共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
O. N. Lukyanova S. A. Cherkashin L. V. Nigmatulina A. P. Chernyaev E. L. Veideman S. A. Ireykina T. S. Pryazhevskaya 《Water Resources》2009,36(5):586-593
The paper presents data on pollutant input into and the state of biota in Ussuri Bay—the largest inner water area of Peter
the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan), which is of significance for fishery and recreation. The study revealed negative dynamics
in pollutant input over the past 15 years, reversible changes in the structural-functional characteristics of communities
and molecular biomarkers in regional indicator species in most parts of the bay. Areas with heaviest pollution and water toxicity
for biota are identified. 相似文献
2.
A. V. Andrianova V. V. Zavoruev V. A. Zadelennov V. N. Lopatin T. V. Mikhaleva L. A. Shchur 《Water Resources》2006,33(2):176-186
The present-day state of the ecosystem of the cooling reservoir of the Berezovskaya State District Power Plant (SDPP) in Krasnoyarsk Territory was assessed in the vegetation period of 2003. The structural-functional characteristics of bacterio-, phyto-, and zooplankton, zoobenthos, and ichthyofauna are considered. Heated waters are supposed to affect the morphology of zooplankters. 相似文献
3.
《Advances in water resources》2005,28(1):69-86
This paper examines the linkage between the drainage network and the patterns of soil water balance components determined by the organization of vegetation, soils and climate in a semiarid river basin. Research during the last 10 years has conclusively shown an increasing degree of organization and unifying principles behind the structure of the drainage network and the three-dimensional geometry of river basins. This cohesion exists despite the infinite variety of shapes and forms one observes in natural watersheds. What has been relatively unexplored in a quantitative and general manner is the question of whether or not the interaction of vegetation, soils, and climate also display a similar set of unifying characteristics among the very different patterns they presents in river basins. A recently formulated framework for the water balance at the daily level links the observed patterns of basin organization to the soil moisture dynamics. Using available geospatial data, we assign soil, climate, and vegetation properties across the basin and analyze the probabilistic characteristics of steady-state soil moisture distribution. We investigate the presence of organization through the analysis of the spatial patterns of the steady-state soil moisture distribution, as well as in the distribution of observed vegetation patterns, simulated vegetation dynamic water stress and hydrological fluxes such as transpiration. Here we show that the drainage network acts as a template for the organization of both vegetation and hydrological patterns, which exhibit self-affine characteristics in their distribution across the river basin. Our analyses suggest the existence of a balance between the large-scale determinants of vegetation pattern reflecting optimality in the response to water stress and the random small-scale patterns that arise from local factors and ecological legacies such as those caused by dispersal, disturbance, and founder effects. 相似文献
4.
E. A. Zilov 《Water Resources》2013,40(1):84-95
The current and future state of the Earth’s water resources under present-day trends in water use is discussed. The activity of international institutions in the organization of management of lake ecosystems and drainage basins was analyzed from the viewpoint of sustainable development. The work of International Committee on Lake Environment, International Joint Commission (USA and Canada), International Commission on Lake Constance Protection, Autonomous Bilateral Management of Lake Titicaca, Commission on Chad Lake Basin, and Fishery Organization of Lake Victoria. Recommendations are proposed for the organization of international management of water bodies and their drainage basins. 相似文献
5.
《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1988,8(1):98-103
Ground water monitoring is considered to be a significant component of the geological service in the U.S.S.R. Currently, the total number of ground water monitoring wells exceeds 30,000. They are divided into two categories, which are the first class, or basic observation wells, and the second class, or auxiliary observation wells. The main objectives of both monitoring networks are briefly described. The general scheme of ground water monitoring organization is also presented. 相似文献
6.
A method is proposed for the simulation and analysis of the processes of rehabilitation of water bodies based on the construction of their multifractal models, accounting for the heterogeneity of the inclosing ecosystem. It is proposed to assess the integral response of the ecosystem to control actions by imposing its multifractal image onto selected forms of critical organization, corresponding to the limits of self-recovery of water body structure. 相似文献
7.
The need to develop information-analytical systems (IAS) for water resources quality management is substantiated. The structure and principles of IAS organization, developed by the authors, are specified. A mathematical model that serves as a basis for the simulation block of proposed IAS is discussed and the results of model calculations are given. 相似文献
8.
