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1.
The study focuses on the analysis of manufacturing industry in Saudi Arabia by examining development, structure and spatial distribution. The analysis has shown that Saudi manufacturing is basically of recent development and is highly capital- and energy-intensive, particularly the hydrocarbon-based groups. Perhaps the most conspicuous weakness of Saudi industrialization is the almost total dependence on expatriate labour. Foreign capital and expertise share in the building and development of the industrial sector by providing technical, managerial, and marketing skills. Saudi industry is heavily subsidized by the government, and the public sector plays a commanding role in industrial development. Large-scale basic industries are owned and run by the government, while light manufacturing of the import-substitution type is dominated by the private sector. One of the main characteristics of manufacturing industry is that it is scantily diversified, modestly concentrated and remarkably linked geographically but not functionally or structurally. Although the authorities are exerting tremendous efforts to achieve a regional balance in industrial development, Saudi manufacturing industry is significantly polarized, urban-oriented and highly associated with the major axes of population scatter. Like all developing countries beginning to industrialize, Saudi manufacturing industry faces certain problems which have to be resolved so as to lay the foundations for a sound and prosperous industrial future. The paper goes on to indicate problems and to suggest solutions. 相似文献
2.
Regional and sectoral differences in the spatial restructuring of Chinese manufacturing industries during the post-WTO period 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on the micro level data, this paper examined the spatial changes of Chinese manufacturing industries during 2002–2007. Liberalized and globalized industries are largely concentrated in the coastal region while low technology, resource-based and protected industries are widely dispersed in the inland regions. Some labor-intensive industries in the coastal region encountered congestion effects and are relocated to the central region. Statistical results indicate that industrial enterprises have significantly benefited from the geographical proximity of related enterprises. The agglomeration effects however differ across regions and sectors. The coastal region enjoys both localization and urbanization economies. The western region has no significant localization economies while the central region has no evidence of urbanization economies. The Capital Region enjoys urbanization economies to a certain degree. Both the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta have the benefits of agglomeration. The further agglomeration in the PRD however would generate congestion effects. Although labor-intensive industries gain from agglomeration effects they are more likely to suffer from the congestion effects of related enterprises. The empirical findings indicate that agglomeration effects are not pervasive in transitional economies like China. Industrial agglomeration would contribute to productivity improvement only in a globalized and liberalized environment. 相似文献
3.
Mr. J. Sargent 《GeoJournal》1980,4(3):205-214
This paper outlines the main changes in industrial location in Japan since the end of World War II. After a brief introduction, the paper discusses the growth of industrial regions between 1955 and 1965, and gives particular attention to the establishment of heavy industrial complexes in coastal locations and to the growth of assembly-line industries in inland locations. Some reference is also made to the role of local government inducement policies. The paper then turns to an examination of trends since 1965, and considers the significance of external diseconomies, changes in local government policy, labour shortage, improvements in transport and communications, and regional development policy. The paper argues that these factors have been responsible for a limited dispersal of manufacturing away from the main industrial regions. In conclusion, the paper briefly considers the implications of current economic trends for industrial location. 相似文献
4.
Spatial concentration of manufacturing always ends up with regional inequalities. This phenomenon is also true in the case
of Thailand. The pattern of industrial development in Thailand from 1996 to 2005 was examined using composite index in analyzing
the pattern, the results of which are described in this paper. The review was aimed at assessing the effects of development
policies and the factors that influenced the concentration of industrial development in the country. Results of the analysis
indicated that most industries are concentrated only in Bangkok and its vicinity even if the Government of Thailand has promoted
investment policies to support and develop provincial industries in the remote rural areas. Moreover, the results also showed
that capital intensive based industries are concentrated in the urban areas, while the resources-based industries are mainly
found in the rural areas. Despite wide zonal variation of industrial development within Thailand, the outcomes of the industrial
decentralization policy are very impressive and leading to the path of greater success in coming decades. 相似文献
5.
Keith Chapman 《Geoforum》1983,14(1):37-44
Most analyses of agglomeration in manufacturing evaluate the merits of clustered and dispersed spatial arrangements of plants in terms of their effects upon the profitability of individual enterprises. However, the problem of defining optimal levels of agglomeration becomes very much more acute if the costs and benefits are considered with reference to society as a whole. Examples of air and water pollution from petrochemical plants in Texas and Louisiana are used to illustrate these difficulties. It is argued that the technology and economics of pollution control have tended to reinforce the cost advantages to industry of agglomeration in large complexes despite the fact that major concentrations of polluting industries may be regarded, from a broader environmental perspective, as intrinsically undesirable. 相似文献
6.
