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1.
《Marine environmental research》1999,47(1):61-70
To study the historical and current status of the environmental levels of organotin compounds in Chinhae Bay in southeast Korea, mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis), oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and sediment cores were analysed for tributyltin (TBT) compounds. TBT concentrations were higher in oysters (mean: 0.25 μg TBT-Sn/g dry wt) than in mussels (mean: 0.20 μg TBT-Sn/g dry wt). The major sources of TBT are in the inner bay, and the highest TBT concentrations of 0.50 μg TBT-Sn/g (mussels) and 0.74 μg TBT-Sn/g (oysters) were observed at the site adjacent to the port. Concentrations of TBT decreased sharply with distance from the inner bay toward the outer bay and there was little TBT in the outer bay. A significant correlation was observed between this distance and the tissue TBT content of oysters and mussels. The concentration and percentages of TBT in sediment cores decreased with depth as a result of debutylation. Half-lives of TBT and dibutyltin (DBT) in sediments were 6.9 and 11.6 y, respectively. The TBT concentrations in mussels were higher than those in sediments by a factor of 4–7. 相似文献
2.
Field and laboratory work was carried out during the summers of 1990 and 1991 on bivalves Scrobicularia plana from sites moderately-affected and relatively-unaffected by tributyltin (TBT) contamination (i.e. a mean concentration in clam tissues of 0.4 and 0.02 μg Sn g−1 dry wt, respectively). Standard cultures after artificial fertilizations with broodstock of either site did not result in dissimilar survival of embryos nor in larvae of different quality at the time of hatching. Static 48 h toxicity tests on S. plana embryos showed that an EC50 of less than the nominal 250 ng Sn litre−1 (a range of 178–198 ng Sn litre−1, as analysed) can be set for TBT independently of the origin of broodstock. The results are discussed in relation to the reported disappearance of S. plana throughout northern Europe and the simultaneous presence of toxic levels of butyltin. It is concluded that TBT has probably reduced the recruitment into some UK clam populations by preventing the successful development of a significant proportion of their embryos. 相似文献
3.
M. E. Waite M. J. Waldock J. E. Thain D. J. Smith S. M. Milton 《Marine environmental research》1991,32(1-4)
In 1986 the Government of the United Kingdom (UK) introduced legislation to control the sale of tribytltin (TBT)-based paints. From 1986 to 1989 monitoring was undertaken, whereby samples of water, sediment, oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) were collected from six estuaries and water samples from five marinas/harbours, and analysed for TBT. In 1989 the concentrations of TBT in water, oysters and mussels were generally only one-third to one-quarter of those observed in 1986. The most marked decrease in concentrations of TBT in oysters and mussels occurred in 1987–1988, following the 1987 ban on the use of TBT-based paints on small boats and mariculture equipment. As the concentrations of TBT in oyster tissues had decreased there has been improvement in oyster growth in terms of both meat production and growth of thin (i.e. normally shaped) shells. Oysters with a normal shell shape can now be grown in five of the six estuaries which were monitored. In contrast to the reduction in concentrations of TBT noted in water and bivalves, changes in concentrations of TBT in sediments showed no clear trend from 1986 to 1989. 相似文献
4.
A limited survey was undertaken to determine the concentrations of copper, lead, and chromium in sediments of the upper Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The concentrations of copper and chromium (33–70 and 70–107 μg g‐1 respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other New Zealand harbours. However, lead concentrations (98–247 μg g‐1) were higher than those found for the other harbours. This may be a consequence of higher traffic densities in the surrounding area. 相似文献
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6.
