共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Robert Mendelsohn Alan Basist Ariel Dinar Pradeep Kurukulasuriya Claude Williams 《Climatic change》2007,81(1):85-99
This paper measures the influence of climate normals (average long-term surface wetness and temperature) and interannual climate
variance on farms in the United States and Brazil using satellite data. The paper finds that just climate normals or just
climate variance variables can explain both net revenues and how much land is used for cropland. However, because they are
correlated with each other, it is important to include both normals and variance in the same statistical model to get accurate
measures of their individual contribution to farm outcomes. In general, higher climate variance increases the probability
that land is used for cropland in both countries and higher temperatures reduce both cropland and land values. Other annual
effects were not consistent across the two countries. 相似文献
2.
Fengyun-3 E(FY-3E),the world’s first early-morning-orbit meteorological satellite for civil use,was launched successfully at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on 5 July 2021.The FY-3E satellite will fill the vacancy of the global early-morning-orbit satellite observation,working together with the FY-3C and FY-3D satellites to achieve the data coverage of early morning,morning,and afternoon orbits.The combination of these three satellites will provide global data coverage for numerical weather prediction(NWP)at 6-hour intervals,effectively improving the accuracy and time efficiency of global NWP,which is of great significance to perfect the global earth observing system.In this article,the background and meteorological requirements for the early-morning-orbit satellite are reviewed,and the specifications of the FY-3E satellite,as well as the characteristics of the onboard instrumentation for earth observations,are also introduced.In addition,the ground segment and the retrieved geophysical products are also presented.It is believed that the NWP communities will significantly benefit from an optimal temporal distribution of observations provided by the early morning,mid-morning,and afternoon satellite missions.Further benefits are expected in numerous applications such as the monitoring of severe weather/climate events,the development of improved sampling designs of the diurnal cycle for accurate climate data records,more efficient monitoring of air quality by thermal infrared remote sensing,and the quasicontinuous monitoring of the sun for space weather and climate. 相似文献
3.
自20世纪70年代气象卫星进入业务化观测以来,气象卫星已提供了40余年的观测数据。长时间序列的卫星数据为云气候研究提供了可能。基于长时间序列的卫星数据,构建云气候数据集会涉及诸如定标、反演算法、反演数据精度验证等方面。目前国际上也已生成了一系列的云气候数据集,如ISCCP,Patmos-x,CLARA和MODIS-ST等,这些数据集所选用的探测数据、反演算法不尽一致,数据集产品的时空属性各异。如何发挥极轨和静止气象卫星各自优势,融合两类卫星数据,形成高时间分辨率、质量稳定的长时间序列云气候数据集是未来需要解决的问题。 相似文献
4.
风云二号静止气象卫星在获取图像时, 必须使扫描辐射计的观域对准地球。卫星在轨道上受到各种摄动力的作用, 使轨道和姿态改变, 扫描辐射计的地球观域随之发生变化。卫星扫描辐射计对地球观域的偏差会影响图像定位的精度, 因此对准观域的工作是日常业务工作的一部分, 不仅在卫星定点之初启动观测时, 而且在业务运行的过程中, 都需要通过地面遥控指令进行修正。该文提出了一种风云二号静止气象卫星扫描辐射计地球观域修正量和调整方向的算法, 以替代人工目测卫星原始云图进行的卫星观域调整控制决策。这种算法的实施可以提高风云二号气象卫星云图获取作业的可靠性。 相似文献
5.
