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1.
青藏高原东部草甸下垫面涡旋相关观测数据的质量控制及评价研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前利用涡旋相关仪观测地表通量的方法已被广泛采用, 但由于涡旋相关法是建立在方程假设简化的基础上, 这对观测数据的质量提出了一定的要求, 所以对观测数据的处理及通量结果的质量状况分析就显得尤为重要。本文以理塘站2006年7月中到8月中的数据为例, 对其进行质量控制, 并将质量控制后的通量计算结果与原始值进行比较。质量控制后感热通量和潜热通量总和有所增长, 动量通量值则受质量控制影响较大。质量评价的结果为:动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量中高质量数据所占比例为68.2%、60.6%、63.3%。 相似文献
2.
Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to provide high quality data for climate change studies, the data quality of turbulent flux measurements at the station
of SACOL (Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University), which is located on a semi-arid grassland over
the Loess Plateau in China, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of different procedures of the flux corrections on CO2, momentum, and latent and sensible heat fluxes were assessed. The result showed that coordinate rotation has a great influence
on the momentum flux but little on scalar fluxes. For coordinate rotation using the planar fit method, different regression
planes should be determined for different wind direction sectors due to the heterogeneous nature of the ground surface. Sonic
temperature correction decreased the sensible heat flux by about 9%, while WPL correction (correction for density fluctuations)
increased the latent heat flux by about 10%. WPL correction is also particularly important for CO2 fluxes. Other procedures of flux corrections, such as the time delay correction and frequency response correction, do not
significantly influence the turbulent fluxes. Furthermore, quality tests on stationarity and turbulence development conditions
were discussed. Parameterizations of integral turbulent characteristics (ITC) were tested and a specific parameterization
scheme was provided for SACOL. The ITC test on turbulence development conditions was suggested to be applied only for the
vertical velocity. The combined results of the quality tests showed that about 62%–65% of the total data were of high quality
for the latent heat flux and CO2 flux, and as much as about 76% for the sensible heat flux. For the momentum flux, however, only about 35% of the data were
of high quality. 相似文献
3.
利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料,分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征,讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征.结果表明:在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下,珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著,并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流,冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用. 相似文献
4.
Otávio C. Acevedo Osvaldo L. L. Moraes David R. Fitzjarrald Ricardo K. Sakai Larry Mahrt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(1):49-61
Turbulent fluxes obtained using the conventional eddy covariance approach result in erratic results with large time fluctuations
in extremely stable conditions. This can limit efforts to estimate components of the nocturnal energy budget and respiratory
CO2 fluxes. Well-organized fluxes that show a clear dependence on turbulent intensity were obtained when multiresolution decomposition
was used to estimate turbulent exchanges. CO2, heat and water vapour fluxes were observed at a site in the eastern Amazon basin that had been cleared for agricultural
purposes. Temporal scales of the carbon transfer were determined and shown to be similar to those of latent heat, but as much
as three times larger than those of sensible heat. CO2 eddy diffusivities at the temporal scales on which most of the vertical CO2 exchange occurs are shown to be 50 times larger than the eddy diffusivity for heat. A process associated with the vertical
scale of the scalar accumulation layer is suggested to explain these different scales and turbulent diffusivities of carbon
and sensible heat transfer. For an appreciable range of turbulence intensities, the observed vertical turbulent carbon exchange
is insufficient to account for the locally respired CO2 estimated independently. Evidence that shallow drainage currents may account for this is given. 相似文献
5.
利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。 相似文献
6.
G. BUZORIUS Ü RANNIK D. NILSSON M. KULMALA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(4):394-405
Fluxes of aerosol particles with sizes larger than 10 nm together with fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat and CO2 were measured 10 m above a Scots pine forest with the eddy covariance method. During days when nucleation events were observed particle size distribution measurements showed particle growth from 3 nm sizes to the Aitken mode. Analysis of the experimental data showed systematic differences in fluxes during the days when new particle production was observed compared to other days. During the nucleation events the particle flux measurements showed downward aerosol particle transport, i.e., indicating an elevated source, with respect to the measurement level, of particles larger than 10 nm. Furthermore the turbulence intensity and the heat fluxes were observed to be significantly higher. Evidences of mesoscale circulation were observed in wind speed records as well as in turbulent fluxes on nucleation days. The measurement results show that micrometeorology, the synoptic scale conditions and the particle formation are closely related. 相似文献
7.
