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1.
This study assesses changes in population distribution and the expansion of urban settlements in Southern Italy between 1871 and 2011. Four demographic phases are identified: (i) spatially balanced, mild population growth (1871–1921); (ii) moderate population increase concentrated in coastal and lowland areas (1921–1951); (iii) rapid and diffused population growth (1951–1981); and (iv) population stability with settlement dispersion (1981–2011). While urban growth in the years preceding the 1980s reinforced the polarization in rich and poor areas along the urban-to-rural gradient, since the early 1990s both urban and rural areas showed population dynamics that consolidated low-density settlements scattered around the largest cities. This path, however, does not reflect the evolution towards a more spatially balanced urban development, as observed in other European regions. Causes and consequences of the persistence of a fragmented urban hierarchy with dense settlements and sprawl concentrated around the main cities are finally discussed.  相似文献   

2.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(6):343-357
Abstract

India, with 1.2 million square miles, ranks only seventh in area but supports the second largest population in the world. From 1871, the year of the first decennial census, to 1921, India experienced periods of both absolute increase and decline of population. Since 1921, however, there has been a continued and rapid population growth of 11.0, 14.2, 13.3, 21.6, and 24.7 percent in each successive decade to 1971.1 India's population totaled 547.9 million in 1971 and was unequally distributed across the country (fig. 1).2 An effective means of cartographic representation of India's population growth and its spatial characteristics is the focus of this paper.  相似文献   

3.
Except for the decade 1941-1951, in which Punjab's population declined because of a huge exchange of population between India and Pakistan and a large loss of life, the decade 1971-1981 was the 1st decade since 1911 to experience a deceleration in the growth rate of the rural population of Punjab, India. The deceleration was due to out-migration to urban areas. The scheduled caste population increased 28.37% between 1971 and 1981, while the nonscheduled caste population increased by only 13.32%, which was considerably below the rate of natural increase. Nonscheduled castes had experienced substantial out-migration because of 1) improved transport and communication facilities which enabled them to move to urban centers; 2) mechanization of main farming operations and easy availability of migrant laborers which lessened the need for family labor; 3) the rise of a relatively mobile younger generation with a high literacy rate; 4) rapidly decreasing land holdings which strengthened the push factor in the countryside; and 5) rising aspirations, especially among the younger generation. In 1981, Sikhs constituted 71.3% of the rural population in Punjab, followed by Hindus (26.51%), Christians (1.25%), and Muslims (.89%). From 1971-1981, Muslims experienced the greatest increase (49.29%). Sikhs grew by 20.74% and Hindus by 9.02%. The Sikhs high growth rate was due to 1) a new technique for counting religious affiliation in which all members of a household are considered the same religion as the head of household and 2) conversion of Hindus to Sikhism. Hindus had a low growth rate because 1) the new method of counting religious affiliation and 2) rural-urban migration. The area with the lowest population increase resulted from industrialists and other nonagriculturists buying farmland, causing the agriculturists to move away to less desirable land. Conclusions are 1) the sharp rural-urban division along religious lines should be lessened, 2) Sikhs' lag in urbanization and upward mobility should be decreased, and 3) nonagriculturalists should be prevented from buying farm land from peasants along main roads and around urban centers.  相似文献   

4.
"This paper examines the impact of emergence of Haryana [India] as a new state in 1966 on its development and concomitant urbanisation process. The analysis is based on data for individual towns for all the post-Independence censuses of 1951 to 1981. It was found that urban growth in the state was far more rapid during the post-1966 period than that during the pre-1966 phase. The spatial picture of urban growth also changed somewhat."  相似文献   

5.
"Based on the census data, the present paper focuses on patterns of rural population growth in the Patiala district [India] during 1951-81. The striking spatial variations in growth rate were associated largely with migration differentials in the study area. Similarly, there were wide differentials in the population growth rates between scheduled castes and non-scheduled castes and among different religious communities. The proportion of different castes and communities to the total population changed due to their uneven growth rates."  相似文献   

