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1.
WERNER NEL JAN C. BOELHOUWERS MPHUMZI B. ZILINDILE 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(4):313-319
Marion Island in the South Indian Ocean has a maritime climate dominated by diurnal frost processes in the landscape. We test the hypothesis that synoptic time‐scale measurements are essential in understanding the drivers of diurnal frost processes. Preliminary results from automated microclimate measurements in a polar desert habitat show that diurnal soil surface temperatures on Marion Island are influenced by a complex interaction of radiation balance, air mass circulation, cloud cover and snow. The passage of synoptic scale weather systems influences soil thermal characteristics through changes in dominance of the radiation budget. Soil frost on Marion appears to be dependent on clear skies, while synoptic weather systems affect the duration and intensity of soil frost processes and non‐radiative heat fluxes. Air circulation patterns at Marion Island influence diurnal scale temperature fluctuations and its direct and indirect interactions with ecosystem processes. The data suggest that in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment the climatic drivers of soil frost occur at a finertemporal resolution than for seasonal and permafrost environments and needs to be measured at a diurnal time‐scale to be meaningful. 相似文献
2.
博州气候暖湿化中若干其他气候特征的变化 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
博州（博尔塔拉蒙古自治州的简称）作为北疆暖湿敏感区之一,许多与农事活动有关的气候现象以及风能、太阳能等气候资源发生了变化:≥0℃、≥10℃积温显著增加,主要营养生长期气温升高,延迟性低温冷害强度降低,阶段性低温减少;终霜与10℃活动积温初日提前,初霜与10℃活动积温终日推后;冬暖使得采暖成本降低,蔬菜大棚生产规模扩大,冬作物与牲畜安全越冬得以提高,冬季水电发电量得以保障;博乐市第一场透雨推后,透雨次数减少,干旱化趋势增加,同时山区日降水量达12 mm以上的降水次数增加,洪灾增加;冬季河谷日降水量达3.0 mm以上的中量降雪频次增加,山区稳定积雪期缩短;各地风灾频次减少,年平均风速、年日照时数显著减小、减少。作物营养生产期（5—8月）内,博乐气温日较差显著减小,温泉日照时间显著减少。对农业生产而言,这些气象要素的变化似乎总体利多于弊,对风能、太阳能开发利用而言,则反之。 相似文献
3.
In this study, the spatial distribution and changing trends of agricultural heat and precipitation resources in Northeast China were analyzed to explore the impacts of future climate changes on agroclimatic resources in the region. This research is based on the output meteorological data from the regional climate model system for Northeast China from 2005 to 2099, under low and high radiative forcing scenarios RCP4.5 (low emission scenario) and RCP8.5 (high emission scenario) as proposed in IPCC AR5. Model outputs under the baseline scenario, and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were assimilated with observed data from 91 meteorological stations in Northeast China from 1961 to 2010 to perform the analyses. The results indicate that: (1) The spatial distribution of temperature decreases from south to north, and the temperature is projected to increase in all regions, especially under a high emission scenario. The average annual temperature under the baseline scenario is 7.70°C, and the average annual temperatures under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 9.67°C and 10.66°C, respectively. Other agricultural heat resources change in accordance with temperature changes. Specifically, the first day with temperatures ≥10°C arrives 3 to 4 d earlier, the first frost date is delayed by 2 to 6 d, and the duration of the growing season is lengthened by 4 to 10 d, and the accumulated temperature increases by 400 to 700°C·d. Water resources exhibit slight but not significant increases. (2) While the historical temperature increase rate is 0.35°C/10a, the rate of future temperature increase is the highest under the RCP8.5 scenario at 0.48°C/10a, compared to 0.19°C/10a under the RCP4.5 scenario. In the later part of this century, the trend of temperature increase is significantly faster under the RCP8.5 scenario than under the RCP4.5 scenario, with faster increases in the northern region. Other agricultural heat resources exhibit similar trends as temperature, but with different specific spatial distributions. Precipitation in the growing season generally shows an increasing but insignificant trend in the future, with relatively large yearly fluctuations. Precipitation in the eastern region is projected to increase, while a decrease is expected in the western region. The future climate in Northeast China will change towards higher temperature and humidity. The heat resource will increase globally, however its disparity with the change in precipitation may negatively affect agricultural activities. 相似文献
4.
