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1.
Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) from Piles Creeks (PC), New Jersey (a polluted site), are sluggish and show poorer prey capture and predator avoidance than reference fish from Tuckerton (TK). The behavioral dysfunction of the PC fish may be associated with thyroid impairment due to endocrine disruption. In this study, we compared thyroid histology and thyroid hormones in the two populations and determined experimentally whether the polluted environment could alter thyroid hormone levels. PC fish had larger thyroid follicles, greater follicle cell heights, and contained higher plasma thyroxine (T4) levels than TK fish. However, there were no significant differences in either plasma or tissue triiodothyronine (T3). TK fish held in simulated PC environments had higher plasma T4 and lower plasma T3 than field-sampled fish. PC fish held in clean water had lower plasma T4 and T3 than field-sampled fish. In either case, there was no significant difference in tissue T3 content. The contaminants in PC alter thyroid structure and function, which may relate to the behavioral differences between fish from the polluted and reference sites. 相似文献
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Previous research had documented prevalent liver neoplasia within feral fish populations from half a dozen polluted waterways of North America.1–3 A brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, population in the Black River, Ohio, had a 33% prevalence of grossly observable liver tumors in fish older than 2 years compared to 0 % in 249 bullhead from a reference location (Buckeye Lake).4 To approximate the actual prevalence of gross plus microscopic lesions combined in the Black River population, we captured 125 bullhead at least 250 mm in length in 1982. Livers were preserved for histopathology and pectoral fin spines were removed for aging. On average, each liver was sectioned at five levels for diagnosis. Bullheads (whole fish) and Black River sediment were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as previously reported.4,5 Bullheads were found to have a higher incidence of liver tumors than was grossly apparent and to contain elevated levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 相似文献
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The prevalence of toxicopathic liver lesions in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) was determined along a presumed gradient of chemical contamination in Vancouver Harbour, Canada. Fish were captured from five sites in or near Vancouver Harbour, British Columbia, Canada. No toxicopathic lesions were observed in fish examined at the reference site (Howe Sound outside Vancouver Harbour), or at the outer harbour site. In contrast, 20-23% of the fish from three sites located in the central harbour, Indian Arm and Port Moody Arm had one or more types of toxicopathic lesions. Likewise, aromatic hydrocarbon (AH) metabolites measured in bile exhibited a gradient in levels from lower concentrations at the reference site to significantly higher levels in fish from Indian Arm and Port Moody Arm harbour sites. The occurrence of toxicopathic liver lesions was statistically associated with concentrations of AHs measured in sediment and AH metabolite levels measured in bile. 相似文献
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The ability of Fundulus from a polluted environment to capture a prey organism, the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), was compared to that of Fundulus from an unpolluted reference site. Fish from the unpolluted site took significantly more prey (p < 0.1) during the first 5–10 min of each trial than fish from the polluted site.Analysis of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, DOPAC, homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebellums and medullas was performed by HPLC. Mummichogs from the polluted site had significantly lower concentrations of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA in their medullas, but not cerebellums, than fish from the reference site (p < 0.05). Concentrations of DA, DOPAC and HVA were not different between populations in either part of the brain. Neurotransmitter concentrations were shown to be independent of size and therefore, presumably, age.Analysis of Hg in livers and brains of these mummichogs by atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed significant differences between the two populations for both organs. Earlier work showed that the behavioral deficit could be elicited by Hg; thus, this was the putative neurotoxic agent. However, there are other candidates which may contribute to neurotoxicity in the study site. 相似文献
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A cancer-resistant fish, the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus, was assayed for its ability to repair damage to its genome caused by an alkylating agent. Although DNA may be alkylated at several sites, the persistence of O6-alkylguanine has been correlated with carcinogenesis. O6-alkylguanine, if not repaired before the next round of replication, can lead to base transition mutations. The DNA repair protein, O6-alkylguanine transferase (O6-AGT), removes alkyl groups from the O6 position of guanine.Populations from polluted and relatively pristine estuaries were compared. O6-AGT activity was assayed by incubating extracts of liver from feral fish with previously methylated calf thymus DNA. After incubation, the DNA was depurinated by acid hydrolysis and the O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) was separated and quantified by HPLC. Activity was measured by the reduction of O6-MeG in the incubated sample as compared to controls.Both populations demonstrated O6-AGT activity in their livers. Both had activity levels which were not as high as those seen in mammals. The reference population had O6-AGT levels inversely correlated with size, which is expected since younger fish have more DNA synthesis in their livers. The polluted population did not have a significant correlation with size, and generally exhibited less activity than the reference population. The lower O6-AGT activity in the polluted population suggests an environmental impact, and does not answer the question as to why this species is cancer resistant. 相似文献
