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1.
贵州瓮福磷矿中的硅化作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
贵州瓮福磷矿中广泛伴生着硅化作用,硅化岩类型以其交代程度可分成弱硅化岩、强硅化岩及结晶硅化岩三类,三类间相互过渡,在空间上有一定的配置关系。硅化岩的U、Th和稀土元素显示了热水沉积产物的特点,石英δ18O值,结晶硅化岩为18.83‰,强硅化岩为20.80～23.67‰,,依氧同位素分馏平衡计算的形成温度为:结晶硅化岩101～115℃,强硅化岩66～98℃。 相似文献
2.
MICHAEL J. HAMBREY WERNER EHRMANN 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2004,33(4):300-318
The Mount Cook area in the Southern Alps of New Zealand is heavily glacierized with numerous peaks over 3000 m a.s.l. feeding several large valley glaciers. The region is subject to rapid tectonic uplift and heavy precipitation (up to 15 m per year). This paper describes the clast roundness, clast shape and textural characteristics associated with five glaciers (Fox, Franz Josef, Hooker, Mueller and Tasman) in terms of inputs to the glacier system, transport by the glaciers and reworking following glacial deposition. Inputs include rockfall, alluvial fan and avalanche material delivered to the surface of valley glaciers. Basal debris, where observed at the terminus of two glaciers, consists mainly of incorporated fluvial material. Following deposition, reworking is mainly by subglacial and proglacial streams. The dominant facies are (i) boulder gravel with mainly angular clasts on the steep slopes above the glaciers, (ii) sandy boulder gravel, with mainly angular and subangular clasts, forming lateral and end moraines, and (iii) sandy boulder/cobble gravel with mainly subrounded clasts, and sand, which represent glacially transported sediment reworked by braided rivers. Diamicton is rare in the contemporary glacial environment. Since most sediment associated with glaciers in the Southern Alps lacks unambiguous indications of glacial transport, interpretation of similar sediments in the geological record should not necessarily exclude the involvement of glacial processes. 相似文献
3.
MARIO CONIGLIO 《Sedimentology》1987,34(5):813-823
Chert in the Cow Head Group is mainly a replacement of limestone and shale and, to a lesser extent, an interparticle cement. Its field occurrences are distinct as: (1) silicified margins on coarse conglomerates and thinly bedded limestones; (2) nodules within limestone and shale; (3) pervasively silicified beds of limestone and shale; and (4) clasts or partial replacement of clasts within conglomerate. Radiolarians and sponge spicules are composed of microquartz or calcite and are particularly common in the Ordovician part of the succession where most chert occurs. In limestone spatially associated with chert, the use of cathodoluminescence demonstrates that calcite-replaced radiolarians and spicules are volumetrically more important than realized through transmitted-light petrography. Petrographic relations between siliceous and rare pyritized radiolarians further indicate that these particles may be dissolved prior to compaction. No trace of their former existence remains, other than indirectly through the presence of silicified limestone and shale. Crushed grains cemented by chalcedony indicate that chert was precipitated during or after compaction. The history of silicification and the replacement or dissolution of siliceous bioclasts is protracted, ranging from near the sediment-water interface, where it is concomitant with early limestone lithification, to deeper burial, postdating mechanical compaction. 相似文献
4.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1189-1206
ABSTRACTVolcaniclastic units are exposed at the base of the Puerto Blanco Formation in the Caborca region, northwestern Mexico. The lower unit reveals the presence of Early Cambrian mafic volcanism in this region. It consists of a volcano-sedimentary sequence represented by tuffaceous conglomerates, agglomerates, lapillistones, tuffs, and altered mafic volcanic flows. Petrographic analysis classified the volcanic clasts as albite-sphene-calcite-actinolite granofels, with a moderate to intense hydrothermal alteration, precisely characterized by EPMA analysis. Albite-actinolite geothermometry indicates temperatures from 400 to 500°C, suggesting metamorphic conditions in the upper temperature greenschist facies. Geochemistry analysis shows a high TiO2 basic–ultrabasic volcanism that originated the volcanic clasts. Rock protoliths were studied using immobile trace elements, which classified them as OIB-type alkaline basalts with the characteristic spider hump-shaped pattern, situated in an anorogenic intracontinental tectonic setting with enriched mantle signatures. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology shows metamorphic ages of 52.58 ± 2.0 and 91.67 ± 0.55 Ma, consistent with the emplacement of Laramidic granitoids identified in the region. Possible correlations of this alkaline volcanism include the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen and the late stages of the rifting of north western Laurentia represented in western United States. 相似文献
5.