关中平原明代霜雪灾害特征及小波分析研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过对关中平原明代历史文献资料的搜集和统计分析,研究了该区明代霜雪灾害等级、阶段与灾害发生周期等。结果表明,关中平原明代霜雪灾害可划分为轻度、中度、重度三级,各占总灾害频次的23%,54%,23%。该区明代霜雪灾害可划分为4个阶段,第1阶段(1368～1448年)和第3阶段(1508～1568年)为灾害少发期,第2阶段(1449～1507年)和第4阶段(1569～1644年)为灾害多发生期。小波分析显示,关中平原明代轻度、中度和重度霜雪灾害分别存在11 a、8 a、44 a的周期变化。初步确定关中平原明代1618～1631年发生了1次寒冷气候事件。 相似文献
5.
全球气候变化对黄河流域天然径流量影响的情景分析 总被引：29，自引：6，他引：23
本文从干旱指数蒸发率函数出发,以HadCM3 GCM对降水和温度的模拟结果为基础,在IPCC不同发展情景下,分析了未来近100年内黄河流域天然径流量的变化趋势。研究结果表明,在不同气候变化情景下,多年平均年径流量的变化随着区域的不同而有显著差异,其变化幅度在-48.0%203.0%之间。全球气候变化引起的多年平均天然径流量的变化从东向西逐渐减小。就黄河流域而言,20062035年、20362065年、20662095年A2情景下（人口快速增长、经济发展缓慢）多年平均天然径流量的变化量分别为5.0%、11.7%、8.1%,B2情景下（强调社会技术创新）相应的变化分别为7.2%、-3.1%、2.6%。 相似文献
6.
1981-2010年西藏霜冻日数的变化特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用西藏38 个气象站点1981-2010 年的逐日最低气温资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比和R/S 分析等气候统计方法,分析了霜冻日数的年际、年代际、异常、突变等气候变化特征。结果表明：西藏霜冻日数都表现为不同程度的减少趋势,减幅为3.3~14.6 d/10a（37个站P < 0.01）;随着海拔高度的升高,霜冻日数减幅在增大。在10a 年际变化尺度上,大部分站点霜冻日数20 世纪80 年代为正距平、21 世纪初为负距平;90 年代霜冻日数以正距平居多。有8 个站点霜冻日数存在突变点,发生在20 世纪90 年代,以1997 年居多。特多霜冻日数发生频数为0~3 次,多发生在20 世纪80 年代;特少霜冻日数频数介于0~4 次,以21 世纪初居多。特多霜冻日数发生频次与经度、纬度和海拔高度的关系不密切,而特少霜冻日数发生频次与海拔高度呈极显著的负相关。 相似文献
7.
东北地区未来气候变化对农业气候资源的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为探求未来气候变化对东北地区农业气候资源的影响,本文基于区域气候模式系统输出的东北地区IPCC AR5提出的低辐射和高辐射强迫RCP_4.5（低排放）、RCP_8.5（高排放）情景下2005-2099年气象资料,通过与东北地区1961-2010年91个气象站点观测资料同化,分析了历史资料（Baseline）、RCP_4.5、RCP_8.5情景下东北地区农业热量资源和降水资源空间分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：① 年均温度空间分布自南向北降低,未来各地区温度均有升高,RCP_8.5情景下升温更明显,Baseline情景年均温度为7.70 ℃,RCP_4.5和RCP_8.5年均温度分别为9.67 ℃、10.66 ℃;其他农业热量资源随温度变化一致,具体≥ 10 ℃初日提前3 d、4 d,初霜日推迟2 d、6 d,生长季日数延长4 d、10 d,积温增加400 ℃·d、700 ℃·d;水资源稍有增加,但不明显。② 历史增温速率为0.35 ℃/10a,未来增温速率最快为RCP_8.5情景0.48 ℃/10a,高于RCP_4.5的0.19 ℃/10a。21世纪后期,RCP_8.5增温趋势明显快于RCP_4.5,北部地区增温更加速。其他农业热量资源随温度变化趋势相一致,但具体空间分布有所不同。生长季降水总体呈增加趋势,但不显著,年际间变化较大;东部地区降水增加,西部减少。未来东北地区总体向暖湿方向发展,热量资源整体增加,但与降水的不匹配可能将会对农业生产造成不利的影响。 相似文献
8.