In this paper,the observational data from Marine and Meteorological Observation Platform(MMOP)at Bohe,Maoming and buoys located in Shanwei and Maoming are used to study the characteristics of air-sea temperature and specific humidity difference and the relationship between wind and wave with the tropical cyclones over the South China Sea(SCS).The heat and momentum fluxes from eddy covariance measurement(EC)are compared with these fluxes calculated by the COARE 3.0 algorithm for Typhoon Koppu.The results show that at the developing and weakening stages of Koppu,both these differences between the sea surface and the near-surface atmosphere from the MMOP are negative,and data from the buoys also indicate that the differences are negative between the sea surface and near-surface atmosphere on the right rear portion of tropical cyclones(TCs)Molave and Chanthu.However,the differences are positive on the left front portion of Molave and Chanthu.These positive differences suggest that the heat flux is transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere,thus intensifying and maintaining the two TCs.The negative differences indicate that the ocean removes heat fluxes from the atmosphere,thus weakening the TCs.The wind-wave curves of TCs Molave and Chanthu show that significant wave height increases linearly with 2-min wind speed at 10-m height when the wind speed is less than 25 m/s,but when the wind speed is greater than 25 m/s,the significant wave height increases slightly with the wind speed.By comparing the observed sensible heat,latent heat,and friction velocity from EC with these variables from COARE 3.0 algorithm,a great bias between the observed and calculated sensible heat and latent heat fluxes is revealed,and the observed friction velocity is found to be almost the same as the calculated friction velocity. 相似文献
8.
沙漠地区沙尘天气近地层湍流输送特征分析 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
利用1996－04－20－50－10在内蒙古自治区吉兰泰气象站以及1997－04－05－27在内蒙古自治区阿拉善右旗气象站观测到的风，温，湿廓线资料，应用空气动力学方法，计算了每天各观测时次的流动量通量，湍流感热通量和湍流潜热通量，并且比较分析了荒漠下垫面不同沙尘天气状况下的湍流动量通量，感热通量和潜热通量的日变化。结果表明，在沙漠地区春季无降水天气状况下，晴空条件下，白天热力湍流基于动力湍流，在近地层最重要的物质交换是湍流感热交换，浮尘天气条件下，近地层湍流输送较晴空天气条件下弱；扬沙天气条件下，近地层湍流感热交换和湍流动力量流感热通量的峰值大于交换，并且湍流动量通量的峰值较晴空峰值大将近一个量级，湍流感热通量的峰值大于浮尘天气峰值，但小于晴空条件下峰值，沙尘暴天气条件下，湍流动量通量和感热通量一样都是最重要的湍流交换，湍流交换强于扬沙天气，强的感热对沙漠地局地性沙尘暴的产生和加强起着重要作用。 相似文献
9.
Sebastian Schlögl Michael Lehning Kouichi Nishimura Hendrik Huwald Nicolas J. Cullen Rebecca Mott 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):161-180
We assess sensible heat-flux parametrizations in stable conditions over snow surfaces by testing and developing stability correction functions for two alpine and two polar test sites. Five turbulence datasets are analyzed with respect to, (a) the validity of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, (b) the model performance of well-established stability corrections, and (c) the development of new univariate and multivariate stability corrections. Using a wide range of stability corrections reveals an overestimation of the turbulent sensible heat flux for high wind speeds and a generally poor performance of all investigated functions for large temperature differences between snow and the atmosphere above (>10 K). Applying the Monin–Obukhov bulk formulation introduces a mean absolute error in the sensible heat flux of \(6\,\hbox {W m}^{-2}\) (compared with heat fluxes calculated directly from eddy covariance). The stability corrections produce an additional error between 1 and \(5\,\hbox {W m}^{-2}\), with the smallest error for published stability corrections found for the Holtslag scheme. We confirm from previous studies that stability corrections need improvements for large temperature differences and wind speeds, where sensible heat fluxes are distinctly overestimated. Under these atmospheric conditions our newly developed stability corrections slightly improve the model performance. However, the differences between stability corrections are typically small when compared to the residual error, which stems from the Monin–Obukhov bulk formulation. 相似文献
10.