Silurian pinnacle reefs in the subsurface of the south‐western Ontario portion of the Michigan Basin display a variety of laminated carbonates (laminites) within predominantly muddy reef‐capping facies in the upper part of the Guelph Formation and the overlying A‐1 Carbonate of the Salina Group. Laminites, which are limestone, dolomite or partially dolomitized limestones, have a range of morphologies, from simple planar to a variety of wavy and serrated forms. Individual laminae are composed mainly of micrite, microspar or replacive dolomite, and vary internally from isopachous and continuous over the diameter of the core to non‐isopachous and often discontinuous. Clotted and peloidal micrite, sometimes defining small knobs and chambers, is interpreted as being microbial in origin and occurs within all types of laminites. Fibrous cement locally comprises laminite clasts in breccias or coats clasts in breccias, and also occurs as spherulites in the interparticle spaces in breccias. Although similar laminites have been described from elsewhere in the Michigan Basin and interpreted as caliche, travertine and abiotic subtidal stromatolites, the laminites in south‐western Ontario are most realistically regarded as microbial. The causes for the variations in morphology and characteristics of the constituent laminae are uncertain, although fluctuations in local microenvironmental conditions would have been important, set against a backdrop of an increasingly restricted overall setting. Caliche or travertine origins for these laminites are unlikely in general, except perhaps locally at the subaerial exposure surface at the tops of pinnacle reefs. 相似文献
6.
为探究喀斯特土壤石砾含量的影响因素、形成机制及其分布规律,采集了3 180个土壤样品,分析后寨河流域不同影响因素下土壤石砾含量的分布规律,并利用相关性分析得出了影响后寨河流域土壤石砾含量的主要影响因子。结果表明,坡度、岩性、土层厚度和植被类型是影响土壤石砾含量分布的主要影响因素,其中坡度对喀斯特地区土壤石砾含量的分布特征影响作用最大。在不同坡度条件下,土壤石砾含量的分布规律为:坡度<30°时随坡度增加,土壤石砾含量增大。坡度>30°时随坡度增加,土壤石砾含量减小。不同土层厚度下,土壤石砾含量分布规律为:随土层厚度增加,土壤中石砾含量减少。植被类型不同,土壤石砾含量大小排序为:灌木>草本>乔木。不同岩性发育形成土壤,土壤石砾含量大小排序为:白云岩>石灰岩>泥灰岩>第四纪黄粘土>砂页岩。喀斯特地区岩性决定风化成土速率和土壤石砾总量,是土壤石砾含量的物质来源基础。坡度是促进土壤石砾含量迁移、再分配的驱动因素,植被类型和土层厚度是影响土壤石砾含量的响应因素。 相似文献
7.
Ogallala gravels are an important lithic material source for stone tool manufacture across the Great Plains. The lithology of eight gravel sample locations along the eastern escarpment of the Southern High Plains has been examined to quantify the composition and variability in Ogallala deposits. In addition, three Ogallala gravel quarry sites have been analyzed to determine how the lithology of Ogallala gravels influenced procurement and tool production strategies. Results indicate deposits of Ogallala gravels differ in their composition related to their position on the landscape, and the types of rocks vary by size and shape. Investigation of the quarry sites has revealed that the lithology of Ogallala gravels had an impact on testing and the initial stages of lithic reduction. Different rock types, however, may have more of an influence on later stages of tool manufacture at nearby campsites and other locations where Ogallala gravels are not as dense. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
8.