Abstract Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in adult barnacles (Elminius modestus Darwin) from Waitemata and Manukau Harbours in the Auckland area, New Zealand. As in studies on sediments reported in the literature, it was possible to identify areas of likely anthropogenic influence, e.g., around the Auckland Harbour Bridge for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Groups of individuals with highest concentrations for these metals showed 19.8–23.8 mg Pb kg?1, 198–266 mg Cu kg?1, and 4460–6530 mg Zn kg?1 (95% confidence limits, dry weight basis). Cd concentrations found for all barnacles from the Auckland area ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 mg kg?1. Two samples from Omaha Beach, 60 km north of Auckland, were used as a reference. Accordingly, groups of individuals with lowest concentrations for Pb, Cu, and Zn could be allocated to this site using the Student‐Newman‐Keuls Multiple Range Test (0.5–1.3 mg Pb kg?1, 8–10 mg Cu kg?1, and 144–214 mg Zn kg?1 ; 95% confidence limits). Only Cd concentrations were highest at Omaha Beach (8.6–12.1 mg Cd kg?1 ). This result may have arisen from “naturally” increased bio‐availabilities of certain metals in mangrove systems which are reported in the literature. Generally, metal concentrations in barnacles from the Auckland Harbour area and from Omaha Beach were within the wider range for E. modestus as well as other barnacle species reported in the international literature. 相似文献
7.
Following the observation of high concentrations of cadmium in Gironde estuarine waters, the response of embryos and larvae of the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas to this heavy metal at various salinity regimes was studied for 10 days in the laboratory. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 factorial experiment using concentrations of cadmium of 0, 10, 20 and 50 μg litre−1 and salinities of 20, 25, 30 and 35‰. Statistical analysis indicated that the salinity changes have important effects on the embryonic development, survival and growth of C. gigas larvae. No deleterious effect of the toxin at all cadmium concentrations and no interaction between cadmium and salinity were found. 相似文献
8.
Concentrations of tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), inorganic and total tin have been measured in water, sediments and deposit feeding clams, Scrobicularia plana, from 25 estuarine locations in England and Wales, in order to compare the bioavailability of different forms of the element. Abnormally high tin values in Scrobicularia from harbours and areas of high boating activity testify to the high bioaccumulation potential of organotins, notably TBT derived from anti-fouling paints, relative to inorganic tin.Infaunal deposit-feeding bivalves consistently contain higher concentrations of TBT than other benthic organisms indicating that sediments may be an important route for uptake. Significant correlations between sediment TBT values and residues in clams such as S. plana (r = 0·81, p < 0·001) support this hypothesis. Direct evidence of the bioaccumulation of sediment-bound TBT is provided from laboratory experiments in which Scrobicularia were exposed to TBT in water and in sediments, either separately or in combination. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate a predominantly particulate component for TBT uptake in clams.The kinetics of TBT accumulation and elimination were studied in Scrobicularia exposed to sediments containing 0·3 and 1·0 μg/g TBT (as tin). Equilibrium concentrations in tissue are approached after 40 days.Sediments containing 10 μg/g TBT are acutely toxic to S. plana, although such concentrations are only likely to occur close to dockyards and large marinas. Preliminary laboratory and field observations suggest however, that clam populations could be affected at TBT concentrations in sediments of 0·3 μg/g and possibly lower. 相似文献
9.
Abstract Thirty sites were sampled in three New Zealand rivers (Waikato, Maitai, and Wakapuaka) during late summer 1977. Samples were collected from just below the surface at mid river or in the tailraces below hydro‐electric dams. Parameters measured included bacterial numbers (direct counts), heterotrophic potential (Vmax ), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), chlorophyll a (Chi a), and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. Bacterial populations per millilitre fluctuated threefold (6.4–19.4 × 105) along the Waikato River and were lower and more consistent in the two South Island rivers (1.46–2.55 × 105). In contrast, Vmax varied 5000‐fold in the Waikato River, from a characteristically oligotrophic value of 0.0035 μg. l?1·h?1 (Lake Taupo outlet) to a eutrophic value of 18.4 μg. l?1·h?1 at the Mihi bridge. Vmax for the two South Island rivers ranged from 0.0091 to 0.189 μg. l?1 · h?1. ATP, Chi a, Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations for the 20 sites on the Waikato River varied in a similar way to the Vmax and bacterial data. There were large peaks at the Mihi bridge, lower values for the dam tailraces and significant increases for the sites below Hamilton. Concentrations for these parameters were lower and more consistent along the lengths of the two South Island rivers. Most parameters were significantly correlated with each other for the Waikato River samples. The strongest correlations were between Vmax and bacterial numbers and between Vmax and nitrate nitrogen. In the Maitai and Wakapuaka River series these correlations were also significant, but the only other significant correlations recorded there were between ATP and nitrate nitrogen, and between ATP and bacterial numbers. 相似文献
10.