Watershed structural influences on the distributions of stream network water and solute travel times under baseflow conditions 
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下载免费PDF全文 Watershed structure influences the timing, magnitude, and spatial location of water and solute entry to stream networks. In turn, stream reach transport velocities and stream network geometry (travel distances) further influence the timing of export from watersheds. Here, we examine how watershed and stream network organization can affect travel times of water from delivery to the stream network to arrival at the watershed outlet. We analysed watershed structure and network geometry and quantified the relationship between stream discharge and solute velocity across six study watersheds (11.4 to 62.8 km2) located in the Sawtooth Mountains of central Idaho, USA. Based on these analyses, we developed stream network travel time functions for each watershed. We found that watershed structure, stream network geometry, and the variable magnitude of inputs across the network can have a pronounced affect on water travel distances and velocities within a stream network. Accordingly, a sample taken at the watershed outlet is composed of water and solutes sourced from across the watershed that experienced a range of travel times in the stream network. We suggest that understanding and quantifying stream network travel time distributions are valuable for deconvolving signals observed at watershed outlets into their spatial and temporal sources, and separating terrestrial and in‐channel hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological influences on in‐stream observations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
Paquita Zuidema Giuseppe Torri Caroline Muller Arunchandra Chandra 《Surveys in Geophysics》2017,38(6):1283-1305
Pools of air cooled by partial rain evaporation span up to several hundreds of kilometers in nature and typically last less than 1 day, ultimately losing their identity to the large-scale flow. These fundamentally differ in character from the radiatively-driven dry pools defining convective aggregation. Advancement in remote sensing and in computer capabilities has promoted exploration of how precipitation-induced cold pool processes modify the convective spectrum and life cycle. This contribution surveys current understanding of such cold pools over the tropical and subtropical oceans. In shallow convection with low rain rates, the cold pools moisten, preserving the near-surface equivalent potential temperature or increasing it if the surface moisture fluxes cannot ventilate beyond the new surface layer; both conditions indicate downdraft origin air from within the boundary layer. When rain rates exceed \(\sim\) 2 mm h\(^{-1}\), convective-scale downdrafts can bring down drier air of lower equivalent potential temperature from above the boundary layer. The resulting density currents facilitate the lifting of locally thermodynamically favorable air and can impose an arc-shaped mesoscale cloud organization. This organization allows clouds capable of reaching 4–5 km within otherwise dry environments. These are more commonly observed in the northern hemisphere trade wind regime, where the flow to the intertropical convergence zone is unimpeded by the equator. Their near-surface air properties share much with those shown from cold pools sampled in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Cold pools are most effective at influencing the mesoscale organization when the atmosphere is moist in the lower free troposphere and dry above, suggesting an optimal range of water vapor paths. Outstanding questions on the relationship between cold pools, their accompanying moisture distribution and cloud cover are detailed further. Near-surface water vapor rings are documented in one model inside but near the cold pool edge; these are not consistent with observations, but do improve with smaller horizontal grid spacings. 相似文献
10.
Upon completion of the Central Arizona Project (CAP), Colorado River water will be delivered some 200 miles inland for agricultural, domestic, and industrial use. Any new importation of water to an area implies adjustments in the organization of the economy of the area. For irrigated agriculture, adjustments will occur in input mix, output mix, acreage farmed, and in gross and net incomes. A complicating factor associated with importation of Colorado River water is that the imported water will contain different dissolved salt concentrations than the groundwater and surface water currently being used.Mathematical programming models of representative irrigated farms in Pinal County, Arizona, are used to project adjustments implied under several assumptions as to the availability, cost and salinity of the various sources of irrigation water. Conclusions are drawn as to the potential winners and losers from project development. Conclusions include the following: Increased salinity should not be of concern to the farmers in the county and Indian farms will reap the greatest share of benefits from the Project. 相似文献
11.
太湖湖滨带的生态建设 总被引：23，自引：6，他引：17
太湖湖滨带是太湖流域重点污染控制区之一。本文根据流域生态学与流域管理学的原理,提出了太湖湖滨带生态建设的途径。（1）发展生态农业,减少农田污染。（2）入湖河道沿岸两侧建设河岸林带,成为农田与河流间的缓冲带。（3）加强沿岸丘陵的水土保持。（4）充分利用湖泊湿地的净化功能,作为治理太湖富营养化的有效措施。（5）选择入湖河道河口,在试验基础上建立人工湿地。推动太湖湖滨带生态建设工程顺利开展的措施：（1）提高全社会的环境保护意识。（2）从组织和制度上加强湖滨带污染控制管理。（3）建立环境监测和信息管理系统。（4）开展湖滨带污染控制工程的试验研究。 相似文献
12.