Marine calcite cementation and lithification of Carboniferous carbonate sediments hosting Zn-Pb mineralisation in the Irish orefield occurred at or near the seafloor. A relatively early, fine-grained, grey replacive dolomite, preferentially developed in micrite, is widely developed in the Waulsortian Limestone Formation, the main host to mineralisation, and is pervasive in the southeastern Midlands in proximity to the Leinster Massif. This dolomite formed after the first four main stages of calcite cementation but probably also developed within tens of metres of the seafloor as evidenced by incorporation of clasts of dolomite in intraformational sedimentary breccias. Later, coarse-grained white dolomite preferentially replaced coarser components of the Waulsortian Limestone and infilled residual vuggy porosity. Whilst some of this coarse dolomite may be related to the fine replacive dolomite event, a common spatial association with fault zones, coupled with primary fluid inclusion data, suggest that a significant proportion of this phase precipitated during the onset of fault-controlled subsidence and widespread hydrothermal circulation within the Irish Midlands area. Fluids up to ~250 °C and 10–15 wt% NaCl equivalent, sourced from a Lower Palaeozoic basement-equilibrated fluid reservoir, infiltrated the carbonate sequence via faults and fractures. The more localised development of dolomite-cemented breccias (white matrix breccias) that are frequently associated spatially with mineralisation was a consequence of the increased focusing of these hydrothermal fluids. Ore formation was broadly synchronous with development of the white dolomite breccias but only happened where mixing occurred between the hydrothermal ore-fluids and localised, near-surface reservoirs of low-temperature, H2S-rich brine. In the Waulsortian, this process led to the precipitation of a distinctive black dolomite that forms a broad halo to massive sulphides. Although ore-stage sulphides postdate significant diagenesis of the host rocks, and often display "epigenetic" textures, the fact that much of the cementation occurred soon after carbonate deposition means that mineralisation does not have to have formed after significant burial. In fact, the occurrence of clasts of hydrothermal dolomite and sulphides in intraformational debris-flow breccias is only consistent with mineralising processes occurring in the near-seafloor environment, relatively soon after host-rock deposition. The regional development of a distinctive pink dolomite associated with faults and fractures was a post-ore event, and is considered to mark a regional brine migration linked to the onset of the Variscan orogeny. The development of this new tectonic and flow regime may have been responsible for the cessation of economic mineralisation in Ireland.Editorial handling: J. Menuge 相似文献
9.
甘肃酒泉盆地青西油田泥砾岩相和泥云岩相储层中发育两种裂缝系统。采用多种方法,系统研究了不同岩相区裂缝的产状特征、电性响应特征和物性特征,并重点分析了控制裂缝形成的成岩演化成因。研究结果表明:泥砾岩相中发育有砾缘缝、粒内溶蚀缝和构造裂缝;泥云岩相中发育层面溶蚀缝、泄水裂缝及构造裂缝。裂缝系统不但对储层渗流能力有较大程度的改善,而且也具有一定程度的储集能力。母岩矿物的选择性（差异）溶蚀是控制本区裂缝和次生孔隙发育的主要因素：泥砾岩成分复杂,各种碎屑物及胶结物之间的交代、溶蚀以及不稳定碎屑颗粒的选择性（差异）溶蚀是砾缘缝、成岩溶蚀缝及大量次生孔隙在泥砾岩储层中形成的主要原因;泥云岩中存在的二元和三元纹层结构从根本上决定了裂缝的发育程度,碳酸钙的白云岩化和沸石化是层面溶蚀缝形成的主要成岩作用。 相似文献
10.
THOMAS C. GUSTAVSON 《Sedimentology》1978,25(3):401-426
All major streams draining the southwestern flank of the Edwards Plateau in south-central Texas transport large volumes of gravel and sandy muddy gravel and are developing meander lobe sequences consisting predominantly of coarse gravel. The largest of these streams, the Nueces River, has a sinuosity index of 1.3 and an average stream surface slope of 1.8 m/km in the study area. Stream discharge is variable and has ranged from no flow to more than 17,000 m3/s. Mean clast b-axis length for the ten largest clasts at thirteen sample sites ranged from 2.5 to 10.8 cm. Velocities of 2.7-4.4 m/s 1 m above the stream bed are required to transport these clasts. Stream velocities of these magnitudes occur about once in 8 years when discharge of the Nueces River exceeds 3300 m3/s. Mean grain size of Nueces River alluvium ranges from 1.2 to 3.4 cm. At a flow depth of 1 m, sediment of this size has a critical erosion velocity of 1.8-3 m/s. Velocities of this magnitude occur about once in two years when discharge exceeds 340 m3/s. Under these conditions flow is subcritical, with critical shear stresses on depositional surfaces ranging from 6.4 to 12.7 kg/m2. Gravel clasts are imbricated and channel bed forms are predominantly transverse gravel bars with slip faces ranging up to 2 m high and wavelengths in excess of 100 m. Stratification includes graded planar crossbeds and horizontal beds. Lower lateral accretion face sediments are also predominantly transverse bars; upper lateral accretion face deposits occur as longitudinal gravel ridges deposited in the lee of vegetation and, less commonly, as chute bars. Near the upper limit of meander lobes where vegetation is heavy, mud and muddy sand occur as overbank deposits; in these deposits sedimentary structures other than desiccation cracks are rare. Sedimentary sequences in gravel meander lobe systems deposited by low sinuosity streams are graded or non-graded horizontal beds and planar cross-beds overlain by mud and muddy sand interbedded with horizontally bedded gravels. Sequences may be several metres thick, but probably do not exceed 8-10 m in thickness. These deposits in turn are overlain by overbank deposits of mud and muddy sand. Similar sedimentary sequences occur in the extensive Quaternary terraces that parallel the Nueces River. 相似文献
11.