Shigetoshi Sugahara Rosmeri Porfirio da Rocha Rita Yuri Ynoue Reinaldo Bomfim da Silveira 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):361-374
This work assessed homogeneity of the Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (IAG) weather station climate series, using various statistical techniques. The record from this target station is one of the longest in Brazil, having commenced in 1933 with observations of precipitation, and temperatures and other variables later in 1936. Thus, it is one of the few stations in Brazil with enough data for long-term climate variability and climate change studies. There is, however, a possibility that its data may have been contaminated by some artifacts over time. Admittedly, there was an intervention on the observations in 1958, with the replacement of instruments, for which the size of impact has not been yet evaluated. The station transformed in the course of time from rural to urban, and this may also have influenced homogeneity of the observations and makes the station less representative for climate studies over larger spatial scales. Homogeneity of the target station was assessed applying both absolute, or single station tests, and tests relatively to regional climate, in annual scale, regarding daily precipitation, relative humidity, maximum (TMax), minimum (TMin), and wet bulb temperatures. Among these quantities, only precipitation does not exhibit any inhomogeneity. A clear signal of change of instruments in 1958 was detected in the TMax and relative humidity data, the latter certainly because of its strong dependence on temperature. This signal is not very clear in TMin, but it presents non-climatic discontinuities around 1953 and around 1970. A significant homogeneity break is found around 1990 for TMax and wet bulb temperature. The discontinuities detected after 1958 may have been caused by urbanization, as the observed warming trend in the station is considerably greater than that corresponding to regional climate. 相似文献
6.
The regional climate model (RegCM4) is customized for 10-year climate simulation over Indian region through sensitivity studies on cumulus convection and land surface parameterization schemes. The model is configured over 30° E–120° E and 15° S–45° N at 30-km horizontal resolution with 23 vertical levels. Six 10-year (1991–2000) simulations are conducted with the combinations of two land surface schemes (BATS, CLM3.5) and three cumulus convection schemes (Kuo, Grell, MIT). The simulated annual and seasonal climatology of surface temperature and precipitation are compared with CRU observations. The interannual variability of these two parameters is also analyzed. The results indicate that the model simulated climatology is sensitive to the convection as well as land surface parameterization. The analysis of surface temperature (precipitation) climatology indicates that the model with CLM produces warmer (dryer) climatology, particularly over India. The warmer (dryer) climatology is due to the higher sensible heat flux (lower evapotranspiration) in CLM. The model with MIT convection scheme simulated wetter and warmer climatology (higher precipitation and temperature) with smaller Bowen ratio over southern India compared to that with the Grell and Kuo schemes. This indicates that a land surface scheme produces warmer but drier climatology with sensible heating contributing to warming where as a convection scheme warmer but wetter climatology with latent heat contributing to warming. The climatology of surface temperature over India is better simulated by the model with BATS land surface model in combination with MIT convection scheme while the precipitation climatology is better simulated with BATS land surface model in combination with Grell convection scheme. Overall, the modeling system with the combination of Grell convection and BATS land surface scheme provides better climate simulation over the Indian region. 相似文献
7.
Specific features of climate change in the Black Sea and on its northeastern coast for the period of 1982-2014 are investigated based on weather station data, ERA-Interim reanalysis, and satellite data on sea surface temperature. The main trends in air temperature and precipitation are revealed from weather station data and are compared with reanalysis data. The spatial peculiarities of variations in air temperature, integrated water vapor, moisture flux divergence, CAPE, and vertical velocity are analyzed. It is shown that air temperature variations on the coast highly correlate with sea surface temperature. In general, surface air temperature in the region has risen, especially in summer. Despite the increase in integrated water vapor and CAPE, no statistically significant increase was revealed for the mean amount of precipitation, for its intensity and maximum values. This fact might be associated with the moisture flux divergence increase in the region due to the intensification of large-scale downdrafts. 相似文献
8.