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This study provided the first comprehensive analysis of Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) fecundity. Limulus appear to be a determinate spawner, maturing all eggs for the breeding season before spawning begins. On average, larger females held a larger number of eggs (63,500) than smaller females (14,500). By the end of the breeding season there was an average of 11,600 mature eggs per female left undeposited, regardless of female size. Larger females laid a higher percentage of the eggs they contained. Thus they not only contain more eggs, but are more effective at laying them as well. Size of spawning females ranged from about 185–300 mm prosomal width, with by far the highest concentration in the mid‐size ranges. Although on an individual basis large females carry and lay the greatest number of eggs, mid‐size crabs as a group contributed more to the horseshoe crab population in Pleasant Bay because they were more plentiful (net fecundity was highest for mid‐size crabs). These results have implications for the management of this important species, which is harvested for bait, scientific, and biomedical uses. Incorporation of these results into models and other management tools can help predict growth rates, effects of size‐selective harvest, reproductive value, and stable stage distribution of populations. 相似文献
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Banded kokopu populations were surveyed seasonally over 1 year in five Coromandel streams to determine the influence of food supply on diet, growth, abundance, and movement. Streams with high benthic invertebrate abundance and drift of aquatic origin had high fish abundance. However, terrestrial drift was the dominant food for adult banded kokopu over all seasons and streams, on average comprising 75% of their diet by number and 89% by weight. Annual growth rates of tagged individuals ranged from 3 mm to 16.5 mm, with smaller fish growing faster than large fish. Low growth rates of large fish were consistent with the recapture of a fish that had only grown from 195 mm to 215 mm in 7 years. Our observations confirmed the strong association between banded kokopu, pool habitat, and cover, and also indicated that high fish abundance restricted growth rates and movement and increased interaction. 相似文献
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Hydrophobic DNA adducts were examined in liver, anterior kidney, spleen, and blood of tumor-prone mummichog (Fundulus heterclitus) from the creosote-contaminated Atlantic Wood (AW) site (Elizabeth River, Virginia). DNA adducts eluted in a diagonal radioactive zone, characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, in all examined tissues of AW fish. Mummichog demonstrated significantly higher levels of DNA adducts in spleen (394 +/- 109 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides) than in liver (201 +/- 77 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides) or anterior kidney (211 +/- 68 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides; P = 0.036). The levels of DNA adducts in the pooled blood (pool of four) were 142 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides. DNA adducts were not detected in the liver, anterior kidney, spleen and blood of fish collected from the reference site (< 2 nmol adducts/mol nucleotides). The high levels of DNA adducts detected in tissues of AW mummichog may be linked to the increased cancer incidence and immunosuppression in this population. 相似文献
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The larvae and larval development of Galaxias maculatus are described from a freshwater lake and a saline river in southwestern Western Australia. The size at hatching (7.0 mm total length) was similar to that recorded elsewhere for G. maculatus and the sequence of fin development (i.e., caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins) was identical to that recorded for galaxiids generally. There were relative increases in the proportions of head length and body depth with larval growth and a decrease in proportion of pre‐anal length. Larvae from river habitats were smaller throughout larval stages of development than those from the lake. Fins of riverine fish began and completed development at a smaller size of fish than the lacustrine population, presumably as a response to the need for great motility at a smaller fish size in lotic environments. 相似文献