6.
Population policy and the 5-year plans since 1951 in India are reivewed and evaluated in terms of limiting population growth. The family planning (FP) programs have not had a major impact on people's attitudes, practice of contraceptives, or the average fertility rate. Not enough attention has been paid to the interaction of demographic structure and economic and social development, and the implications for limiting population growth. Vital elements of a population policy are containing population growth, limiting births among the young and reproductive age groups, enhancing employment options for males and females, diversifying the economy, improving literacy and educational standards, improving urban/rural ratios, and balancing male/female ratios. Several approaches to FP programs are possible: long term measures to improve the social, economic, and demographic structure, and short term measures to immediately avert births. Long term approaches recognize the complexity of the problem. Rapid socioeconomic development is the best contraceptive for controlling India's population. A well conceived population education program can help, as will increasing the marriage age, preventing children from entering the labor market, increasing female education levels, providing old age pension and social security and other insurance, and providing maternity benefits for small families. Short term measures may provide temporary or permanent methods of averting births; i.e., contraceptives, sterilization, penalties and rewards for small families. However, it must not be a bureaucratic measure imposed from above. It must be a self generating process. The author suggests that simultaneous long and short term approaches are necessary. Research should be conducted to delineate which measures have the most impact on reducing fertility and policy be formulated in accordance with these answers. Compulsion is required, and government should not hesitate to step in. In rural areas, traditional and modern methods in FP should be tried in order to achieve responsible behavior. The population increases in India were a result of a mortality decline starting in 1921 and a fertility decline starting in 1971. Attention must focus on high fertility areas such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The 7th 5-year plan was important for making FP voluntary and generating an environment for fertility decline, and the 8th should establish FP as a self generating process.  相似文献   

7.
加拿大老年人口状况及发展态势   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
采用加拿大2006年人口普查资料,结合旅居加国的经历,统计分析了加拿大老年人口的发展趋势和现状.分析显示:加拿大老年人口前期(1921-1981年)增长慢,后期(2001—2006年)增长快,老年人口数量中,女性比男性多,寿命比男性长,老年人口分布集中在安大略省;人口老龄化发展过程给社会带来了一系列问题,老龄化使政府和企业的养老负担日益加重,瞻养率大幅度下降,政府每年支付养老金及医疗费用的数量增加,导致劳动力市场压力增大,劳动资源不足.文中还介绍了人口专家为解决加国人口老龄化问题所提出的建议和对策,以及加拿大政府在老年人口养老与医疗方面的一些做法,认为值得中国借鉴.  相似文献   

8.
Knowles, R. D. 1981. Malapportionment in Norway's parliamentary elections since 1921. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. Vol. 35, 147–159. Oslo. ISSN 0029-1951.

A number of recent studies have analysed malapportionment in countries using single member constituencies. Malapportionment in countries using multi-member constituencies has been neglected. In Norway, despite the use of multi-member constituencies, serious malapportionment has occurred at each general election to the Storting (the Norwegian Parliament) since 1921. The scale of malapportionment is identified and reasons are suggested for its occurrence and continuation in spite of redistributions of seats in 1953 and 1973. Finally, possible political effects of malapportionment are identified.  相似文献   

9.
Apart from a generalized discussion on the trends of population growth in India during the post-Independence decades and its socio economic implications, this paper examinies in some detail the spatal patterns of population change in India during 1971-1981. The discussion is mainly based on what has emerged on 3 maps depicting percentage change in general and rural and urban population change in India during this decade. While areas of rapid growth of population continue to be associated with net in-migration resulting from: 1) the development of manufacturing industries, mining, trade, and miscellaneous services, all leading to acceleration in the process of urbanization, 2) the development of irrigation and reclamation of land bringing about increased intensity and extension in farming, and 3) infiltration from neighboring countries, particularly from Bangladesh. The areas of relatively low growth are mostly those which have suffered net out-migration induced by pressure of population and paucity of resources or a desire to seek better avenues of employment elsewhere. Superimposed on this is the new trend of declining rate of natural increase, such as in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which has played its own role in bringing down the overall growth rate. Likewise there are areas, such as in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan, where recent breakthroughs in the mortality rate, with the birth rate staying at a high level, has stepped up the process of demographic dynamism. A comparison of the spatial patterns of 1971-1981 with those witnessed in precious decades brings out important chnges in these patterns which are occurring as a result of the various areas of the country getting into different phases of the second stage of the "demographic transition." With a view to bringing the benefits of socioeconomic progress to the door steps of all sections of the society in all parts of the country, it is necessary to bring about a substantial decline in the birth rate without any further loss of time.  相似文献   

10.
1990—2015年中国县市尺度人口收缩的演变特征及影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
刘振  戚伟  齐宏纲  刘盛和 《地理研究》2020,39(7):1565-1579
近年来,区域人口收缩问题在全球范围内引起了广泛关注,并且在中国也日益明显。利用1990年、2000年和2010年人口普查数据以及2015年1%人口抽样调查数据,本文在县市尺度上分析了1990—2000年、2000—2010年和2010—2015年三个时期人口收缩区的空间特征及演化趋势,并定量探讨了其形成与演变的影响因素,主要发现如下：① 人口收缩现象在县市尺度非常明显,三个时期人口收缩区占比均超过20%;② 2000—2010年人口收缩区以大面积扩张为主要特征,东北地区、川黔渝地区、长江中游地区最为明显,而东部地区则主要集中在江苏北部和福建西部等局部范围;③ 2010—2015年人口收缩转缓慢增长成为主要特征,仅东北地区、河南等人口收缩区仍有所扩张;④ 人均GDP和非农就业占比等经济发展水平因素对人口收缩区的形成影响显著,而经济发展速度因素则与人口收缩的演变密切相关;⑤ 除经济因素外,人口自然增长因素对人口收缩区形成及演变的影响均非常显著,且其作用呈增强趋势。  相似文献   

