共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
土壤热量通量和蓄热量的计算原理与方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤热量通量和蓄热量的计算原理与方法研究郭绍存，杜秀贤，梁秀婷（内蒙古自治区气象科研所）利用土壤热传导方程推导出的式（６），又经图解积分法再次推导而成的式（１０），连同公式（７）分别是计算０─２０厘米深土壤表层某时段内平均热量通量和相应时段内总蓄热量... 相似文献
2.
城市表面粗糙度长度的确定 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
讨论了动量粗糙度长度与热量和水汽等标量粗糙度长度在形式上和物理本质上的不同，以及造成这些不同的原因和条件，分析了决定动量粗糙度的几种因素，并给出了确定动量粗糙度长度的简化关系式，并且根据城市冠层与其上惯性次层能量和动量守衡的原因，建立了热量和水汽粗糙度与动量粗糙度之间的联系，得到了确定热量和水汽粗糙度长度的简化关系式，最后，通过数值试验，表明了动量粗糙度和标量粗糙度变化特征以及对一些主要参数的敏感程度，以及动量粗糙度与标量粗糙度的动态关系。 相似文献
3.
气候变暖对四川盆地水稻生育期的影响分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1981—2009年四川盆地22个站点的水稻观测资料及与其对应的气象观测资料,采用数理统计的方法,研究分析水稻各生育期期间热量条件变化特征,生育期年际变化特征,以及热量条件变化对水稻生育期的影响,结果发现:四川盆地水稻各生育期内热量条件整体呈升温的变化趋势;各个区域的水稻生育期始期及长度均有一定程度变化,全生育期呈延长的变化趋势;整体来看,各区域播种—移栽期及抽穗—成熟期长度随热量条件的增加而缩短,移栽—抽穗期长度随热量条件的增加而延长。气候变暖对生育期变化有一定程度影响,其他因素的影响还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
4.
中国邻海海-气热量、水汽通量计算和分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
使用长年代、高质量海洋气象观测资料,选用适合研究海域的计算参数,按2°×2°网格计算了中国邻海（黄、渤、东、南海及140°E以西西北太平洋）辐射平衡和海-气热量、水汽通量,讨论了它们的年、月分布和时空变化,并以海面热量净收支为主要指标进行了海洋气候区划。 相似文献
5.
根据日光温室内外土壤温度的实测资料，计算了温室内外土壤热量垂直通量的平均日变化；利用热量平衡方程探讨了温室内土壤的增温效应，为推广和应用温室蔬菜栽培技术提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
人体热量平衡模型及其在人体舒适度预报中的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
人对外界冷热的调节和舒适感,不能根据气温或其他单一的气象要素来评价.要真正全面表述环境对人体的影响必须运用人体热量平衡模型,人体热量平衡模型全面考虑了所有相关的气象要素、行为参数(活动和服装)和人体参数.运用上海有限域数值天气预报和热量平衡模型计算了体感温度,以衡量人体在环境中的热舒适状况. 相似文献
7.
在热量平衡基础上，综合彭曼公式和布德科公式的计算理论，推导出一个计算可能蒸发的气候学实用方法。在郑州地区的试验计算取得了令人满意的满意。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原大气热量的简单计算方法及其应用 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用1961-1995年青藏高原及其邻近地区198个地面站月平均常规观测资料与青藏高原大气热量(〈Q1〉)资料,建立了一种计算青藏高原大气热量的简便方法.利用计算出的大气热量分析了各个季节青藏高原各地区〈Q1〉的气候特征,以及冬季高原〈Q1〉与春季大气环流场的关系.结果发现,各个季节高原东北部地区大气热量值都小于南部地区;高原各区大气热量在20世纪70年代到80年代初都表现出了显著的上升趋势.高原冬季热源与春季高原周围地区的位势高度场存在着明显的负相关,气候模拟证实了冬季高原地区热源变化对春季东亚大气环流的这种影响. 相似文献
9.
利用1961~2000年逐月气温资料计算了东北地区分省和全区玉米的热量指数。通过对热量指数和大气环流资料的统计分析，建立了6个预测玉米热量指数的模型，各模型都能较好地预测东北地区各省及全区的玉米生长发育期间的热量状况。检验结果可以看出，所有模型的准确率较高，且稳定性较好，6个模型预测玉米热量指数的平均相对误差都在7%以下，说明了各模型都具有较好的预测能力。其中辽宁省的相对误差最小，平均在2%以下，预测效果最好，黑龙江省的平均误差最大，也都在4.5%~7%。 相似文献
10.
11.