一种特殊类型硅质岩的特征与成因研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
浙江江山晚石炭世藕塘底组上段发现一种较为特殊的硅质岩。该类岩石呈白色、黄白色,夹于浅海相黄白色长石石英砂岩、粉砂岩和砾岩中。其显著特征是,岩石具残余生物碎屑结构,见大量腕足类、海百合茎、珊瑚等钙质生物假象,主要为mm级完整个体,密集堆积。生物已完全硅化,但内部组构清晰可辨。常见由多个微晶石英交代的自形细晶白云石假象以及碳酸盐交代残余。岩石质地较轻,具大量圆形、菱形和不规则状孔隙,系由海百合茎等生物碎屑、白云石(或钙质成分)风化淋滤流失造成空洞所致。岩石属于交代成因,原岩可能为亮晶(或微晶)生物碎屑灰岩,为潮下浅滩沉积产物。岩石硅化前曾发生过白云化作用。地球化学特征表明,硅质来源于正常地下水,无热水或火山硅质来源的迹象。笔者将这类硅质岩取名为“钙骨假象燧石岩”。 相似文献
12.
Sellicks Beach, located on the eastern shore of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, is subject to wave-dominated processes and northward longshore transport. During winter, when wave energy is typically vigorous, gravel deposits are exposed across most of the beach, and three step-like berms are well developed. Sand is restricted to a narrow strip that is exposed only at low tide. In contrast, during summer, when wave energy is generally moderate to low, much of the gravel is covered by a thin veneer of sand and only the high berm, on the landward edge of the beach, remains as an obvious feature. Steeply dipping Neoproterozoic to Cambrian strata that outcrop strongly across Sellicks Hill are the original source rocks for the beach gravel; distinctive sedimentary textures, structures and fossils in the cobble-size clasts can be confidently matched with those of the provenance rocks. Much of the sediment entered the modern beach environment as a consequence of coastal erosion of transitional alluvial fan sediments. The oldest alluvial fan sediments are of late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene age. Mount Terrible Gully provides a conduit for the input of fluvial sediment at the mouth of Cactus Canyon, where clasts as large as boulders accumulate across the beach. Sellicks Beach gravels are subject to longshore transport northwards. Relatively softer clasts, such as those derived from the Heatherdale Shale, are rare beyond Cactus Canyon. In contrast, quartzite clasts are more abundant towards the north. This lithological differentiation is attributed to preferential survivorship of clasts that are physically harder and chemically less reactive. The change in the shapes of clasts northwards, from predominately shingle-like ‘very platy’ and ‘very bladed’ at Cactus Canyon, to more ‘compact’ towards the boat ramp, is in accord with the more massive fabric of the surviving quartzite clasts. At Sellicks Beach, preservation of uplifted, coarse gravels, with entire and comminuted marine molluscan shells, of last interglacial age, provides evidence of neotectonism. At the landward margin of the beach, imbricated gravels in which pore spaces have been infilled with mud, and which show no evidence of modern coastal erosion, may provide evidence of continuing uplift during the recent Holocene. The geological setting, geomorphic framework and modern sedimentary regime at Sellicks Beach combine to provide an exceptionally useful outdoor laboratory for education in field geology. 相似文献
13.