There is growing literature providing insights on the mechanism of industrial agglomeration in the transitional China. Although industries with more exports are found more agglomerated, the extent, process, and determinants of agglomeration of exporting enterprises remain under-explored due to data availability issue. Based on the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms in 2002 and 2007, this study investigated driving forces of the spatial agglomeration of exporters and the co-agglomeration of exporters and nonexporters using three digit level industries as observations. The empirical results imply that agglomeration benefits underpin the agglomeration of exporters and their co-agglomeration with nonexporters. 相似文献
7.
Production space and regional industrial evolution in China 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
A growing literature on evolutionary economic geography concludes that regional industrial evolution is path-dependent and is determined by the preexisting industries. This study more accurately calculates the industry relatedness based on the co-occurrence approach to portray the production space of China’s manufacturing sectors and then examines the impact of industry relatedness on regional industrial evolution. The findings report that industry relatedness does underscore the regional structural change in China but shows significant regional differences in the evolution path. The coastal region has strong tendency of path dependence in its industrial evolution, while North West and South West break the path-dependent trajectory and transition into high productive sectors distant from their own production network. The results suggest that governmental policies can play a crucial role in creating new paths in the West. Institutions matter to allow the significant role of industry relatedness in driving regional industrial evolution. 相似文献
8.
F.E.Ian Hamilton 《Geoforum》1984,15(3):349-364
The transition from growth to stagnation in the international economy has made industrial restructuring more essential, yet harder to achieve. Competition between the industrialized countries is changing the pattern of their comparative advantages, shifting industrial location within the North, a trend supported by the activities of multinational enterprises. This is more important than competition from less-developed countries in many industries. While current trends indicate greater specialization of industrialized countries in high-skill, and capital- and knowledge-intensive industries and of newly industrializing and developing countries on labour-intensive and raw-material-intensive industries, this trend is not necessarily inevitable or desirable. 相似文献
9.
At present there is a tendency for the roles, in the economy, of the environment and natural resources to be interrelated. Economic factors have increasingly been affected by environmental impact in spatial economic organisation (ETO). The growth of production results in the constant increased consumption of natural resources. New sources (of inferior quality in the developed regions or in the regions with extreme conditions), formerly not exploited area now used. At the same time the following tendencies can be observed: increased concentration of production, more complicated branch structure, growth in number of manufacturing industries, decline in the share of mining in industrial output. This tendency is accompanied by the spatial disjunction of technologically interconnected industries (dealing with mining and processing of raw materials) and by the formation of new industrial integrations (not dealing directly with natural resources utilization). In this complicated situation the investigation of natural resources and of the environmental role in the spatial organisation of the economy is becoming of special relevance. In the author's opinion while investigating this problem the type of social system should be considered, as well as the level of development of productive forces and the combination of regional nature and economic conditions. Three aspects of investigation—branch, spatial and functional—are proposed. The analysis of natural resources and environmental impact the spatial organisation of the economy in each of mentioned aspects should be performed on different scales—local, regional, national and international levels. The approach to problem investigation is based on the analysis of data about the USSR. and exemplified. The investigators recommend the application of Soviet experience in this field by the geographers of other countries. 相似文献
10.
Industrial sites are key factors in urban and regional land use planning. Therefore, determining the location of industrial areas is a critical and complex process for development and success. Industrial site selection aims in identifying the most suitable sites for industry creation, considering a set of influential criteria. Therefore, site selection generally and industrial site selection specifically can be categorised as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that requires detailed evaluation of various dimensions. This study developed a set of clusters containing 10 selection criteria for industrial site selection in Isfahan metropolitan area, Iran. The relationships between the criteria and clusters were modelled and analysed using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and analytical network process (ANP). AHP and ANP agree in finding distance to water bodies and distance to other industries as the most and least important selection criteria. Four patches have been identified as suitable alternatives for industrial construction. While AHP found Borkhar Patch 1 as the most appropriate alternative, ANP demonstrated the superiority of Ardestan Patch over others. Conducting a sensitivity analysis for the models confirmed both models robustness in industrial site selection decisions. 相似文献
11.
Since the early 1970s the Australian economy has undergone major transformations common to other western industrialised countries. Jobs in manufacturing declined precipitately whilst the service economy grew, most significantly in producer services but also in lower skilled jobs. Tourism and services exports began to rival traditional agricultural and mining staples. Social outcomes, also typical of international trends, included rising unemployment and polarisation of incomes. Australia's changing global context, especially the nation's increasing orientation towards Asian growth economies, have underpinned restructuring. A political climate of economic rationalism has facilitated and accentuated restructuring. The economic shifts of the past quarter century have meant that everywhere the basis for economic growth has changed. Overlaying and reinforcing the re-definition of competitive advantage has been a shift in the pattern of agglomeration economies and diseconomies. New growth regions have emerged, others have had their prospects reinforced, and still others have had their outlook diminished in absolute or, more commonly, relative terms. The paper traces the regional outcomes of national economic restructuring and shifts in the balance of agglomeration economies and diseconomies over the period from 1971 to 1991. The focus is on the top end of the urban hierarchy, on specialised industrial cities where job loss from manufacturing has hit hard, amenity regions where international and domestic tourism have been major factors in growth, and non-metropolitan balances where growth has been uneven but generally low. Demographic, economic sectoral and welfare indicators are woven into a tableau of change expressed at national, intra-state and intrametropolitan scales. 相似文献
12.