11.
根据1951-2001年奥地利人口调查统计数据,分析了近50年来奥地利人口变化的时空间规律,以及人口变化中的增长区和下降区的区域配置等特征,并建立人口变化模式。研究表明：20世纪后半叶奥地利经历了其他欧盟国所表现出的城市化、城市郊区化和人口老龄化的各个过程。特别是城市老龄化表现更为突出,据预测推算,到2035年奥地利将会有1/3的人口超过60岁。在分析过程中,不仅应用了行政区划的区域方法,而且也依据土地利用的经济性质,在“土地经济生产小区”的基底上,对人口的变化规律进行了更为深入的透视。研究结果显示：奥地利西部阿尔卑斯山地中的城市区域人口增长幅度最大。沿着捷克和斯洛伐克边界伸展的北部和东北部区域是最严重的人口缺失地区。而奥地利阿尔卑斯山地东部的一些早期产业都市及其郊区,乃至更远一些的南部和东南部的老工业区域,目前由于普遍存在着经济的困境,也直接导致了这些地区人口的下降。但奥地利未来的总人口趋势将持续稳定。  相似文献   

12.
Population growth is heralded as a major problem of India; it will determine to a large extent the living conditions of people for decades to come. This paper analyzes the interrelated issues of population growth stabilization, the magnitude of necessary efforts to provide basic essentials to the growing population, and the impact upon the environment. Estimates of population projections are presented, based on the optimistic but probable assumption that India could reach reproductive level fertility in the period 2000-05. If sustained thereafter, the country's population would stabilize around the year 2100 at 1420 million people. In the mean time, the absolute increase of population in the next 2-3 decades will be greater than at present. The effect of population growth on cities and the living conditions of the city dwellers is reviewed and it is pointed out that it is in developing countries where population growth is the primary force producing large urban centers. Population growth presents problems with respect to employment opportunities. The predicted flood of manpower cannot be totally absorbed by the organized sector; it is argued that the agricultural sector is the only one which can help the country during this period of high population growth. To support this large and rising population, India will need to rapidly increase its average crop yields 2-3 times the present level for a modest improvement process. The expected population growth will also have consequences on environmental deterioration and water supply contamination. Finally, progress on human development lines has been taking place in India, but achievements to date are uneven. It is stressed that a national concerted effort is required to achieve such goals.  相似文献   

13.
Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＴｉｂｅｔＡｕｔｏｎｏｍｏｕｓＲｅｇｉｏｎｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｔｈｉｎｌｙｓｃａｔｔｅｒｅｄ,ｉｓａｌｍｏｓｔｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙＴｉｂｅｔａｎ.Ｐｒｉｏｒｔｏｔｈｅｐｅａｃｅｆｕｌｌｉｂｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎ1951,Ｔｉｂｅｔａｎｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｂｅｒｕｌｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｌａｍａｉｓｔｓａｎｄａｒｉｓｔｏｃｒａｔｓｕｎｄｅｒｆｅｕｄａｌｓｅｒｆｓｙｓｔｅｍ.Ｔｈｅｕｎｉｑｕｅｈｉｇｈａｎｄｃｏｌｄｃｌｉｍａｔｅ,ｖａｒｉｅｄａｎｄｃｈａｎｇｅａｂｌｅｔｏｐ…  相似文献   

14.
"The aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial patterns of the level of educational development along with the decennial change in the literacy rate in the Chhattisgarh region of Madhya Pradesh State [India]. Eleven variables...have been considered to find out the index of educational development in the tahsils [divisions] of the region. The eighty two tahsils...are grouped into four categories...on the basis of decennial growth rate in literacy during 1981-91 and the level of educational development...."  相似文献   