Two statistical analyses of gravel clasts from the Lower Pleistocene deposits in the Lower Cecina Valley (Tuscany, Italy) have been combined to unravel changes in the palaeo‐drainage system. Data from 16 outcrops were collected and 6400 clasts described. Facies analysis, micro‐palaeontology and macro‐palaeontology and petrographic characteristics of the gravel deposits have highlighted the presence of three allostratigraphic units. Clast lithology is the main discriminator among these units. Cluster and principal component analyses of the 6400 clasts have improved understanding of the stratigraphy of the Lower Pleistocene deposits and constrain the re‐routing of the lower palaeo‐Cecina River from a supposedly south‐east to north‐west direction to the present east to west direction. Short rivers feeding small fan deltas represented by the oldest allostratigraphic units were abandoned in the Lower Pleistocene, when the re‐routing of the Cecina River caused the capture of these streams. This evolution suggests a change in the tectonic regime of the area. The fan deltas developed on the hanging wall of normal faults sub‐parallel to the coast; a change to a transtensile tectonic regime caused the deviation of the main river channel toward the present coast and the formation of a pull‐apart basin, which is now exploited by the Cecina River. This study illustrates the value of lithological analyses of gravel deposits for understanding the tectonic evolution of an area. 相似文献
14.
J. T. Hutton Dianne S. Lindsay C. R. Twidale 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1-2):37-50
Black Hill is a boulder‐strewn residual of norite standing 45 m above the Murray Plains about 80 km northeast of Adelaide. Between the boulders, the crystalline rock has weathered to a dark‐brown terra rossa‐rendzina soil with calcite, illite, kaolin, and hematite as the principal secondary minerals. At one site on the smooth lower slopes of the outcrop, the material above the norite consists of partially weathered granular fragments with considerable dolomite and some calcite in nodular form. Below the surface, the rock has been weathered along joints to produce the clay mineral nontronite, and between each corestone and this plastic clay there is a zone of laminated but essentially unaltered rock 10–25 cm thick. Pieces of amorphous silica occur sporadically in some joints and on the surface. The dark‐brown soil appears to be related to the present environment but the nontronite in the joint weathering, the dolomite, and the amorphous silica are all consistent with the norite having been inundated, possibly during the Miocene marine transgression. Calculations based on the retention of elements such as aluminium, potassium, titanium, and iron have been used to predict quantitatively the amount of certain minerals such as quartz, calcite, and dolomite introduced to the weathering profiles. 相似文献
15.
湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿硅化角砾岩岩石地球化学特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带由未硅化角砾岩—极弱硅化角砾岩—硅化角砾岩—强硅化角砾岩(似硅质岩)组成,产于侏罗系与下伏二叠系间的不整合面附近,角砾成份复杂,充填物和胶结物类型多样。随着硅化程度的加强,硅化角砾岩带SiO2含量变化大,最高可达95.34%,而Al2O3、MgO、FeO、K2O、Na2O、CaO、CO2和P2O5含量特别是MgO、CaO、CO2和P2O5含量明显降低,且K2O>Na2O,TiO2的含量显著偏低。硅化角砾岩带LREE/HREE比值为1.95～4.93,Ce(δCe=0.44～0.81)和Eu(δEu=0.58～0.89)均为弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型,但随硅化程度增高稀土元素含量显著减少:未硅化和弱硅化角砾岩稀土元素总量较高,为(176.82～318.93)×10-10,与当冲组泥质岩配分曲线相似;硅化强烈的角砾岩稀土元素总量低,为(7.71～65.95)×10-10,与下伏栖霞组灰岩稀土元素配分曲线极为相似。结合微量元素F、Ba、Cl、Cr、Ni、Sr、V研究结果及硅化角砾岩带自底部至顶部特有的下粗上细的韵律性层理构造,认为康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带是在地台体制向地洼体制转变期的大地构造环境下,由于地壳快速隆升,二叠纪灰岩、泥质岩、石英砂岩等岩石剥蚀,在古河流环境下搬运、沉积形成的。此 相似文献
16.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):753-760
The sediments of the upper Swartkops River are almost exclusively gravels and boulder beds derived from the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group and the Paleozoic Cape Supergroup rocks. Many of the cobbles and boulders are second-cycle clasts, the great majority of which are quartzitic in composition. Pebble size and shape were examined and fabric analysis was performed on samples from 22 sites in the study area. Pebble imbrication planes dip consistently upstream at angles of 20? to 50? and pebble long axes generally are aligned normal to the flow direction. Clasts in the braid-plain deposits range from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (large boulders over a meter in diameter are not uncommon). Pebble roundness ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 (averaging 0.43) and sphericity values range from 0.3 to 0.9 (averaging 0.59). The gravel clasts are angular to well-rounded, but are predominantly subrounded. Zingg diagram plots show a majority of discoidal pebbles, but there is a diversity of shapes reflecting the complex