民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物生殖物候对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型固沙植物多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)1974-2009年开花及结实物候的观测,结合同步观测的气象资料,分析了3种植物生殖物候特征对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明:(1)研究区年平均气温、年平均空气相对湿度呈增加趋势; 年降雨量波动,变幅不大; 20世纪90年代以来蒸发量呈显著下降趋势。(2)3种植物始花期提前,花期延长; 3种植物结实始期先延迟后缩短,结实期延长; (3)3种植物生殖物候与年降雨量、气温、空气相对湿度及前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度之间的相关性不一致; (4)3种植物始花期与前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温、累计空气相对湿度的相关性总体上表现为大于年降雨量、年均气温、年均空气相对湿度的相关性; 除空气平均相对湿度对结实始期影响大于前期累计降雨量、累计平均气温和累计空气相对湿度外,其他与开花物候相似,表明植物开花物候和结实物候与前期气象因子有着密切的关系,尤其是物候发生前期累计气象指标。 相似文献
9.
基于中国天山地区35个气象站点1960~2015年逐日最高、最低气温实测资料,应用Mann-Kendall趋势检验分析法, 空间分析法等研究了极端气温的时空变化特征,并探讨了气温指数的环流背景因素。结果表明：① 近56 a来,年平均最高、最低气温均呈上升趋势,而日较差呈下降趋势; 暖指数和日最低(高)气温极小值均呈上升趋势,而其他冷指数呈减小趋势;从季节变化看,除暖昼、暖夜之外,大部分气温指数的冬季变暖幅度均明显高于夏季。② 空间分布上,天山山区年平均最低气温和日较差以及大部分冷指数的变暖幅度大于南北坡,而暖指数则表现为南坡大于北坡和山区。③ 高温和低温指数变化幅度表现出明显不对称性变化,年平均最低温的变暖幅度明显大于年平均最高温,冷指数变暖幅度大于暖指数,夜指数变暖幅度显著大于昼指数。④ 天山地区年平均最高(低)气温和极端气温冷指数受环流指数北极涛动(AO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)的影响较大,而北太平洋涛动(NPO)、东亚夏季风(EASMI)、南亚夏季风(SASMI)和南海夏季风(SCSMI)是暖指数变化的重要因素。 相似文献
10.
全球气候模型（GCM）提供了有效的方法来评估全球气候变化的过程,并可预估包括人类活动因素驱动在内的未来气候变化情景。然而其较低的分辨率并不能捕捉到那些地表特性复杂区域的气候变化特性。因此,使用包括区域气候模型（RcM）、偏差校正法和统计方法等方法在内的降尺度方法来处理GCM的原始数据以达到评估区域的气候变化的目的。本研究应用使用偏差校正法中的delta方法将24个GCM在IPCC三种气候变化情景下的月尺度数据水平分辨率降尺度到0．5℃,进而用于分析新疆未来气候变化格局。基于降尺度后的计算结果与GCM模型原始数据比较表明：降尺度方法可以改善复杂地表和地形的区域气候变化预估特征,并降低GCM生成的气候数据在新疆地区的不确定性。结果表明：AIB、A2和B1三种情景模式下年均气温和年降水量在21世纪早期具有相似的空间格局与变化趋势,到21世纪中期会产生波动变化。年平均气温在A1B,A2和B1三种情景下到21世纪末将分别达到10℃,11．1℃和8．5℃;与此同时,年降水量将会有波动性的增加趋势。在2020—2070年间,AIB情景下区域年平均气温大于其他两个情景。A1B情景下的年降水量在2020-2040年间也大于其他两个情景。然而,在不同的情境下年平均气温与年降水存在很大的不确定性。不同情景下年平均气温的差异达6℃,而年平均降水差异大约200mm。在区域气候变化格局方面,到21世纪末,在天山中部、伊犁河流域、天山南部和塔里木河下游的年平均气温的增长要比准噶尔盆地、帕米尔高原和昆仑上北坡的小。年降水量在南疆西部呈现出轻微的下降趋势,但是在昌吉,吐鲁番,哈密和阿尔金山北部呈现出增长趋势。 相似文献
11.