利用2013年7月1日—2014年6月30日鄱阳湖东岸70 m铁塔的涡动相关观测资料,统计分析了风、温度、通量足迹的分布,重点分析了湍流通量的变化及其影响因素,结果表明:1)鄱阳湖地区夏季主要以南风、西南偏南风和东南偏南风为主,冬季风向多变,主要以西北风、西北偏北风等偏北风为主.秋季风速较强,春季次之,夏季最小.通量足迹在南、北方向密集,在西南和东北方向稀疏.2)动量通量表现为夏、秋季较大,冬、春季较小.感热通量表现为秋季最大,春季次之,夏季最小;秋季整体的变化幅度都较大,夏季整体较小.潜热通量夏季最大,冬季最小;潜热通量夏季整体的变化幅度较大,冬季整体较小.3)随着下垫面粗糙度的增大,摩擦速度和动量通量显著增大.潜热通量与水的相变密切相关,来自湖面的潜热通量较大,而来自陆地的较小;感热通量与大气稳定度有关,在稳定状态时为负,在不稳定状态感热通量显著增大. 相似文献
11.
高山草甸下垫面夏季近地层能量输送及微气象特征 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
利用青藏高原东坡理塘站2007年6～8月的观测资料, 分析了高原东坡草甸下垫面夏季近地层气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征, 并用涡动相关法估算地面的曳力系数。结果表明: 水平风速、 动量通量、 摩擦速度等均在下午最大, 早晨最小。二氧化碳浓度表现为早晚高、 中午低的日变化特征, 比湿的最大值出现在早晨。地表辐射、 热量平衡各分量最高值出现在中午, 最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率表现出早晚高中午低的 “U” 型分布, 日平均值为0.164。夏季地面热源强度在白天午后表现为强的热源, 在夜里表现为弱的冷、 热源交替出现。夏季近地层地气热量交换中, 感热输送作用小, 潜热输送占主要地位。 相似文献
12.
Aircraft turbulence data from the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network project were analyzed and compared to the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment (COARE) bulk parametrization of turbulent fluxes in an ocean area near the coast of California characterized
by complex atmospheric flow. Turbulent fluxes measured at about 35 m above the sea surface using the eddy-correlation method
were lower than bulk estimates under unstable and stable atmospheric stratification for all but light winds. Neutral turbulent
transfer coefficients were used in this comparison because they remove the effects of mean atmospheric conditions and atmospheric
stability. Spectral analysis suggested that kilometre-scale longitudinal rolls affect significantly turbulence measurements
even near the sea surface, depending on sampling direction. Cross-wind sampling tended to capture all the available turbulent
energy. Vertical soundings showed low boundary-layer depths and high flux divergence near the sea surface in the case of sensible
heat flux but minimal flux divergence for the momentum flux. Cross-wind sampling and flux divergence were found to explain
most of the observed discrepancies between the measured and bulk flux estimates. At low wind speeds the drag coefficient determined
with eddy correlation and an inertial dissipation method after corrections were applied still showed high values compared
to bulk estimates. This discrepancy correlated with the dominance of sea swell, which was a usually observed condition under
low wind speeds. Under stable atmospheric conditions measured sensible heat fluxes, which usually have low values over the
ocean, were possibly affected by measurement errors and deviated significantly from bulk estimates. 相似文献
13.
青藏高原不同地区夏季近地层能量输送与微气象特征比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年7月在青藏高原理塘、林芝、海北、拉萨获得的气象观测资料,对比分析了这些地区近地层气象要素、辐射收支及湍流通量日变化特征。结果表明:无论是高原东部、中部还是北部,无论是高原台地还是高山峡谷区,7月份近地层各气象要素、湍流通量、辐射收支都有明显的日变化。各地区的地表辐射、感热、潜热等最高值都出现在中午,最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率日变化均呈早晚高中午低的“U”型分布。地面热源强度在白天均为热源,正午为强热源,在夜间表现为弱的冷、热源交替出现。7月份近地层地气热量交换中,感热输送作用小,潜热输送占主导地位。动量通量和摩擦速度均在风速较大的下午较大,风速小的早晨小。 相似文献
14.