Satellite Monitoring of the Surface Water and
Energy Budget in the Central Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The water and energy cycle in the Tibetan Plateau is an important component of Monsoon Asia and the global energy and water cycle. Using data at a CEOP （Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period）-Tibet site, this study presents a first-order evaluation on the skill of weather forecasting from GCMs and satellites in producing precipitation and radiation estimates. The satellite data, together with the satellite leaf area index, are then integrated into a land data assimilation system （LDAS-UT） to estimate the soil moisture and surface energy budget on the Plateau. The system directly assimilates the satellite microwave brightness temperature, which is strongly affected by soil moisture but not by cloud layers, into a simple biosphere model. A major feature of this system is a dual-pass assimilation technique, which can auto-calibrate model parameters in one pass and estimate the soil moisture and energy budget in the other pass. The system outputs, including soil moisture, surface temperature, surface energy partition, and the Bowen ratio, are compared with observations, land surface models, the Global Land Data Assimilation System, and four general circulation models. The results show that this satellite data-based system has a high potential for a reliable estimation of the regional surface energy budget on the Plateau. 相似文献
9.
气象卫星资料不仅对天气、气候研究非常重要, 对于地表参数模拟和预报也具有重要意义。本文首次将全国自动站观测、卫星降水估计和地面观测融合降水资料(CMORPH)以及风云二号D星(FY-2D)积雪覆盖率数据应用到了高分辨率陆面资料同化系统(u-HRLDAS)。融合降水资料用于驱动u-HRLDAS, 同时用于计算雪水当量;积雪覆盖率资料作为u-HRLDAS强迫变量。区域模拟结果表明, 积雪覆盖率对于地表反照率、地表温度以及地气交换通量模拟有极其重要的影响。密云站土壤湿度模拟结果表明, 融合降水资料准确度优于全球陆面资料同化系统(GLDAS)再分析资料。小汤山站单点验证结果表明, 应用融合降水资料及卫星积雪覆盖率资料可以改进地表温度及地气交换通量的模拟。 相似文献
10.
该文概述了造成自动观测与人工观测数据差异的各种原因，其中包括仪器的测量原理与观测方法不同，观测时间和空间不同，采样方式与算法不同，观测时次不同等等。通过对比分析基本气象要素，如气压、气温、地温、风向风速、降水、湿度等的两种观测数据，认为自动气象站的观测结果更接近大气中的实际情况。自动站对气压、气温和风向风速的观测有明显的优势，但在雨量累计量的测量和高温高湿下的湿度测量效果不理想。 相似文献
11.
文章通过对内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河地面气象观测站迁移前、后4a的自动气象站观测要素对比分析,得出临河迁站前、后气象要素存在明显的差异:新站的年、月平均气温比旧站低、相对湿度比旧站高、风速比旧站大。旧站的观测资料仅代表城市中心局部气候状况,已经不能较好的反映本地区的气候特点;而新站则较好的反映了临河地区城郊大范围的天气气候状况。同时分析了新、旧站各气象要素差值的形成原因,期望为天气预报、气候评价、气象服务等提供数据参考。 相似文献
12.
Land surface temperature is one of the most important parameters related to global warming. It depends mainly on soil type, discontinuous vegetation cover, or lack of precipitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between high LST, synoptic conditions and air masses trajectories, vegetation cover, and soil type in one of the driest region in Romania. In order to calculate the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index, five satellite images of LANDSAT missions 5 and 7, covering a period of 26 years (1986–2011), were selected, all of them collected in the month of June. The areas with low vegetation density were derived from normalized difference vegetation index, while soil types have been extracted from Corine Land Cover database. HYSPLIT application was employed to identify the air masses origin based on their backward trajectories for each of the five study cases. Pearson, logarithmic, and quadratic correlations were used to detect the relationships between land surface temperature and observed ground temperatures, as well as between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. The most important findings are: strong correlation between land surface temperature derived from satellite images and maximum ground temperature recorded in a weather station located in the area, as well as between areas with land surface temperature equal to or higher than 40.0 °C and those with lack of vegetation; the sandy soils are the most prone to high land surface temperature and lack of vegetation, followed by the chernozems and brown soils; extremely severe drought events may occur in the region. 相似文献
13.
