探应用成果,分析了目前无人机航空物探存在的主要优势及不足,并对无人机航空物探的发展前景进行了分析与展望。 相似文献
6.
气象驱动数据质量是影响流域水文过程模拟精度的一个重要因素。基于新疆额尔齐斯河流域及周边区域8个气象站记录的数据,对ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国区域地面气象要素驱动数据集（CMFD）在流域的适用性进行了评价,并对比了ERA-Interim和CMFD气象要素年均值在流域的空间分布。结果表明：ERA-Interim和CMFD记录气温、相对湿度、向下短波辐射和向下长波辐射数据与观测数据具有较高的一致性,但降水和风速数据与观测数据的一致性比较差。小时尺度上ERA-Interim记录的气温、相对湿度、降水量、向下短波辐射准确度略高于CMFD数据,而日尺度上CMFD记录的所有气象要素的准确度均高于ERA-Interim数据,结合Noah-MP模型的模拟结果,认为CMFD数据在新疆额尔齐斯河流域的适用性整体优于ERA-Interim数据。从两种驱动数据获取的流域气象要素空间分布来看,ERA-Interim和CMFD获取的年平均气温、风速、相对湿度、降水量、向下长波辐射在流域空间具有高度一致性,但向下短波辐射空间分布差别较大。 相似文献
7.
多通道地基微波辐射计在0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后探测性能及特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用上海市气象局2007年9月进行的"韦帕"台风探测试验资料和地面常规观测资料,对多通道地基微波辐射计在0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后探测性能及特征进行了分析。结果表明:多通道地基微波辐射计探测的温度和相对湿度趋势与GPS探空得到的基本一致,尽管二者之间存在一些小的差异,但也表明了微波辐射计对台风具有一定的探测能力。0713号"韦帕"台风登陆前后温度和水汽密度场上,甚短生命史的冷暖气柱和高水汽密度柱十分活跃,体现了"韦帕"台风登陆前后的阵性特征。 相似文献
8.
饱和-非饱和带温度广泛用于判断地下水运动.在野外试验获取的实验数据基础上,分析饱和-非饱和的温度变化特征,结果表明:风积沙包气带70 cm以上温度呈现昼夜波动特征,70 cm以下温度为趋势变化;夜间降水加速了土壤温度的下降,白天降水量较大时对土壤温度影响较大;土壤温度与气温、净辐射呈正相关关系,与气压呈负相关关系;多元线性回归分析表明,气温、净辐射、相对湿度、风速和气压解释了50％以上的饱和非饱和带温度变化. 相似文献
9.
玉龙雪山白水1号冰川近地层气象要素变化特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用2011年10月1日至2012年9月30日玉龙雪山白水1号冰川海拔4 500 m气象观测资料,对位于我国最南、亚欧大陆距赤道最近的海洋型冰川区近地层气象要素基本特征进行了分析,并与同海拔大陆型冰川——祁连山老虎沟12号冰川区近地层气象要素进行了对比。研究表明：海洋型与大陆型冰川区气温逐时变化呈单峰单谷型分布,均表现出升温快降温慢的特点,观测点5 m层气温高于2 m层气温,二者差值日变化呈单峰型,峰值出现在北京时间12：00;受季风气候影响,研究区干季相对湿度小,湿季相对湿度大,年均相对湿度为73.3%,与相对湿度相比,研究区水汽压变化更受控于气温;两冰川区冬半年气压低,夏半年气压高,均表现为典型的"高山型"气压;受冰川"冷效应"影响研究区干季风速大,湿季风速小,因冰川规模较小,研究区冰川风不发达,谷风发育强劲;受季风期云雨影响,白水1号冰川区总辐射在季风前期达到最大值,季风期达到极小值,年均总辐射量低于老虎沟12号冰川同海拔地区。 相似文献
10.
利用中山站1989-2011年极昼期间的气温、气压、风、降水等高质量的地面气象观测资料, 对中山站极昼期间气象要素基本气候特征和变化趋势进行了统计与分析, 研究了极昼期间天气特征. 结果表明: 极昼期间年平均气温为-0.6 ℃, 呈缓慢下降趋势, 其变化速率为-0.2 ℃·(10a)-1;年平均风速为5.4 m·s-1, 变化速率为-0.5 m·s-1·(10a)-1;共出现降水日数459 d, 占极昼期间总日数的33.3%;年平均日照时数为763.8 h, 日照时数呈上升趋势, 变化速率为26.8 h·(10a) -1. 研究结果有助于了解和研究南极中山站气候概况, 对中山站度夏科学考察工作有重要的参考价值. 相似文献
11.