IPCC-AR4模式对中国21世纪气候变化的情景预估 总被引：41，自引：3，他引：38
利用政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告提供的13个新一代气候系统模式的模拟结果,分析了不同情景下(高排放SRES A2、中等排放A1B、低排放B1)中国区域未来100年的气候变化。结果表明,21世纪中国气候预估显著变暖、变湿,世纪末变暖范围在1.6℃~5℃之间,年降水量增加1.5%~20%。在A2、A1B和B1情景下,21世纪末期增暖幅度依次为5.3℃、4.3℃和2.8℃,平均3.5℃,年降水量预估增加依次为11%、9.6%和6.4%,平均达7.5%。气温和降水变化的地理分布显示:北方增温幅度大于南方,降水的增加也主要集中在北方。冬季变暖最明显,降水则在冬、春季增加较显著。模式预估结果的不确定性分析表明,新一代全球系统模式对21世纪中国气候变化预估的可靠性得到了提高。 相似文献
12.
NATALIE S. HAUSSMANN JAN C. BOELHOUWERS MELODIE A. McGEOCH 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(4):257-268
Through changing soil thermal regimes, soil moisture and affecting weathering and erosion processes plants can have an important effect on the physical properties and structure of soils. Such physical soil changes can in turn lead to biological facilitation, such as vegetation‐banked terrace formation or differential seedling establishment. We studied the fine scale variability in soil temperature and moisture parameters, specifically focusing on frost cycle characteristics around cushions of the dominant, vascular plant species, Azorella selago, on sub‐Antarctic Marion Island. The frost season was characterised by numerous low intensity and very shallow frost cycles. Soils on eastern cushion sides were found to have lower mean and maximum temperatures in winterthan soils on western cushion sides. In addition, lower variability in temperature was found on eastern cushion sides in winterthan on western cushion sides, probably as a result of higher wind speeds on western cushion sides and/or eastern, lee‐side snow accumulation. Despite the mild frost climate, extensive frost heave occurred in the study area, indicating that needle ice forms at temperatures above ?2°C. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of frost pull as a heave mechanism under shallow frost conditions. The results highlight the importance of Azorella cushions in modifying site microclimates and of understanding the consequences of these modifications, such as potentially providing microhabitats. Such potential microhabitats are particularly important in light of current climate change trends on the island, as continued warming and drying will undoubtedly increase the need for thermal and moisture refugia. 相似文献
13.
Peter J. Robinson 《自然地理学》2013,34(1):14-30
Scenarios of future climates must be made so that the potential impacts of climatic change can be assessed. A simple method is presented for developing regional scenarios of the number of days per month above a selected temperature. The method uses the observational record of daily maximum temperatures to develop linear regressions between monthly average temperature and the number of days above the threshold. The relationships are then extrapolated to the average temperature conditions estimated by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the new number of days determined. The method is demonstrated by developing a set of scenarios for the United States for a 90° F threshold. The validity of the approach, including consideration of the linearity of the relationships and the amount of extrapolation needed, is discussed. The regional variability of the results can be explained in climatological terms while local variations are associated with topographic and hydrologic effects. The results are in general agreement with estimates obtained directly from GCM results. 相似文献
14.