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Responses in feeding ecology of a benthic forage fish, mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), to altered prey resources were investigated in chronically polluted salt marshes (the Arthur Kill-AK, New York, USA). The diet niche breadth of the AK populations of mummichogs was significantly lower than that of the reference population, reflecting reduced benthic macroinfaunal species diversity. Most of the AK populations also had 2-3 times less food in their gut than the reference population. This disparity in gut fullness among the populations appeared to be partly due to ingested prey size shifts; some of the AK populations ingested fewer large prey than the reference population. Furthermore, benthic assemblages were strongly associated with sediment-associated mercury; gut fullness of the AK populations also significantly decreased with increasing mercury body burdens. These results indicate that chronic pollution may have directly (chemical bioaccumulation) and indirectly (reduced prey availability) altered the feeding ecology of mummichogs. 相似文献
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The food choice of juvenile flounder (Platichthys flesus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) was studied in the northern Baltic Sea during the years 1988, 1989, 1994 and 1995. The diet included organisms from 30 species/taxa in flounder (n = 306) and 10 species/taxa in turbot (n = 41). Flounder 45 mm mainly consumed meiofauna (dominating taxon: Harpacticoida, Copepoda) and larger fish (46–101 mm) consumed macrofauna (dominating taxa: Oligochaeta, Amphipoda and Chironomidae). In terms of biomass, macrofauna dominated for all sizes of flounders, and meiofauna was important only for the smallest fish. A strong seasonal variation could be detected in the diet. In spring, macrofauna dominated for all size classes of fish (only fish > 30 mm were caught in spring), while in summer and autumn meiofauna dominated the diets for fish 45 mm in size. Juvenile turbot (22–88 mm) consumed macrofauna and small fish. Turbot 30 mm consumed mainly amphipods, while > 30 mm turbot consumed mysid shrimps, amphipods and fish.The ontogenetic shift from meio- to macrofauna-sized prey in flounders occurs at a larger fish size in the northern Baltic Sea than reported in other areas, possibly depending on the increased relative importance of meiofauna in the northern Baltic. The seasonal variation in the diet could be due to seasonally changing abundances in the zoobenthos, or for the small fish (1-group, spring), to switching from meio- to macrofauna in order to optimize their energy gain. The 0-group flounders consumed meiofauna for a long period, possibly due to a learning-process or simply due to easy availability of meiofauna. Turbot has a much larger mouth gap than flounders, thus allowing them to consume macrofauna from the beginning of their benthic life. 相似文献
13.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3-4):625-636
The sardine Sardinops sagax population in the southern Benguela has undergone substantial fluctuations in size over the past 50 years, collapsing from an apparently large population in the 1950s to low levels in the mid-1960s, remaining low for the next two decades, and recovering from the late 1980s to a population size that is now similar to or larger than that which occurred during the 1950s. Marked changes in condition and reproductive parameters of sardine have also occurred during this period; condition and standardised gonad mass are higher and length-at-maturity is lower at low population size compared with high population size. The correspondence between the temporal patterns in condition, reproductive parameters and population size are strongly suggestive of density-dependence, and indicate a compensatory response arising from reduced intra-specific competition. This is likely to have resulted from greater per capita food intake, improved body condition and hence faster growth, thus enabling fish to achieve maturation at a presumably younger age and smaller size. Biological parameters did not vary in or out of phase with time-series of sea surface temperature in the southern Benguela, weakening the hypothesis of environmentally mediated changes in these parameters and hence providing support for the hypothesis of a direct density-dependent response by sardine. 相似文献
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海洋微塑料污染现状及其对鱼类的生态毒理效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海洋微塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题，鉴于微塑料特殊的理化性质，其对海洋生物和海洋生态系统的生态效应愈发受到关注。本文在综述海洋微塑料来源、类型和分布状况的基础上，探讨了鱼类摄入微塑料的途径及其生态毒理学效应。研究表明，全球近岸、大洋和极地海域均有微塑料分布，我国微塑料污染亦较为严重。微塑料会对包括鱼类在内的海洋生物生存造成威胁，其被鱼类摄入的主要途径是经口误食，微塑料进入鱼体后可在不同组织和器官中迁移，消化道是主要蓄积器官。微塑料对海洋鱼类的生态毒理效应主要包括:（1）影响生殖与精卵发生；（2）降低存活率；（3）影响生长发育；（4）扰乱行为；（5）导致组织病变与炎症反应；（6）导致代谢紊乱；（7）干扰神经系统；（8）导致氧化应激；（9）干扰内分泌等。未来研究应重点关注微塑料在海洋生态系统中的迁移扩散过程、不同浓度和粒径微塑料对鱼类的生态毒理效应及致毒机制研究、微塑料和其他典型海洋污染物对鱼类的联合毒性效应，以及微塑料与海洋酸化、缺氧、升温等全球环境问题的叠加效应等。 相似文献
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Growth and population dynamics of the non‐indigenous species Branchiomma luctuosum Grube (Annelida,Sabellidae) in the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Francesco Mastrototaro Giovanni Chimienti Alfonso Matarrese Maria Cristina Gambi Adriana Giangrande 《Marine Ecology》2015,36(3):517-529