Future variability of droughts in three Mediterranean catchments 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
This study investigates the intensity change in typhoons and storm surges surrounding the Korean Peninsula under global warming conditions as obtained from the MPI_ECHAM5 climate model using the A1B series. The authors use the Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function to estimate future background fields for typhoon simulations from twenty-first-century prediction results. A series of numerical experiments applies WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and POM (Prinston Ocean Model) models to simulate two historical typhoons, Maemi (2003) and Rusa (2002), and associated storm surges under real historical and future warming conditions. Applying numerical experiments to two typhoons, this study found that their central pressure dropped about 19 and 17 hPa, respectively, when considering the future sea surface temperature (a warming of 3.9 °C for 100 years) over the East China Sea (Exp. 1). The associated enhancement of storm surge height ranged from 16 to 67 cm along the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. However, when the study considered global warming conditions for other atmospheric variables such as sea-level pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, geopotential height, and wind in the typhoon simulations (Exp. 2), the intensities of the two typhoons and their associated surge heights scarcely increased compared to the results of Exp. 1. Analyzing projected atmospheric variables, the authors found that air temperatures at the top of the storm around 200 hPa increased more than those at the surface in tropical and mid-latitudes. The reduced vertical temperature difference provided an unfavorable condition in the typhoon’s development even under conditions of global warming. This suggests that global warming may not always correlate with a large increase in the number of intense cyclones and/or an increase in associated storm surges. 相似文献
12.
Impact of additional surface observation network on short range weather forecast during summer monsoon 2008 over Indian subcontinent 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The three dimensional variational data assimilation scheme (3D-Var) is employed in the recently developed Weather Research
and Forecasting (WRF) model. Assimilation experiments have been conducted to assess the impact of Indian Space Research Organisation’s
(ISRO) Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) surface observations (temperature and moisture) on the short range forecast over the
Indian region. In this study, two experiments, CNT (without AWS observations) and EXP (with AWS observations) were made for
24-h forecast starting daily at 0000 UTC during July 2008. The impact of assimilation of AWS surface observations were assessed
in comparison to the CNT experiment. The spatial distribution of the improvement parameter for temperature, relative humidity
and wind speed from one month assimilation experiments demonstrated that for 24-h forecast, AWS observations provide valuable
information. Assimilation of AWS observed temperature and relative humidity improved the analysis as well as 24-h forecast.
The rainfall prediction has been improved due to the assimilation of AWS data, with the largest improvement seen over the
Western Ghat and eastern India. 相似文献
13.
藏北高原典型季节冻土区和多年冻土区小气候特征对比研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用藏北高原位于季节冻土区的那曲BJ站和多年冻土区的唐古拉站2008年气象要素观测资料,对两站点的小气候特征进行了分析和对比,得到以下结论：那曲BJ站最大冻结深度可达1.5m左右;唐古拉站活动层最大融化深度超过了3.0m。两站的气温、比湿、降雨和积雪均有明显的季节变化;降雨和比湿均是5-10月较大,其他时段较小;积雪均基本集中在1-3月和10-12月。各层土壤温度及日变幅、温度的月均值和月最高/低值及月较差、比湿的月均值和瞬时最大值、风速瞬时最大值均是那曲BJ站大于唐古拉站。那曲BJ站与唐古拉站的风速、气温、比湿的年平均值分别是4.73m·s-1、-1.34℃、3.96g·kg-1和4.02m·s-1、-5.80℃、3.25g·kg-1,年降雨量和积雪日数分别为590.50mm、114d和405.27mm、135d,两站5-10月的降雨量分别占全年降雨量的96.20%和86.55%。两站在2月初和11月初由于较大降雪均出现了气温陡降的现象,最大积雪日均出现在11月,日最大积雪深度BJ站小于唐古拉站。典型晴天日,那曲BJ站在冬季而唐古拉站在冬春季节风速日变化明显;比湿日变化夏秋季节较冬春季节明显。 相似文献
14.
Lihe Yin Yangxiao Zhou Jinting Huang Jochen Wenninger Guangcai Hou Eryong Zhang Xiaoyong Wang Jiaqiu Dong Jun Zhang Stefan Uhlenbrook 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(12):4997-5006
Sap flow (SF)of a willow tree, meteorological variables, soil water content, and water table depth were measured during the growing period from mid-April to October, 2011 in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment, Northwest China. The measurements of SF showed diurnal fluctuations in sunny days and seasonal changes from 1.65 l/h in mid-April to 33 l/h in July. At hourly scale, SF is significantly correlated with net radiation, followed by air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. At daily scale, air temperature affects the dynamics of SF significantly. Daily SF correlates positively with net radiation and negatively with relative humidity. There is no correlation observed between daily SF and wind speed. The measurements of SF do not indicate water stress although the experimental period is dry. Correlation analysis shows that SF is strongly correlated with soil moisture and water table depth, indicating the willow tree uses both soil water and groundwater for transpiration. 相似文献
15.