Flux Corrections Revisited 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere, the calculation of thevertical fluxes of mass, momentum, and heat from point measurementsare to lowest order calculated as the standard eddy covariance.Additional terms primarily related to the mean vertical velocity areadded to improve the accuracy of the calculation. A review ofprevious work is undertaken. The fluxes are reformulated beginningwith the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Aformula for the mean vertical velocity is found that is accurate tothe ideal gas approximation. Relations are developed between fluxesat different heights. In addition to the relations for fluxes ofmass, sensible heat, and latent heat, the fluxes of momentum andturbulent kinetic energy are also considered. 相似文献
15.
青藏高原西部地表通量的年、日变化特征 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
利用青藏高原西部地区改则和狮泉河两个自动观测气象站1998年全年每天24个时次的风速、温度和湿度等梯度观测资料,采用湍流相似理论．计算了改则和狮泉河的动量通量、感热通量以及潜热通量。结果表明：改则和狮泉河两地的地表湍流通量都具有明显的季节变化和日变化,且其季节变化的相同点表现在感热通量均在5月份最大,1月份最小：而潜热通量均在8月份最大。不同点表现在改则的潜热通量在12月份最小,狮泉河1～5月平均潜热通量为负,以凝结为主,改则的月平均蒸发及全年的蒸发总量比狮泉河的要大。而其感热通量比后者的都小。日变化幅度随季节变化明显,表现在夏季地表通量的日变化幅度大,冬季要小得多。 相似文献
16.
Summary The Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and the aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent
heat flux over an irrigated agricultural area (IAA) and over two dry agricultural areas (DAA1 and DAA2). These turbulent fluxes
were analysed and particular attention paid to two specific areas. First, a quantitative analysis of sensible and latent heat
fluxes obtained by the BREB method was carried out, taking into account different soil type, vegetation and surface conditions.
The results showed that in IAA latent heat flux was higher than sensible heat flux, except in summer months, while in DAA1
and DAA2, sensible heat flux was higher except in the months when the vegetation was at the stage of maximum development.
Second, sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates from the BREB method were compared with those obtained from the aerodynamic
method. In this comparison factors such as soil type, soil vegetation cover, homogeneity or inhomogeneity of terrain and mesoscale
effects such as orography and wind patterns were taken into account. The results show that in conditions of light wind, the
two methods only concur if the condition of horizontal homogeniety is fulfilled. The influence of inhomogeneity seems to decrease
and agreement between methods improves, if the wind is stronger and the effects of meso and synoptic scales are predominant.
Received May 18, 1999/Revised March 15, 2000 相似文献
17.
Different flux estimation techniques are compared here in order to evaluate air–sea exchange measurement methods used on moving
platforms. Techniques using power spectra and cospectra to estimate fluxes are presented and applied to measurements of wind
speed and sensible heat, latent heat and CO2 fluxes. Momentum and scalar fluxes are calculated from the dissipation technique utilizing the inertial subrange of the power
spectra and from estimation of the cospectral amplitude, and both flux estimates are compared to covariance derived fluxes.
It is shown how even data having a poor signal-to-noise ratio can be used for flux estimations. 相似文献
18.