The population dynamics and gametogenesis of the non‐indigenous polychaete species Branchiomma luctuosum Grube, 1869 (Annelida, Sabellidae) has been investigated at three sites in the Taranto Seas (Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea). The species, probably introduced from the Red Sea, has been reported in the Mediterranean Sea since 1983. The species is hermaphrodite, and the reproductive season is between June and October when the largest mean size of oocytes was recorded together with the presence of mature spermatozoa. Small oocytes are present in specimens reaching about 20–25 mm in length. Therefore oogenesis seems to begin early during the first year of life, but the first reproduction can occur when the worms attain a larger size and are at least 6 months of age. Although most of the individuals reproduce seasonally within a discrete period, some individuals can reproduce in different periods during the year, the oogenesis of individuals not being synchronous. A life span of at least 2 years is highlighted, with a faster growth rate during the first months (about 20 mm per month) decreasing to about 10 mm from the 3rd to the 8th months and slowing down again after the worm reaches 100 mm in size. Some differences in growth performance are discussed, enhanced by comparing the sites located at greater depth (5–7 m) and those located at 0.5 m depth, together with the possible interactions of this alien species with the autochthonous sabellid Sabella spallanzanii. 相似文献
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台湾海峡中北部海域刺鲳种群生态学参数及其变动趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以2001～2002年周年逐月采集台湾海峡中北部单拖渔船渔获的刺鲳样品578尾,进行群体结构和生长与死亡关系的研究,与1982～1984年渔获群体结构进行了比较,并结合1995～2008年渔业投入量和产出量的变化,探讨其种群变化趋势及管理策略.结果表明：2001～2002年刺鲳群体的L∞值为238.17 mm,W∞值为506.31 g,k值为0.338 3,t0值为-0.953 4a,tr值为2.146 2a.总死亡系数为2.364 1,自然死亡系数为0.841 5,捕捞死亡系数为1.523 0.与1982～1984年相比,渔获群体发生了个体小型化、结构低龄化、性成熟提早等生态学变化.这些变化与该渔场自1993年以来不断加大捕捞的投入和渔获量的产出且大量捕杀幼鱼,开发比率高达0.644 1,处于过度开发有关.因此必须强化对渔业资源的管理,同时实施最小可捕叉长为126.19 mm和最小可捕体重为58.81 g的管理制度,使该海域渔业资源得以恢复,实现渔业的可持续发展. 相似文献
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Elevated serum vitellogenin levels and gonadal abnormalities in wild male flounder (Pleuronectes yokohamae) from Tokyo Bay, Japan. 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
S Hashimoto H Bessho A Hara M Nakamura T Iguchi K Fujita 《Marine environmental research》2000,49(1):37-53
Concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG) in serum of wild male flounder (Pleuronectes yokohamae) were investigated, as a biomarker for environmental estrogens in marine waters, from January 1997 to May 1998 in Tokyo Bay, Japan (n = 130) and from a reference site in Hokkaido, Japan, far from urban areas (about 40 km from Hakodate city) from March 1997 to June 1998 (n = 62). Statistically higher concentrations of serum VTG were detected in wild male flounder collected in Tokyo Bay (range: 25-2200 ng ml-1) compared to fish from Hokkaido (range: 31-91 ng ml-1) throughout the entire sampling period. Three out of 20 males collected off Haneda, in the inner part of Tokyo Bay, showed testes containing small numbers of oocytes. This intersex condition was not found among males collected from the reference site. This study suggests that the abnormally high levels of VTG and the presence of oocytes in the testis of male flounder collected from Tokyo Bay could be the effect of environmental estrogens. 相似文献
19.
Shaw JP Large AT Livingstone DR Doyotte A Renger J Chipman JK Peters LD 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5):505-509
Mytilus edulis were collected from a reference site (Port Quin) and an urban/industrial contaminated site (New Brighton) in the UK during June 1999. Levels of PCBs (sigma7 congeners) and CB-138 were determined to be, respectively, 21 fold and 16 fold higher in the mussel digestive glands from New Brighton. Levels of CYPIA-immunopositive protein were 1.5 fold higher (P < 0.05) at the polluted site but the levels of DNA strand breaks were 1.3 fold higher (P<0.05) at the reference site. Mussels from Port Quin were placed in cages at both sites and both transplanted and indigenous populations sampled in September (13 weeks). Mussels transplanted from the reference site to the industrial site, reported elevated levels of CYP1A-immunopositive protein (1.4 fold; P < 0.05) and higher levels of DNA damage (1.2 fold; P < 0.05) compared to caged populations at the reference site and a PCB loading similar to the populations from the polluted site. Moreover, transplanted mussels had DNA damage 1.8 fold greater (P < 0.05) than indigenous mussels at the transplant site. These changes were small but significant when compared to the observed temporal changes in the indigenous populations. 相似文献
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Paul Brickle Vladimir LaptikhovskyAlexander Arkhipkin 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011,94(1):102-110
The reproductive biology of a shelf morid, red cod (Salilota australis) was investigated in the Falkland Islands, in order to expand our knowledge of the reproductive strategy of this relatively unstudied family of fishes. Red cod spawn to the south and south-west of West Falkland between August and October. Length frequency and sex ratio data suggest that females arrive at the spawning grounds first. The greatest spawning activity occurred in early evening and this timing may be an adaptation to reduce predation on eggs. Ripe egg size varied from 0.95 to 1.26 mm and was not dependant on female size. There was no regulative atresia during maturation and the formation of fecundity and fecundity increased with increasing fish total length (LT) from 300,000 (42-45 cm LT) to 4.5-9.0 million eggs (75-83 cm LT). The fecundity of most of the population was between 2 and 5 million eggs. Red cod releases small batches of eggs over the spawning period. Batch size ranged from 30,000-90,000 (39-42 cm LT) in smaller animals to 400,000-800,000 (>75 cm LT) in larger animals and the batch size of first spawners was significantly higher than for advanced spawners. The study allows us to discuss the evolutionary relationships between the Gadiformes. 相似文献