Sanja Grgurić Josip Križan Goran Gašparac Oleg Antonić Zdravko Špirić Rodelise E. Mamouri A. Christodoulou Argyro Nisantzi Athos Agapiou Kyriakos Themistocleous Kurt Fedra Charalambos Panayiotou Diofantos Hadjimitsis 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2014,6(1):2-16
This study analyzes the relationship between Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) obtained from Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and ground-based PM10 mass concentration distribution over a period of 5 years (2008–2012), and investigates the applicability of satellite AOD data for ground PM10 mapping for the Croatian territory. Many studies have shown that satellite AOD data are correlated to ground-based PM mass concentration. However, the relationship between AOD and PM is not explicit and there are unknowns that cause uncertainties in this relationship. The relationship between MODIS AOD and ground-based PM10 has been studied on the basis of a large data set where daily averaged PM10 data from the 12 air quality stations across Croatia over the 5 year period are correlated with AODs retrieved from MODIS Terra and Aqua. A database was developed to associate coincident MODIS AOD (independent) and PM10 data (dependent variable). Additional tested independent variables (predictors, estimators) included season, cloud fraction, and meteorological parameters — including temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, as well as planetary boundary layer height — using meteorological data from WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model. It has been found that 1) a univariate linear regression model fails at explaining the data variability well which suggests nonlinearity of the AOD-PM10 relationship, and 2) explanation of data variability can be improved with multivariate linear modeling and a neural network approach, using additional independent variables. 相似文献
16.
On 19 August 1997 Typhoon Winnie brought unusually strong and extensive coastal flooding from storm surges to the west coast of Korea, which was farenough from the typhoon's center to lack significant local wind and pressure forcing.Sea levels at some tidal stations broke 36-year records and resulted in property damages of $18,000,000. This study investigated the causes of the unusual high sea levels by using an Astronomical-Meteorological Index (AMI) and a coupled ocean wave-circulation model developed by the present authors. The AMI analysis and the numerical simulation of the surge event showed that the major cause of the high sea levels was not the standard inverse barometric effect supplemented by water piling up along the coast by the wind field of the typhoon as is usual for a typical storm surge, but rather an enhanced tidal forcing from the perigean spring tide and water transported into the Yellow Sea by the currents generated by the typhoon. The numerical results also indicated that the transported water accounted for about 50% of the increased sea levels. Another cause for the coastal flooding was the resonance coupling of the Yellow Sea (with a natural normal mode period of 37.8 h) and the predominant period of the surge (36.5 h). 相似文献
17.
A case study of atmospheric boundary layer features during winter over a tropical inland station — Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Denny P. Alappattu P. K. Kunhikrishnan Marina Aloysius M. Mohan 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(4):281-293
The local weather and air quality over a region are greatly influenced by the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and
dynamics. ABL characteristics were measured using a tethered balloon-sonde system over Kharagpur (22.32°N, 87.32°E, 40m above
MSL), India, for the period 7 December 2004 to 30 December 2004, as a part of the Indian Space Research Organization-Geosphere
Biosphere Program (ISRO-GBP) Aerosol Land Campaign II. High-resolution data of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed
and wind direction were archived along with surface layer measurements using an automatic weather station. This paper presents
the features of ABL, like ABL depth and nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) depth. The sea surface winds from Quikscat over the
oceanic regions near the experiment site were analyzed along with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis winds over Kharagpur to estimate
the convergence of wind, moisture and vorticity to understand the observed variations in wind speed and relative humidity,
and also the increased aerosol concentrations. The variation of ventilation coefficient (V C), a factor determining the air pollution potential over a region, is also discussed in detail. 相似文献
18.
艾比湖流域1957－2013年潜在蒸散、气温、降水变化特征分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
使用1957－2013年艾比湖流域6个气象站点的平均大气压、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均相对湿度、平均风速、日照百分率以及降水量资料,通过Penman-Monteith方程计算出各个站的月和年潜在蒸散量．利用线性倾向估计、累积距平法和Mann-Kendall法分析了该流域近57年的潜在蒸散量、气温及降水量变化特征．结果表明：近57年来艾比湖流域年潜在蒸散量以－25．05 mm·（10a）－1的速度呈下降趋势．近7年的平均潜在蒸散量与过去50年相比较偏少77．36 mm．年平均气温以0．33℃·（10a）－1的速度上升．近7年的平均气温比过去50年的平均气温增加了1℃．年降水量以7．97 mm·（10a）－1的速度增多．近7年的平均降水量与过去50年的平均降水量相比增多32．45 mm． 相似文献