工业用地是区域土地利用的重要组成部分,也是影响区域土地集约利用的关键因素。以江苏省阜宁经济开发区为例,从系统集约度及协调度出发,研究区域各工业行业的集约度及协调度,结果显示：阜宁经济开发区工业用地整体处于低效利用水平,工业土地利用协调性处于轻度失调状态;主导行业机械机电业用地的集约性、协调性都较差;电子电工、纺织服装及食品饮料业用地规模较大且集约性、协调性超过区域平均水平,可作为阜宁开发区未来重点扶持发展的行业。 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》1988,19(2):133-145
Enthusiasm for economic development in newly-industrializing countries is tempered by the thought of enhanced regional disparities which seem to inevitably accompany such processes. A breakthrough from being consigned such an outcome is possible if the country can successfully switch from import-substitution industrialization to that centered on export promotion. Conceptually, such an amended course would allow for the diversification of regional economies and the development of regional cities associated with the export trade. Under this scenario, the necessity to bolster a core industrial region — almost always focused on the capital city — is made redundant and national strategies can officially espouse regional development targets with some chance of success. Taiwan is both a stellar performer among the newly-industrializing countries and a subscriber to the export-promotion school. It affords, then, an obvious case study for assessing the degree of core-periphery disparity in economic activities. Additionally, its government is much given to declaring the benefits of industrialization for the populace, and has gone a considerable way to provide manufacturing decentralization by means of a string of development districts peppering the island and a number of ‘mega-proj ects’ of the industrial complex kind. An analysis of the distribution of employment engendered between 1975 and 1985 is forthcoming with both optimistic and cautionary results. In the first case, the degree of spatial concentration in growth activities — and especially manufacturing — has ameliorated but, secondly, the proviso remains that the momentum of growth enjoyed by the core is sufficient to guarantee that favored region a disproportionate share of the job prospects thrown up by the ‘economic miracle’. 相似文献
14.
Sebastian Henn 《Geoforum》2012,43(3):497-506
Building on the buzz-and-pipelines model of regional clusters, the paper shows that transnational entrepreneurs play an important role in the construction of external cluster relations and hence influence both the dynamics of regional clusters and global production settings. Unlike most studies on the economic implications of transnational migrants, the paper deals with a labor intensive manufacturing sector. In detail, diamond dealers from the Indian city of Palanpur will be conceptualized as transnational entrepreneurs who, in the past, were able to cover certain locations of the diamond value added chain with family members. The global relations set up by these families at the same time formed business networks allowing for an intense global exchange of knowledge and artifacts (diamonds). In the long run, these patterns implied a change of the overall production structures: in Antwerp, a traditional diamond trading and cutting center, the Indian dealers developed to strong competitors in the smaller stones segment and as such contributed to the fading away of the historically grown industrial base. In addition, the institutional support structures were partly dismantled. On the other hand, in India, a new cluster in diamond cutting emerged. The findings suggest that transnational entrepreneurs can contribute to a weakening of traditional cluster structures and therefore call for a more differentiated view as evoked by the one-sided focus of studies on returnee migrants in the high-tech sector. 相似文献
15.
Susan Christopherson 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):739-751
Predictions that work in fields such as computer programming, architecture, and graphic design will be globally sourced have raised the specter of job losses among skilled workers in high wage economies. One of the most interesting cases tied to this controversy is that of so-called “runaway” motion picture and television production from the traditional center of entertainment media production in Los Angeles to non-US satellite production centers. Although runaway production is an old complaint in the entertainment media industries, the production location decisions of media entertainment firms since the mid-1990s look considerably different than those in the 1980s when a similar alarm was raised. Among the critical differences are: (1) the location of an expanded range of production activities in regions outside the “headquarters” location of Los Angeles; (2) the ability of transnational firms to access multiple, self-organized and networked pools of skilled labor in production locations outside Los Angeles; and (3) the expanded role of the sub-national state in reducing the overall production costs of transnational firms, including those attendant to their use of skilled labor pools. The current controversy provides an opportunity to consider how transnational firms use international out-sourcing to address their need for high-skilled and specialized labor in the production process. It also contributes to the on-going theoretical debate over how transnational firms are combining the advantages to be derived from territorial agglomeration with those of substitutability of labor skills in multiple locations. 相似文献
16.