Sang-Hyun Lee 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,140(2):315-342
The vegetated urban canopy model (VUCM), which includes parametrizations of urban physical processes for artificial surfaces
and vegetated areas in an integrated system, has been further developed by including physical processes associated with grass-covered
surfaces in urban pervious surfaces and the photosynthesis effects of urban vegetation. Using measurements made from three
urban/suburban sites during the BUBBLE field campaign in 2002, the model’s performance in modelling surface fluxes (momentum
flux, net radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes and storage heat flux) and canopy air conditions (canopy air temperature
and specific humidity) was critically evaluated for the non-precipitation and the precipitation days. The observed surface
fluxes at the urban/suburban sites were significantly altered by precipitation as well as urban vegetation. Especially, the
storage heat at urban surfaces and underlying substrates varied drastically depending on weather conditions while having an
important role in the formation of a nocturnal urban surface layer. Unlike the nighttime canopy air temperature that was largely
affected by the storage-heat release, the daytime canopy air conditions were highly influenced by the vertical turbulent exchange
with the overlying atmosphere. The VUCM well reproduced these observed features in surface fluxes and canopy air conditions
at all sites while performing well for both the non-precipitation and the precipitation days. The newly implemented parametrizations
clearly improved the model’s performance in the simulation of sensible and latent heat fluxes at the sites, more noticeably
at the suburban site where the vegetated area fraction is the largest among the sites. Sensitivity analyses for model input
parameters in VUCM elucidated the relative importance of the morphological, aerodynamic, hydrological and radiative/thermal
properties in modelling urban surface fluxes and canopy air conditions for daytime and nighttime periods. These results suggest
that the VUCM has great potential for urban atmospheric numerical modelling for a range of cities and weather conditions in
addition to having a better physical basis in the representation of urban vegetated areas and associated physical processes. 相似文献
19.
How Well Can We Measure the Vertical Wind Speed? Implications for Fluxes of Energy and Mass 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
John Kochendorfer Tilden P. Meyers John Frank William J. Massman Mark W. Heuer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,145(2):383-398
Sonic anemometers are capable of measuring the wind speed in all three dimensions at high frequencies (10–50 Hz), and are relied upon to estimate eddy-covariance-based fluxes of mass and energy over a wide variety of surfaces and ecosystems. In this study, wind-velocity measurement errors from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation were estimated for over 100 combinations of angle-of-attack and wind direction using a novel technique to measure the true angle-of-attack and wind speed within the turbulent atmospheric surface layer. Corrections to the vertical wind speed varied from −5 to 37% for all angles-of-attack and wind directions examined. When applied to eddy-covariance data from three NOAA flux sites, the wind-velocity corrections increased the magnitude of CO2 fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and latent heat fluxes by ≈11%, with the actual magnitude of flux corrections dependent upon sonic anemometer, surface type, and scalar. A sonic anemometer that uses vertically aligned transducers to measure the vertical wind speed was also tested at four angles-of-attack, and corrections to the vertical wind speed measured using this anemometer were within ±1% of zero. Sensible heat fluxes over a forest canopy measured using this anemometer were 15% greater than sensible heat fluxes measured using a sonic anemometer with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation. These results indicate that sensors with a non-orthogonal transducer orientation, which includes the majority of the research-grade three-dimensional sonic anemometers currently in use, should be redesigned to minimize sine errors by measuring the vertical wind speed using one pair of vertically aligned transducers. 相似文献
20.
C. Jacovides P. Kerkides G. Papaioannou F. B. Smith 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1992,45(2):145-154
Summary Hourly lysimetric and micrometeorological data taken over a grass surface at the Meteorological Research Unit, Cardington U.K. have been analysed. A temperature difference and measurements of wind speed at only one height, combined with an independently estimated effective roughness length allowed sensible heat and momentum fluxes determination by the profile method on an hourly basis. The estimates are compared with direct measurements of sensible heat and friction velocity obtained by the eddy correlation method. The sensible and latent heat fluxes are also modelled by the resistance method. Equations based on the Monin—Obukhov similarity theory are used to account for stability effects through various forms of parameterization Aerodynamic and surface resistances, necessary for the Penman—Monteith equation are calculated from routinely measured meteorological data. The profile method for estimation of sensible heat flux and friction velocity is found to work excellently on the discussed daytime experimental data which correspond mainly to near neutral or slightly unstable conditions.Surface latent and sensible heat fluxes can also be described very well by the resistance method. A slightly better estimate of the sensible heat flux is achieved when stability corrections are taken into account. On the contrary Penman-Monteith equation for estimating latent heat flux is insensitive to adjustments for atmospheric stability.The comparison of the various methods leads to the establishment of empirical relationships which correlate various quantities such as soil heat flux, resistances, evapotranspiration etc. to routinely measured meteorological data.With 8 Figures 相似文献