Results of trace metal analyses performed on two species of Euphausiacea, Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Stylocheiron longicorne, and one species of Decapoda, Sergestes arcticus, collected off the east coast of Corsica, are reported. Analyses were carried out by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.S. arcticus contained lower concentrations of phosphorus (which was also analysed as a biological indicator), cadmium (0.33 μg g−1), copper (17.7 μg g−1), lead (2.13 μg g−1) and zinc (51 μg g−1) than the two Euphausiacea (0.50 μg Cd g−1, 25.4 μg Cu g−1, 4.03 μg Pb g−1 and 59 μg Zn g−1). Moreover, manganese concentrations were low in all the samples.When the results presented here are compared with previous results on phytoplankton and mesozooplankton, there appears to be no trend of trace metal enrichment from phytoplankton to the Decapoda. 相似文献
11.
Butyltins in marine waters of The Netherlands in 1988 and 1989; Concentrations and effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Specific effects of tributyltin (TBT) on Crassostrea gigas—valve thickening, and Nucella lapillus—imposex, were measured on local populations, relatively clean unaffected species from England were transferred to the Netherlands and exposed during six weeks to ambient TBT concentrations. Near marinas 50% of the exposed species were sterile after six weeks. In general, no dissolved butyltins were detected in the Rhine and Scheldt estuaries. In 1988 TBT concentrations in marinas ranged from 120 to 4000 ng litre−1. In sediments (fraction <60 μm) and suspended particulate matter TBT concentrations reached up to 1200 ng g−1. TBT concentrations in mussel tissue ranged from <1 to 2300 ng g−1 based on a dry weight. In 1989 concentrations of dissolved TBT ranged from <0·1 to 7200 ng litre−1. In 1989 a seasonal study in the marina of Colijnsplaat showed that dissolved butyltins increased from April to the end of May due to the launching of freshly painted boats, and decreased afterwards. 相似文献
12.
Detailed comparisons of the larvae of four species of New Zealand oyster (Saccostrea glomer‐ata, Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea lutaria, and a new species of Ostrea) and one Chilean oyster (Ostrea chilensis) showed that larvae of species other than O. lutaria and O. chilensis share certain features. One conspicuous feature is a distinct tract, termed here the posterior dorsal sulcus, which runs from the posterior margin of prodissoconch I to the valve margin of prodissoconch II; other characteristic features are an umbonate, inequivalve shell and a provinculum bearing distinct teeth. The larvae of O. lutaria and O. chilensis, in contrast, lack the posterior dorsal sulcus, are nonumbonate, and have nearly equal valves with an edentulous provinculum. These distinctive features, together with other adult features, suggest that the two species are more appropriately included in a separate genus. The name Tiostrea is proposed for the new genus. Certain supraspecific groupings within the Ostreinae need to be re‐examined in the light of breeding experiments. 相似文献
13.
Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in 123 samples from the Baltic Sea proper. The trace metals were extracted directly on board the vessel, using a dithiocarbamate-Freon procedure. Final analyses of the extracts are performed onshore by atomic absorption spectrometry.Similar trace-metal concentrations are found in different areas of the Baltic proper. Most values fall in the following ranges: Cd, 30–60 ng 1?1; Cu, 0.6–1.0 μg 1?1; Fe, 0.3–0.9 μg 1?1; Ni, 0.6–0.9 μg 1?1; Pb, 0.05–0.2 μg 1?1; and Zn, 1.5–3.5 μg 1?1. The metal-concentrations are generally independent of depth. However, copper exhibits a small but significent decrease in concentration below 80 m.Filtration did not affect trace-metal concentrations, with the exception of iron in waters from lower layers. Similarly, storage under acid conditions was shown to affect only the concentration of iron. An electro-chemical technique was also used to determine Cu in some samples. 相似文献
14.