Using LMDI method to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
China’s petrochemical industries are playing an important role in China’s economic development. However, the industries consume large amounts of energy and have become primary sources of carbon emission. In this paper, the change in carbon emissions from China’s petrochemical industries between 2000 and 2010 was quantitatively analyzed with the Log-Mean Divisia Index method, which was decomposed into economic output effect, industrial structural effect and technical effect. The results show that economic output effect is the most important factor driving carbon emission growth in China’s petrochemical industries; industrial structural effect has certain decrement effect on carbon emissions; adjustment of industrial structure by developing low-carbon emission industrial sectors may be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions; and the impact of technical effect varies considerably without showing any clear decrement effect trend over the period of year 2000–2010. The biggest challenge is how to make use of these factors to balance the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions. This study will promote a more comprehensive understanding of the inter-relationships of economic development, industrial structural shift, technical effect and carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries and is helpful for exploration of relevant strategies to reduce carbon emissions. 相似文献
17.
深圳珠宝产业聚集区是中国内地最大的综合性珠宝首饰加工、制造与批发中心。近年来以万山工业区为中心逐渐形成翡翠批发市场,填补了深圳珠宝产业聚集区的空白。相对于广州、揭阳、平洲、四会等成熟翡翠市场来说,深圳翡翠市场仍属于一个新兴市场。对该翡翠市场进行了SWOT（即优势、劣势、机会与威胁）分析后认为,该市场的发展潜力巨大,但其竞争压力也十分严峻;同时,也为从业者正确认识该市场的环境态势、制定正确的经营策略、提高其竞争力、为深圳翡翠市场的健康、快速发展提供一定的指导。 相似文献
18.
Learning and local competitiveness: the case of Turin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Paolo Giaccaria 《GeoJournal》1999,49(4):401-410
This contribution aims to illustrate the most recent initiatives of cluster strategy analysis and implementation to revitalise the Turin metropolitan region. In the paper, theoretical and methodological, analytical and political assumptions interweave inextricably. For these reasons, it is divided into a number of distinct but sequential parts. First of all, the problem of regional competitive advantage and the underlying logic of interpretation are established as the expression of the structural dynamics that involve the contemporary economy.The quantitative and qualitative methodologies that were used to outline the existence of clustered business systems in the Turin region are then examined. More particularly, the Turin manufacturing system has been broken down into eight clusters of three different types: (a) strategic, (b) innovative, (c) traditional. Starting from the clusters identified, I then try to grasp the logic of interpretation of the Turin system and, as a consequence, the strategies of political intervention.Finally, this contribution examines the problems of implementing an industrial policy strategy, which is centred on the creation of `Cluster Observatories', the reorganisation of the local economic and urban planning offices, and the establishment of a special agency for industrial policy. 相似文献
19.
Dr. Chandra Rojesh 《GeoJournal》1988,16(2):169-178
This paper analyses the significance, structure, and organisation of the manufacturing sector in Fiji, drawing on the author's
earlier much larger study of industrialisation in Fiji. The latest Fijian census of industrial production (1984) and the author's
1983 survey of manufacturers in Fiji provide the main statistical basis of the study, which shows that the manufacturing sector
is a moderately important component of the Fijian economy. It is dominated by resource industries, particularly food processing,
but a wide range of manufacturing activities have, nonetheless, developed. There is a substantial number of small manufacturing
establishments with a few large establishments, the latter, however, making an overwhelmingly important contribution to employment,
gross output and value added. The market structure in the manufacturing sector is dominated by monopolies and oligopolies
resulting from Fiji's small domestic market and its import substitution industrialisation strategy. There is an absence of
informal sector activities in Fijian manufacturing, most firms being incorporated companies. The state has a major role as
a direct producer in Fijian manufacturing.
There are bound to be major changes in the manufacturing sector due to Fiji's current political crisis, but this paper does
not address these because of the recency of the events and the consequent unavailability of relevant data. 相似文献
20.
This paper develops an ethnographic study of a small rural based ‘creative cluster’, called Krowji, situated in the town of Redruth in West Cornwall, UK. The dominant geographies of creative industries research and policy in recent years have an acknowledged urban bias together with a focus on narratives of agglomeration. This paper sits alongside research that brings to the fore ‘other’ geographies of cultural production, and reflects an increasing interest in work on creativity in rural areas. Following work by Storper and Pratt, we explore Krowji’s complex interdependencies, investigating ‘the relations within, without and across the cluster’. We focus on the relationships between Krowji and its surrounding area together with the spatialities and temporalities of the relations that occur across and beyond the cluster. We address the dynamics and durability of relations formed within the cluster also paying attention to their disconnections. In offering this analysis we develop a valuable counterpoint to the urban bias of much work on creative clusters and we contribute to work that is looking more closely at the temporalities and spatialities of cultural production. Further, we point towards the value of ethnographical research on the creative industries. 相似文献