刘军建 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2020,14(5):76-83
地物回波直接影响雷达定量探测降水物质以及雷达资料同化的应用，基于回波纹理变化以及径向速度参数开展新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究。通过雷达探测范围内第一层至第三层仰角地形遮挡与FY-2H总云量信息，对不同天气条件下新疆伊宁、喀什两部雷达低层仰角的地物回波识别方法效果进行定性分析，结果表明：晴空天气条件下，该方法不仅能够有效识别雷达站附近的地物回波，同时对因地形遮挡引起的地物回波也能进行有效识别；在降水天气条件下，能够有效识别地物回波且未对降水回波造成误判；高分辨率的地形数据以及卫星产品对雷达地物回波的识别有一定指导意义，可作为判定因子进一步改进雷达质控方法。 相似文献
14.
Roger G. Barry 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,110(4):549-553
The paper provides a brief overview of recent advances in selected areas of mountain climate research. It addresses the contrasting vertical precipitation gradients in the Alps and in central Asia, snow line in the Alps, orographic precipitation in North America, the Mesoscale Alpine Programme wind studies, automatic weather stations in mountains, satellite remote sensing of glacier changes, and temperature change at high elevations. The evidence for altitudinal differences in the temperature response to recent warming is discussed. 相似文献
15.
重庆岩溶地区气候变化对植被的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岩溶生态系统是一种脆弱的生态系统,植被类型与盖度成为岩溶环境中最重要、最敏感的自然要素。介绍了以重庆岩溶地区为对象,利用气象和NDVI数据,采用相关分析等方法探讨了植被对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)在多年平均水平上,气候对重庆岩溶植被生态系统起着比降水大的作用;在植被生长的年际变化方面,气温和降水对植被生长起着大致相反的趋势。(2)年际变化方面,气温和降水对植被生态系统的生长起着大致相反的作用。一般来说,气温与NDVI之间的关系为正相关。(3)植被指数的动态变化受气候波动的影响较大,近20 a来,总体呈增加的趋势。可为岩溶生态系统恢复和重建提供科学依据。 相似文献
16.
Evaluating regional climate model estimates against site-specific observed data in the UK 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
M. Rivington D. Miller K. B. Matthews G. Russell G. Bellocchi K. Buchan 《Climatic change》2008,88(2):157-185
This paper compares precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature and solar radiation estimates from the Hadley Centre’s
HadRM3 regional climate model (RCM), (50 × 50 km grid cells), with observed data from 15 meteorological station in the UK,
for the period 1960–90. The aim was to investigate how well the HadRM3 is able to represent weather characteristics for a
historical period (hindcast) for which validation data exist. The rationale was to determine if the HadRM3 data contain systematic
errors and to investigate how suitable the data are for use in climate change impact studies at particular locations. Comparing
modelled and observed data helps assess and quantify the uncertainty introduced to climate impact studies. The results show
that the model performs very well for some locations and weather variable combinations, but poorly for others. Maximum temperature
estimations are generally good, but minimum temperature is overestimated and extreme cold events are not represented well.
For precipitation, the model produces too many small events leading to a serious under estimation of the number of dry days
(zero precipitation), whilst also over- or underestimating the mean annual total. Estimates represent well the temporal distribution
of precipitation events. The model systematically over-estimates solar radiation, but does produce good quality estimates
at some locations. It is concluded that the HadRM3 data are unsuitable for detailed (i.e. daily time step simulation model
based) site-specific impacts studies in their current form. However, the close similarity between modelled and observed data
for the historical case raises the potential for using simple adjustment methods and applying these to future projection data. 相似文献
17.
Climate data is used in many practical applications including energy demand estimations for heating and cooling, agricultural applications, risk assessment, and many more. The required climate data is only available if meteorological observations exist at a given location. In this study, the possibility of replacing long observational records with a few years of numerical weather forecast data is investigated for practical applications requiring temperature data. Observational data from 1980–2010, measured at 700 weather stations in Central Europe are used together with model forecasts of the years 2008–2010. Depending on the station, forecast data capture 90–110% of the standard deviation observed for daily mean and maximum temperatures and slightly less for minimum temperature. Heating and cooling degree days can be estimated with an error of 5–15% in climates where they have a relevance. Based on model data, maps of heating and cooling degree days are computed and the regional uncertainties are quantified using the observational data. The results suggest that numerical weather forecast data can be used for certain practical applications, either as a surrogate of observational data or for quite reliable estimates in locations with no observations. 相似文献
18.