江苏小庙洪牡蛎礁大型底栖动物多样性及群落结构 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于2011年春季的生态调查资料,报道了江苏小庙洪自然潮间带牡蛎礁大型底栖动物的多样性及其群落结构。通过16SrDNA基因序列分析发现,在小庙洪牡蛎礁内分布有3种牡蛎(熊本牡蛎Crassostrea sikamea、近江牡蛎C.ariakensis和密鳞牡蛎Ostrea denselamellosa),其中分布于潮间带区的造礁活体牡蛎为熊本牡蛎,其平均密度和生物量分别为(2199±363)ind/m2和(12361±1645)g/m2。在该牡蛎礁内记录到定居性大型底栖动物(不包括3种牡蛎)共计43科66种,礁体大型底栖动物的总栖息密度和生物量分别达到(2830±182)ind/m2和(499.59±35.41)g/m2,显著高于邻近的软相潮间带泥(沙)质滩涂[密度(102±29)ind/m2;生物量(53.10±22.80)g/m2]和潮下带泥滩[密度(140±60)ind/m2;生物量(43.23±22.37)g/m2](P<0.001)。 相似文献
15.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(6-7):591-601
The intertidal zone around the Suva Peninsula, Fiji, supports separate finfish and invertebrate subsistence fisheries. This important source of fresh marine food for many low-income families around metropolitan Suva is under threat from foreshore reclamation projects and from anthropogenic biochemical pollution. Damage to or loss of this invertebrate intertidal fishery would remove a significant area where urban dwellers can pursue this traditional (non-cash) means of seafood acquisition. In 1996, Suva Peninsula was considered for the development of a marina, hotel, aquarium, roads, walls, and other structures. There is also increasing evidence of a serious anthropogenic TBT (tributyltin) pollution threat to the local invertebrate fishery. Although this substance is well known to have ecologically deleterious effects, its use is unregulated in Fiji. The inputs are likely to be large commercial vessels, and in particular the shipyards around the west side of Suva Harbour, where TBT antifouling coatings are both applied and removed, the old paint debris being allowed to wash into the harbour. Inputs from small boats are probably less important as there are relatively few (<150 boats) but uses of TBT, as a wood treatment chemical, for example, may lead to other inputs (but these have not been investigated). Samples of Anadara antiquata and Gafarium tumidum contained high levels of TBT ranging from <50 ng TBT gm−1 to 240 ng TBT gm−1. Samples of the edible bivalve G. tumidum taken from the Lami Dump intertidal zone had accumulated 10,500 ng TBT gm−1. The values of TBT in Suva Harbour and Laucala Bay sediments have reached levels that are among the highest in the world and indicate that these sediments are functioning as geochemical sinks for this toxic organotin substance. 相似文献
16.
Concentrations of suspended matter and particulate cadmium,copper, lead and zinc in the Indian sector of the antarctic ocean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The concentrations of suspended matter and particulate Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined for 36 samples collected at 6 stations in the Antarctic Ocean during December, 1970 and January, 1971 using membrane filters. The concentration of suspended matter was determined gravimetrically and trace metal levels were determined using anodic stripping voltammetry. For waters deeper than 100 m the concentration of suspended matter was < 100 μg l?1. Concentrations up to 542 μg l?1 were recorded between surface and 100 m. Individual concentrations of the metals were scattered with depth. Average concentrations of particulate metals were: Cd, 3.5 ng l?1; Cu, 100 ng l?1; Pb, 35 ng l?1; and Zn, 230 ng ;l?1 These measurements represent non-steady state conditions of early Antarctic summer as the ice pack disintegrates and biological activity increases. 相似文献
17.