Kenneth H. Lister 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1989,9(3):101-111
Project organization problems are not uncommon in ground water monitoring projects, particularly those which occur at sites remote from the office. Successful project management depends on coordination of the personnel, supplies, and equipment necessary to carry out each phase of the project. Procedures for planning and organizing field projects involving well installation, ground water sampling, and aquifer testing are outlined. Methods are suggested that will aid the Project Manager in planning and scheduling field work to make efficient use of personnel and material resources. Cautions are given regarding common pitfalls of projects involving operations at remote sites, and means of avoidance are enumerated. A checklist of commonly used field equipment and supplies is provided. 相似文献
13.
K. L. Savitskaya 《Water Resources》2017,44(6):840-848
The ecological state of 18 small rivers in Minsk Region was for the first time estimated by jointly used macrophyte-based characteristics, including saprobity index, biological macrophyte index for rivers, and a scale of cenotic/supercenotic organization of aquatic and coastal-aquatic plants. Rivers with relatively safe ecological status were shown to dominate, while other rivers are in a safe and satisfactory state. The proposed approach to determining the ecological quality of watercourses is based on the calculation of a complex characteristic, i.e., an integral macrophyte index of small river ecological status; this index has been developed in the context of a classification scheme of surface water quality in the National Environmental Monitoring System of the Republic of Belarus. 相似文献
14.
An investigation has been conducted to identify the key parameters that are likely to scale laboratory sediment deposits to the field scale. Two types of bed formation were examined: one where sediment is manually placed and screeded and the second where sediment is fed into a running flume. This later technique created deposits through sequential cycles of sediment transport and deposition. Detailed bed surface topography measurements have been made over a screeded bed and three fed beds. In addition, bulk subsurface porosity and hydraulic conductivity have been measured. By comparing the four beds, results revealed that certain physical properties of the screeded bed were clearly different from those of the fed beds. The screeded bed had a random organization of grains on both the surface and within the subsurface. The fed beds exhibited greater surface and subsurface organization and complexity, and had a number of properties that closely resembled those found for water‐worked gravel beds. The surfaces were water‐worked and armoured and there was preferential particle orientation and direction of imbrication in the subsurface. This suggested that fed beds are able to simulate, in a simplified manner, both the surface and subsurface properties of established gravel‐bed river deposits. The near‐bed flow properties were also compared. It revealed that the use of a screeded bed will typically cause an underestimation in the degree of temporal variability in the flow. Furthermore, time‐averaged streamwise velocities were found to be randomly organized over the screeded bed but were organized into long streamwise flow structures over the fed beds. It clearly showed that caution should be taken when comparing velocity measurements over screeded beds with water‐worked beds, and that the formation of fed beds offers an improved way of investigating intragravel flow and sediment–water interface exchange processes in gravel‐bed rivers at a laboratory scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Frank R. Lobedan Thomas LaBasco Kenny Ogunfunmi 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(9-12):1125-1130
The wharf and embankment strengthening program (WESP) is a structural modification project involving approximately 12,000 linear feet of pile-supported, marginal wharf structures. WESP is necessary because the Port of Oakland plans to deepen its berths from −42′ mean lower low water (MLLW) to −52′ MLLW, in conjunction with a Federal Government-sponsored channel dredging project. Unless they are structurally reinforced prior to the dredging, the waterfront components (i.e. wharves and embankments) will be weakened by the berth deepening project. WESP is a three-phase program that establishes the existing structural and seismic capacities of waterfront components, develops designs for improvements necessary to maintain these capacities after the berth deepening, and constructs the improvements. WESP also includes consideration of seismic upgrade improvements. The Port is currently completing the first phase of the WESP program. This paper will describe the design criteria, project phasing, construction type of waterfront components, project organization, and results to date for WESP. 相似文献
16.