A. V. Bazarov N. B. Badmaev S. A. Kurakov B.-M. N. Gonchikov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2018,43(4):271-275
The atmosphere-soil measurement system being an automatic weather station with the coupled set of soil sensors is described. It is used for measuring the profiles of soil temperature and surface soil moisture and for the synchronous measurements of air temperature and air humidity at the height of 1 and 2 m, wind speed and wind direction, amount of precipitation, and snow depth as well as of soil-water conductivity. Special software combines all sensors of the system into a single environmental monitoring system. The example of using measurement data for assessing the spatiotemporal dynamics of climate parameters is provided for contrasting landscapes of the Repubiic of Buryatia (eastern Baikalia and southern Vitim Plateau). 相似文献
19.
H. Douville 《Climate Dynamics》1998,14(3):151-172
Global soil moisture data of high quality and resolution are not available by direct observation, but are useful as boundary
and initial conditions in comprehensive climate models. In the framework of the GSWP (Global Soil Wetness Project), the ISBA
land-surface scheme of Météo-France has been forced with meteorological observations and analyses in order to study the feasibility
of producing a global soil wetness climatology at a 1°×1° horizontal resolution. A control experiment has been performed from
January 1987 to December 1988, using the ISLSCP Initiative I boundary conditions. The annual mean, the standard deviation
and the normalised annual harmonic of the hydrologic fields have been computed from the 1987 monthly results. The global maps
which are presented summarise the surface hydrologic budget and its annual cycle. The soil wetness index and snow cover distributions
have been compared respectively to the results of the ECMWF reanalysis and to satellite and in situ observations. The simulated
runoff has been validated against a river flow climatology, suggesting a possible underestimation over some large river basins.
Besides the control run, other simulations have been performed in order to study the sensitivity of the hydrologic budget
to changes in the surface parameters, the precipitation forcing and the runoff scheme. Such modifications have a significant
impact on the partition of total precipitation into evaporation and runoff. The sensitivity of the results suggests that soil
moisture remains one of the most difficult climatological parameters to model and that any computed soil wetness climatology
must be considered with great caution.
Received: 3 January 1997 / Accepted: 19 August 1987 相似文献
20.
Following the progress of satellite data assimilation in the 1990s, the combination of meteorological satellites and numerical models has changed the way scientists understand the earth. With the evolution of numerical weather prediction models and earth system models, meteorological satellites will play a more important role in earth sciences in the future. As part of the space-based infrastructure, the Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites have contributed to earth science sustainability studies through an open data policy and stable data quality since the first launch of the FY-1A satellite in 1988. The capability of earth system monitoring was greatly enhanced after the second-generation polar orbiting FY-3 satellites and geostationary orbiting FY-4 satellites were developed. Meanwhile, the quality of the products generated from the FY-3 and FY-4 satellites is comparable to the well-known MODIS products. FY satellite data has been utilized broadly in weather forecasting, climate and climate change investigations, environmental disaster monitoring, etc. This article reviews the instruments mounted on the FY satellites. Sensor-dependent level 1 products (radiance data) and inversion algorithm-dependent level 2 products (geophysical parameters) are introduced. As an example, some typical geophysical parameters, such as wildfires, lightning, vegetation indices, aerosol products, soil moisture, and precipitation estimation have been demonstrated and validated by in-situ observations and other well-known satellite products. To help users access the FY products, a set of data sharing systems has been developed and operated. The newly developed data sharing system based on cloud technology has been illustrated to improve the efficiency of data delivery. 相似文献