15.
近年来,中国人口增长进入关键转折期,人口收缩现象在区域尺度上呈现快速蔓延趋势。利用全国人口普查和1%人口抽样调查数据,论文从多时期演变视角对1990—2015年县市尺度人口收缩区进行识别,并分析其空间特征;然后,在人口收缩影响因素理论分析的基础上,利用聚类分析的方法划分出不同的成因类型,并进一步选取典型案例进行分析,主要结果如下：① 人口收缩区存在不同的演变路径,约24%的县市为波动收缩,约13%的县市为持续收缩,约5%的县市为近期增长转收缩。② 波动收缩型分布较为广泛,包括长江中游地区、川黔渝地区、甘肃、陕西、江苏北部、福建西部等,持续收缩型主要集中在川黔渝地区和东北地区,而近期增长转收缩型主要集中在东北地区、河南和新疆。③ 人口收缩的成因特征存在明显的区域差异,经济滞后驱动型占比最高,以中西部地区分布最为集中;经济放缓和自然增长低双驱动型主要分布在东北地区;自然增长低驱动型占比较低,主要分布在东部地区。基于以上研究结果,论文认为需要重视区域尺度的人口收缩现象,并根据不同区域人口收缩演变趋势及成因的差异,采取针对性的应对措施。  相似文献   

16.
"The population of the Himalayan region has tripled between 1901 and 1981 (from 11 to 33 million) and the rate of increase accelerated after about 1951 (from 1.26 to 2.7 percent per annum). These generalized figures, however, conceal significant sub-regional differences. It is argued that aid and development programmes have so far paid insufficient attention to local socio-cultural institutions and environmental conditions, and especially to the status of women." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)  相似文献   

17.
The post-Independence period in India has witnessed a gradual decline of some occupations and services and the emergence of others. In the present paper an attempt has been made to analyze the change in the industrial structure of India's male working force by calculating an index of change. The index so calculated for 2 decades separately (1961-1971 and 1971-1981) is portrayed cartographically. The overall low degree of change recorded by the country's male working force establishes the weakness of India's industrial infrastructure. Consequently, the secondary sector seems to have failed in generating employment opportunities on a large scale. Regionally, the peripheral areas have recorded a higher incidence of change than the interior heartland of the country. The areas that were overwhelmingly agricultural and had experienced developments in the field of agriculture alone exhibited a low degree of change in comparison to those that had experienced developments both in the field of agriculture and industry. During the last inter-censal period (1971-1981) the country recorded an accelerated rate of change in the industrial structure of its male working force. Spatially too, the increasing rate of change has spread to new regions.  相似文献   

18.
《Urban geography》2013,34(4):345-361
This paper examines the gender ratios of the Statistical Metropolitan Areas (SMAs) of Bangladesh for the last intercensal period (1981-1991) and discusses the factors that are associated with the changing gender ratios of the SMAs. The latest population census of Bangladesh suggests that the gender ratios of its four SMAs decl ined markedly during the last decade. This decline is explained in terms of the decentralization of government administration, initiation of rural development programs, increased opportunities for over-seas employment, and openings of employment for rural women in the garment industries of the SMAs.  相似文献   

19.
东北地区水稻延迟型冷害时空特征及其与气候变暖的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
袭祝香  马树庆  纪玲玲 《地理研究》2014,33(7):1373-1382
利用水稻延迟型冷害分级指标和1951-2010 年东北地区101 个气象台站的逐日气温资料,采用累计距平、相关系数、气候倾向率、趋势系数等方法分析东北地区水稻延迟型冷害时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：蒙东地区西部、吉林东部和黑龙江交界延迟型冷害出现的频率较大,辽宁中南部延迟型冷害出现的频率较小。东北地区严重冷害出现频率高于轻度冷害和中度冷害。轻度、中度、严重延迟型冷害都呈下降的趋势,特别在1994 年后延迟型冷害呈快速下降的趋势,东北地区水稻延迟型冷害与气候变暖有着较好的对应关系,5-9 月平均气温和延迟型冷害呈明显反相关,5-9 月平均气温升高1℃,水稻延迟型冷害减少约45次。  相似文献   

20.
"Using South Australia as a case study, this paper seeks to trace and demonstrate two processes (counterurbanisation and rural restructuring) whose effects overlap to differentiate and characterise the population geography of...two zones, separated by a transition along the outer fringe of Adelaide's urban field.... In the demographic core zone [rural restructuring] has been partly offset by continued counterurbanisation, resulting in demographic mixing and rural dilution. The 1981-91 population growth in rural communities is shown to be more a function of population density at the outset of the period than of initial population size. Demographic growth...is shown to conform to a simple unidimensional scale, allowing the production of a clear, easily interpretable typology of rural demographic change with few non-conforming statistical areas. At a local level within individual rural communities, demographic decline is shown to be accompanied by increased concentration of the population into small towns, while demographic growth is associated with deconcentration."  相似文献   

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