Characteristics of Momentum and Heat Transfer over Semiarid Grasslands with Different Grazing Intensities in Inner Mongolia, China 
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下载免费PDF全文 The drag coefficient (C d) and heat transfer coefficient (C h) with the bulk transfer scheme are usually used to calculate the momentum and heat fluxes in meteorological models.The aerodynamic roughness length (z 0m) and thermal roughness length (z 0h) are two crucial parameters for bulk transfer equations.To improve the meteorological models,the seasonal and interannual variations of z 0m,z 0h,coefficient kB 1,C d,and C h were investigated based on eddy covariance data over different grazed semiarid grasslands of Inner Mongolia during the growing seasons (May to September) from 2005 to 2008.For an ungrazed Leymus chinensis grassland (ungrazed since 1979),z 0m and z 0h had significant seasonal and interannual variations.z 0m was affected by the amount and distribution of rainfall.kB 1 exhibited a relatively negative variation compared with z 0h,which indicates that the seasonal variation of z 0h cannot be described by kB 1.To parameterize z 0m and z 0h,the linear regressions between ln(z 0m),ln(z 0h),and the leaf area index (LAI) were performed with R 2 =0.71 and 0.83.The monthly average kB 1 was found to decrease linearly with LAI.The four-year averaged values of C d and C h were 4.5×10 3 and 3.9×10 3,respectively.The monthly average C d only varied by 8% while the variation of C h was 18%,which reflects the different impacts of dead vegetation on momentum and heat transfer at this natural grassland.Moreover,with the removal of vegetation cover,grazing intensities reduced z 0m,z 0h,C d,and C h. 相似文献
12.
The Characteristics and Parameterization
of Aerodynamic Roughness Length over
Heterogeneous Surfaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aerodynamic roughness length (z0m is a key factor in surface flux estimations with remote sensing
algorithms and/or land surface models. This paper calculates z0m over several land surfaces, with 3 years of
experimental data from Xiaotangshan. The results show that z0m is direction-dependent, mainly due to the
heterogeneity of the size and spatial distribution of the roughness elements inside the source area along different wind
directions. Furthermore, a heuristic parameterization of the aerodynamic roughness length for heterogeneous surfaces is
proposed. Individual z0m over each surface component (patch) is calculated firstly with the characteristic
parameters of the roughness elements (vegetation height, leaf area index, etc.), then z0m over the whole
experimental field is aggregated, using the footprint weighting method. 相似文献
13.
The estimation of the sensible heatflux from thermal infrared temperature requires anestimate of the excess resistance to be added to theaerodynamic resistance to the transfer of heat fromthe surface. This excess resistance can be expressedin terms of kB-1. An earlier studysuggested that the sensible heat flux over semi-aridregions could be derived from satellite thermalinfrared temperature using a value of kB-1= 7. Values of kB-1 were derived frommeasurements of sensible heat flux, radiometricsurface temperature, air temperature and wind speedtaken over millet, savannah and open forest sitesduring HAPEX-Sahel. These were comparable to valuesderived over similar sites during a previous study. Sensible and latent heat fluxes were estimated usingno excess resistance, kB-1 = 7 andkB-1 set to the values derived from theHAPEX-Sahel data set. There was an improvement on theestimated fluxes when an excess resistance wasincorporated. However, there was no apparentdifference between the errors in the estimated fluxeswith kB-1 set to either the derived orfixed values. This provides additional support forthe use of kB-1 = 7 in the derivation ofsurface fluxes from satellite data for sparsecanopies. 相似文献
14.
区域气候模式RegCM2对标量粗糙敏感性试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在地气通量的计算中,一般没有考虑温度、水汽、动量的相应粗糙度之间的不同。本文将标量粗糙度Z0T和Z0q引入区域气候模式RegCM2的陆面过程BATS中,用1991年6月与7月的观测资料作了三组敏感性试验,并同实况进行了比较。结果表明：在区域气候模式RegCM2中引入标量粗糙度后,提高了地气间感热通量与潜热通量的计算精度,改善了地表温度和地表比湿的模拟,进而改变了降水的模拟,表明区域气候模式对标量粗糙是敏感的,并且在晴天状况下更为敏感。 相似文献
15.
绿洲-沙漠复合地表条件下的局地和有效粗糙度 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
地表空气动力学粗糙度是研究水平非均匀条件下陆面过程的基础,文中对黑河试验区各不同下垫面上地表空气动力学粗糙度进行了估算和分析,分别得到了地表空气动力学粗糙度ｚ０ｍ的有效值和局地值,发现各不同典型下垫面的局地ｚ０ｍ值明显不同,尤其在有作物存在时,绿洲的局地ｚ０ｍ值比沙漠、戈壁的值明显要大;而对同一测站,有效空气动力学粗糙度比局地空气动力学粗糙度值明显要大,运用应力分解理论对这种差异进行了解释,认为有效空气动力学粗糙度与复合表面的总应力有关,其代表了较大水平尺度内的表面和较高障碍物的综合作用,当涉及对陆表通量参数化问题时,必须首先确定水平尺度及相应的地表粗糙度参数 相似文献
16.