The shredder guild plays an outstanding role in the functioning of headwater stream ecosystems by processing allochthonous leaf litter. Traditionally, the abiotic habitat template is regarded as the major determinant of its organization, and only a limited number of studies support the importance of biotic interactions. The aim of the present study was to examine whether competition plays a significant role in organizing the shredder guild of caddisflies in a riffle. Null-model based co-occurrence, co-existence and guild variation analyses were used in the study of guild organization. In addition, the traditional variance to mean ratio was applied for measuring the intraspecific aggregation of guild members. The non-significant metric values of co-occurrence and co-existence analyses predicted that competition was of limited importance in structuring the spatial organization of the shredder guild. The observed aggregated spatial distribution of species, suggests that besides stochastic events, deterministic forces should also contribute to the organization of the shredder guild of caddisflies. 相似文献
17.
The state of knowledge of the Central European water mite fauna and the research history are briefly surveyed. Several areas for which we are provided with rich data sets are of high value for the monitoring of faunistic trends on the background of local and global environmental change. The need for a database combining historical and actual faunistic information is stressed. It should facilitate the access to all data from former times, give a survey on actual activities by regular updates, and help for a better organization of future research activities. On the base of an update of the Limnofauna Europaea (K.O. Viets 1978, Gerecke in www.watermite.org) a first attempt is made to (1) recognize changes in the Central European fauna during the past 100 years; (2) emphasize species which may be endangered or have disappeared during the past 100 years. At the present state of knowledge, the degree of threat to water mite species in this area is best calculated from their preference for particular habitat types which are rare and in danger to disappear in cultivated landscapes. Our knowledge concerning neozoic water mites in the study area is discussed. 相似文献
18.
《Advances in water resources》1998,21(5):375-384
The impact of rainfall on the spatial-temporal soil moisture variability is investigated by using a model of the soil moisture dynamics and two rainfall models, the noise-forced diffusive precipitation model and the WGR model. The study shows that the variability of the soil moisture field is impacted during the limited time of the storm period. During the interstorm period, the variability of the soil moisture field is closely related with the soil texture, as supported by the analysis of the Washita '92 data set. As the impact of rainfall on the variability of the soil moisture field is limited to the short time period of precipitation, the role of the rainfall is simplified as a source of water to the soil moisture field without any consideration of its variability and/or organization in space. A simulation study of the soil moisture field temporal evolution also supports this result, i.e. a strong relationship between the soil moisture field and the variability of its medium. Also, larger variabilities of the loss field coefficient result in easier removal of moisture from the soil. 相似文献
19.
Daniel B. Stephens 《Ground water》2009,47(2):176-183
Anecdotal evidence, mostly from the United States, suggests that it has become increasingly difficult to find well-trained, entry-level ground water hydrologists to fill open positions in consulting firms and regulatory agencies. The future prospects for filling positions that require training in ground water hydrology are assessed by considering three factors: the market, the numbers of qualified students entering colleges and universities, and the aging of the existing workforce. The environmental and water resources consulting industry has seen continuous albeit variable growth, and demand for environmental scientists and hydrologists is expected to increase significantly. Conversely, students' interest and their enrollment in hydrology and water resources programs have waned in recent years, and the interests of students within these departments have shifted away from ground water hydrology in some schools. This decrease in the numbers of U.S. students graduating in hydrology or emphasizing ground water hydrology is coinciding with the aging of and pending retirement of ground water scientists and engineers in the baby boomer generation. We need to both trigger the imagination of students at the elementary school level so that they later want to apply science and math and communicate the career opportunities in ground water hydrology to those high school and college graduates who have acquired the appropriate technical background. Because the success of a consulting firm, research organization, or regulatory agency is derived from the skills and judgment of the employees, human resources will be an increasingly more critical strategic issue for many years. 相似文献
20.
一个城市或地区的承灾能力主要看其基础设施的承灾能力,其中最重要的一个部分就是生命线系统的承灾能力。在分析评价生命线系统承灾能力时,不仅要考察复杂性、均衡性和可靠性这些网络特征,还要考虑各子系统间的关联性。这种关联对生命线系统整体的承灾能力有削弱作用。根据复杂系统脆性理论的思想和脆性联系熵的方法,提出了用系统综合脆性联系熵来反映和评价生命线系统整体的关联特性,并通过判断各子系统间的相互影响关系,量化了生命线系统整体的易损性。经耦联关系分析和计算,灾害破坏下,从生命线系统相互作用来看,电力系统受其他子系统的影响最大;而由于供水系统的关键性和其影响方式的不确定性,灾后首先要恢复的是供水系统的工作或供给。证明了该方法为优化系统组织管理、控制灾后的修复工作和协调子系统间的关系提供了依据。 相似文献