CMIP3气候模式对北疆气候变化模拟评估及未来情景预估 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用北疆地区1961～2000年气温、降水观测数据和CMIP3(phase 3of the CoupledModel Inter-comparison Project)提供的20个海气耦合模式在该地区的模拟结果,评估了各气候模式对北疆地区降水、气温的模拟效果。结果表明:各气候模式对气温、降水模拟效果差异较大。从对气候平均态的模拟来看,有5个模式对降水的模拟相对较好,2个模式对气温的模拟相对较好;所有模式均能模拟出气温的年内变化特征,其中MPI_ECHAM5模式结果与观测数据结果最为接近;但各模式对降水的模拟效果均较差。在月尺度上,一些模式结果与降水观测数据呈负相关性,但对于月气温,大多数模式与其相关性较好,且各模式间月气温均方根误差变化幅度相对较小。综合来看,大部分气候模式在该地区模拟能力比中国东部地区要弱;气候模式的降水数据包括多模式集合数据还不适合用于未来北疆地区降水变化预估分析。最后,采用累计分布函数法(CDFS)仅对北疆地区2011～2050年时段的气温进行偏差校正与预估分析,结果表明未来40年北疆地区气温在三种排放情景下均呈上升趋势。 相似文献
15.
《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(2):76-91
The cumulative net mass balances of maritime glaciers in Norway display a net surplus during the period 1963–2000. The article seeks to establish the causal mechanisms that resulted in the positive net balances occurring on Norwegian maritime glaciers. To achieve this, a Temporal Synoptic Index (TSI) was derived for a 30-year period for a number of synoptic meteorological stations in Norway. The TSI is derived using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and subsequent clustering of component scores to classify days for both winter and summer seasons. Findings indicate that the occurrence of ‘warm’ type air masses during the summer months have increased in frequency, particularly since the late 1980s. A reduction in the frequency of ‘cold’ cluster types during the winter months is evident after this period, while the frequency of ‘warm’ types, with an increased moisture carrying capacity, has increased in frequency. The frequency occurrence of these key air mass types is shown to be significantly related to glacier mass balance during both the accumulation and ablation season. Winter air mass types from maritime source regions act to enhance accumulation and suppress ablation, while summer continental source types suppress accumulation and enhance ablation. 相似文献
16.
McKay C Mellon MT Friedmann EI 《Antarctic science / Blackwell Scientific Publications》1998,10(1):31-38
Year-round temperature measurements at 1600 m elevation during 1994 in the Asgard Range Antarctica, indicate that the mean annual frost point of the ice-cemented ground, 25 cm below the surface, is -21.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C and the mean annual frost point of the atmosphere is -27.5 +/- 1.0 degrees C. The corresponding mean annual temperatures are -24.9 degrees C and -23.3 degrees C. These results imply that there is a net flux of water vapour from the ice to the atmosphere resulting in a recession of the ice-cemented ground by about 0.4-0.6 mm yr-1. The level of the ice-cemented permafrost is about 12 cm below the level of dry permafrost. The summer air temperatures would have to increase about 7 degrees C for thawing temperatures to just reach the top of the subsurface ice. Either subsurface ice at this location is evaporating over time or there are sporadic processes that recharge the ice and maintain equilibrium over long timescales. 相似文献
17.
RECENT GLACIER ADVANCES IN NORWAY AND NEW ZEALAND: A COMPARISON OF THEIR GLACIOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL CAUSES 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
T. CHINN S. WINKLER M.J. SALINGER N. HAAKENSEN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2005,87(1):141-157
ABSTRACT. Norway and New Zealand both experienced recent glacial advances, commencing in the early 1980s and ceasing around 2000, which were more extensive than any other since the end of the Little Ice Age. Common to both countries, the positive glacier balances are associated with an increase in the strength of westerly atmospheric circulation which brought increased precipitation. In Norway, the changes are also associated with lower ablation season temperatures. In New Zealand, where the positive balances were distributed uniformly throughout the Southern Alps, the period of increased mass balance was coincident with a change in the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and an associated increase in El Niño/Southern Oscillation events. In Norway, the positive balances occurred across a strong west-east gradient with no balance increases to the continental glaciers of Scandinavia. The Norwegian advances are linked to strongly positive North Atlantic Oscillation events which caused an overall increase of precipitation in the winter accumulation season and a general shift of maximum precipitation from autumn towards winter. These cases both show the influence of atmospheric circulation on maritime glaciers. 相似文献
18.