Wave-dependence of friction velocity,roughness length,and drag coefficient over coastal and open water surfaces by using three databases 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The parameterization of friction velocity, roughness length, and the drag coefficient over coastal
zones and open water surfaces enables us to better understand the physical processes of air-water interaction.
In context of measurements from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment (HEXMAX), we recently proposed
wave-parameter dependent approaches to sea surface friction velocity and the aerodynamic roughness by using the
dimensional analysis method. To extend the application of these approaches to a range of natural surface conditions,
the present study is to assess this approach by using both coastal shallow (RASEX) and open water surface measurements
(Lake Ontario and Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR) where wind speeds were greater than 6.44 m s-1. Friction velocities,
the surface aerodynamic roughness, and the neutral drag coefficient estimated by these approaches under moderate wind
conditions were compared with the measurements mentioned above. Results showed that the coefficients in these approaches
for coastal shallow water surface differ from those for open water surfaces, and that the aerodynamic roughness length
in terms of wave age or significant wave height should be treated differently for coastal shallow and open water surfaces. 相似文献
17.
利用255m铁塔研究城市化对地面粗糙度的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用天津255m气象塔近10年观测资料,采用风速梯度资料拟合对数风速廓线的方法,定量计算天津255m气象塔空气动力学粗糙度随下垫面的改变情况.结果表明各方位的粗糙度存在明显差异,偏北方向的粗糙度大于偏南方向,但各方位粗糙度在总体是逐年递增趋势,个别年代减小与城市改造有关,粗糙度与城市建筑群高度之间存在线性关系.同时利用冬季风廓线资料研究城市化对边界层风场结构的影响:结果表明受下垫面影响近地面风向逐年趋于紊乱,平均风速呈逐年递减趋势,十年间城市冠层厚度增加10m,2005年城市冠层厚度在40～60m之间. 相似文献
18.
We test a surface renewal model that is widely used over snow and ice surfaces to calculate the scalar roughness length (z s ), one of the key parameters in the bulk aerodynamic method. For the first time, the model is tested against observations that cover a wide range of aerodynamic roughness lengths (z 0). During the experiments, performed in the ablation areas of the Greenland ice sheet and the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland, the surface varied from smooth snow to very rough hummocky ice. Over relatively smooth snow and ice with z 0 below a threshold value of approximately 10?3 m, the model performs well and in accord with earlier studies. However, with growing hummock size, z 0 increases well above the threshold and the bulk aerodynamic flux becomes significantly smaller than the eddy-correlation flux (e.g. for z 0 = 0.01 m, the bulk aerodynamic flux is about 50% smaller). Apparently, the model severely underpredicts z s over hummocky ice. We argue that the surface renewal model does not account for the deep inhomogeneous roughness sublayer (RSL) that is generated by the hummocks. As a consequence, the homogeneous substrate ice grain cover becomes more efficiently ‘ventilated’. Calculations with an alternative model that includes the RSL and was adapted for use over hummocky ice, qualitatively confirms our observations. We suggest that, whenever exceedance of the threshold occurs (z 0 > 10?3 m, i.e., an ice surface covered with at least 0.3-m high hummocks), the following relation should be used to calculate scalar roughness lengths, ln (z s /z 0) = 1.5 ? 0.2 ln (Re *) ? 0.11(ln (Re *))2. 相似文献
19.
Wind profile and eddy-correlation data obtained at two sites on a melting glacier surface in Iceland during the summer of 1996 are presented. Throughout the experiment the surface roughness increased rapidly from smooth to very rough, with the largest roughness element height obtained being about 1.7 m. In a layer close to the rough surface we find that the wind speed profiles were disturbed showing horizontal inhomogeneities as in a roughness sublayer. Its height was approximately two times the height of the main roughness elements (h) at both sites throughout the experiment. From the wind profiles and eddy-correlation data we calculated corrections for the displaced zero plane as a function of time and compared these with results obtained from a drag partitioning model. In general, the agreement was reasonable considering the ranges of uncertainty but the results indicate that the increasing horizontal anisotropy of the surface probably limits the use of the model. The values obtained for the roughness lengths are in good agreement with those calculated from a simple linear model, i.e., z0/h = 0.5 with the frontal area index. Above the roughness sublayer the wind profiles, normalised standard deviations of wind speed, and the balance of the turbulence kinetic energy budget behaved as over an ideal homogeneous surface thereby confirming similarity of the flow. 相似文献
20.
利用黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2006年10月—2007年4月的湍流观测资料和一种新的方法,计算了青藏高原东部玛曲地区土壤冻融过程中的地表粗糙度。结果表明:所用的计算粗糙度的方法是可行的,玛曲土壤未冻结阶段、冻结阶段和融化后阶段的地表粗糙度分别为3.23×10-3m,2.27×10-3m和1.92×10-3m,地表粗糙度呈逐渐减小的趋势。三阶段地表粗糙度有明显区别,以前将冬季前后的粗糙度取为定值的计算会导致一定的误差。 相似文献