Partitioning of copper among copper-binding proteins was evaluated in digestive glands of Mytilus edulis exposed to soluble copper. Groups of mussels were held in flow-through bioassay systems and exposed to 25 μg Cu liter?1 for up to 21 weeks. At three-week intervals, groups of 25 mussels were removed and the digestive glands were analyzed for copper-binding proteins by gel-permeation chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry.Chronic exposure to copper resulted in increased amounts of copper in the low molecular weight (LMW) protein fraction, which contains metallothioneins, and in the high molecular weight (HMW) protein fraction, which contains metalloenzymes. Concentrations of copper in the LMW protein fraction increased and then appeared to plateau with long exposure times, whereas those in the HMW protein fraction continued to increase with exposure time. 相似文献
18.
Phytoplankton and its relationships with physical and chemical variables were analysed over a 2-year period in Hueihue and Linao Bays (southern Chile). Samples were collected on a monthly basis from May 1991 to May 1993. The growth rate of a single stock of hatchery-produced oysters (Ostrea chilensis) distributed between these two bays was also monitored monthly. The growth rate of oysters maintained at Linao Bay (site associated with a fish farm) was significantly higher, at every depth, compared with the oysters maintained at Hueihue Bay. Temperature and salinity values and their annual fluctuations were similar at both locations, presenting higher variations at the surface (1 m) due to the influence of air temperature and local precipitation than at depth. However, significant differences in phytoplankton abundance and composition were found between the two locations. The phytoplankton community was characterized by high biomass values during spring and summer, the dominance of diatoms and an inverse relationship between temperature and species diversity. However, phytoplankton cell abundance, biovolume and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly higher at Linao at every depth sampled. Cell abundance ranged between 4.49 × 104 and 7.45 × 106 cells · l?1 in Hueihue and between 6.48 × 104 and 8.71 × 106 cells ·1?1 in Linao. The influence of temperature on chlorophyll a concentration was significant except at 8 m at both locations. The instantaneous oyster growth rate was found to be positively correlated with temperature, chlorophyll a concentration and particulate organic matter at both locations. A significant negative relationship between oyster growth and amount of particulate inorganic matter was found; this confirms the important role played by seston composition in oyster growth. The demonstration of variation in oyster growth rate associated with differences in food availability between the two locations provides insight into the ecological role played by fish farms in southern Chile. The results suggest a strong link between food availability and oyster growth. 相似文献
19.
在形态分类的基础上,采用多重PCR(Multiplex Species-Specific PCR)和DNA序列分析,基于细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(cytochromeoxidaseI,COI)基因构建系统进化树鉴定牡蛎种类及确定其分类地位,研究了广东雷州半岛东部沿岸牡蛎科(Ostreidae)常见牡蛎的种类及分布。本次研究从雷州半岛东部沿岸的11个地点采集了363个野生牡蛎样品,并对全部样品进行了形态分析和多重PCR的鉴定,对未鉴定出来的114个样品进行COI基因的扩增并测序,构建系统进化树进行种类分析,共检测出3属5种牡蛎。巨蛎属(Crassostrea)有两种,分别为熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)185个和福建牡蛎(C.gigas angulata)109个;小蛎属(Saccostrea)有两种,棘刺牡蛎(S.echinata)48个和团聚牡蛎(S.malabonensis)19个,牡蛎属未定种Ostreasp.1有2个。结果表明,雷州半岛东部沿岸牡蛎种类丰富,至少有5种牡蛎分布于潮间带,其中优势种为熊本牡蛎和福建牡蛎,分布范围比较广。小蛎属和牡蛎属牡蛎数量较少,分布比较集中。 相似文献
20.
Exposure of female Nucella lapillus to tributyltin (TBT) in seawater at a concentration of 40 ng Sn/litre led to accumulation of TBT in the tissues, and an increase in penis length compared to control animals. Investigation of the steroid concentrations by radioimmunoassay revealed a significant increase in testosterone after 28 days exposure to TBT. No significant effect was noted upon the amounts of progesterone or estradiol-17β. When testosterone was injected into female N. lapillus in the absence of TBT, penis length was found to increase significantly. These observation suggest that there may be an association between the change in testosterone titre in response to exposure to TBT and the development of imposex in the dogwhelk. 相似文献