近60 a河西走廊极端气温的变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取河西走廊具有代表性的11个气象站1953年1月～2013年2月逐月极端最高、最低气温观测资料,运用趋势拟合、小波分析和Mann-Kendall方法,对近60 a来河西走廊年、季极端气温进行了趋势拟合,分析了年和季节的变化规律,并对其时间序列进行了小波及突变分析。结果表明：近60 a来、季极端最高和最低气温都是增高的。极端最低气温的增温幅度明显高于极端最高气温,且秋、冬季极端最高、最低气温增温最强。年极端最高气温演变呈现为二次曲线;年极端最低气温线性递增趋势显著0.337 ℃·（10 a）-1。年、季极端最高、最低气温空间分布存在差异,夏季最炎热的地区分布在安敦盆地和民勤等与沙漠接壤的地域,偏暖时段更容易出现极端最高气温的极值,冬季最寒冷的地区位于马鬃山区。年极端最高气温存在着5 a左右的主周期性变化,50～60 a超长周期尺度较为明显;夏季极端最高气温的周期变化与年极端最高气温的周期变化有相似之处。年极端最低气温的变化表现为3 a、6～8 a、10～12 a周期和50～60 a超长周期尺度;冬季还存在40 a超长周期尺度。年极端最高气温暖突变出现在1996年,夏季极端最高气温暖突变出现在2006年;年极端最低气温暖突变出现在1993年;冬季极端最低气温暖突变出现在1977年。 相似文献
19.
中国降水未来情景的降尺度模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于长时间序列(1964～2007年)的全国降水观测数据, 结合经纬度数据以及DEM、 坡向、坡度等系列地形特征数据, 利用空间统计方法, 在构建年平均降水降尺度模型的基础 上, 运用高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法对经过降尺度分析的HadCM3的A1Fi、A2a和B2a 三种情景T1～T4时段的全国未来平均降水进行高精度曲面模拟。模拟结果显示, 在T1～T4 时段内, A1Fi、A2a和B2a三种情景的全国平均降水均呈持续增加趋势。其中, 平均降水在 A1Fi情景中增加速度最快, B2a情景中增加速度最慢;A1Fi和A2a两种情景的平均降水均呈 加速增加趋势, 而B2a情景的平均降水则呈减速增加趋势。模拟结果表明, 本文构建的降尺 度模拟方法可以有效地实现IPCC GCM 的低分辨率的降水情景数据降尺度转换成高分辨率的 降水数据。 相似文献
20.
超富集植物蜈蚣草在中国的地理分布及其生境特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
根据本研究小组多年来对我国南部近20个省、市(区)的调查,结合前人的文献资料,编制了蜈蚣草在中国的分布图,总结了蜈蚣草对日照、水分、热量和土壤等因素的生态适宜性。研究发现,蜈蚣草在中国主要分布在秦岭以南的热带、亚热带地区。蜈蚣草生长需要的水热条件为:年均温高于10℃、1月均温大于0℃、7月均温大于20℃、≥10℃积温超过3800℃、无霜期不短于200天和年降水量大于500 mm。冬季的低温(1月均温和无霜期)可能是蜈蚣草进一步向高纬度分布的主要限制性因素。蜈蚣草对土壤pH的适应范围较宽。本研究结果为蜈蚣草的引种及其在植物修复中的潜在应用价值的确定提供了科学依据。 相似文献