source area from which some resedimented clasts originated. Channel and bar morphology is complex, with gravel bars often merging laterally and longitudinally with main and secondary channels. Both channels and bars are terraced stepwise downstream and across the braid plain. Bar tops are armored by both small and large clasts, whereas channels may be lined with cobbles or boulders, but often exhibit small pebble lags. Algal mats occur as fresh curtains in all standing pools of water and dried crusty deposits on pebbly substrates in inactive channels. Imbrication studies demonstrate conclusively that pebble imbrication is the most meaningful indicator of flow direction in a gravel deposit and is far more reliable than rare cross-bedding encountered in bar-top sands, where bedforms often migrate laterally rather than downstream. The Swartkops braid-plain gravels resemble the ancient deposits of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, both deposits being characterized by boulder-rich gravels, poor clast sorting, resedimented pebbles from a proximal fault-bounded source, and algal mats. Although heavy minerals are lacking in the Swartkops, trapping of fines by algal filaments appears to occur during low-flow conditions. 相似文献
17.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2015,56(11):1522-1530
Isolated lenses of diamictites laying discordantly over the Late Riphean (Cryogenian) Kirgitei Formation were found in the immediate vicinity of the Vendian Taseeva Group stratotype in the Taseeva River valley and assigned to the Shishina Member a few meters in visible thickness. The Shishina diamictites are, likely, of glacial origin as they (i) lie at the base of the Vendian section, (ii) consist of unsorted dolomitic clasts from fine gravel to more than 0.5 m boulders suspended in a mud matrix, and (iii) show glacial striation on clasts. The glacial origin is further supported by the morphology of stones, which resemble a smoothing iron or a bullet, with a swelly top, a flat bottom, and a steeply cut rear and form clusters produced by disintegration of larger boulders. The stones bear signatures of cleavage, cracks, grooves, and striation on the faces, while the matrix looks undeformed. The Shishina Member has no genetic relation with the underlying Kirgitei Formation but rather correlates sedimentologically with the Ulyakha Member tillites at the base of the Vendian Marnya Formation (Oselok Group) in the Sayan foothills. The Shishina Member stones may derive from the Late Riphean (Cryogenian) Dzhura Formation exposed 4 km downstream of the site along the Taseeva. They occur near the base of the Aleshinsky Formation (lowermost unit of the Taseeva Group) of cross-bedded glaciofluvial sandstone, gravelstone, conglomerate, and sandy gravel mixtite transported from east to west (from the Siberian Craton interior to its margins) and deposited in channel bars or as gravel lags. The lower member of the Aleshinsky Formation comprises two associations of clasts: (i) coarse quartzose sand and gravel and (ii) fine and medium quartz and lithoclastic sand. Rocks in the former are well rounded, with traces of wind erosion, while the latter association is composed of mechanically eroded angular material transported to short distances from a metamorphic and metasedimentary source on the Craton margin. The Aleshinsky clastics have their composition and grain size patterns similar to those of the glaciofluvial Plity, Nersya, and Kedrovy members of the Marnya Formation in the Sayan area. According to sedimentological evidence, the Shishina diamictites are tillites identical to the Ulyakha moraine at the base of the Sayan Oselok Group and may be a missing link in the Taseeva Group stratigraphy. 相似文献
18.
D. Craw C. G. Rufaut S. Hammit S. G. Clearwater C. M. Smith 《Environmental Geology》2007,51(8):1389-1400
Slopes of an abandoned waste rock at Wangaloa coal mine, south-east New Zealand, have naturally developed variable vegetation
cover over the last 40–60 years. Three distinct areas of revegetation can clearly be identified: dense cover, patchy cover,
and largely unvegetated, and the differences in revegetation success are directly related to the physical properties of different
rock types making up the waste rock substrate. The colonizing plants have become established in largely unweathered rock with
essentially no soil development. Quartz gravel and siltstone waste rock are the two principal rock types forming substrates
for revegetation. The quartz gravel has clasts up to 3 cm, and was derived from the coal-bearing sequence. Siltstone was largely
derived from a Quaternary loess cap on the coal mine area. These two substrates have similar mineral contents, and this mineral
material provides the low level of available nutrients. However, there is little difference in nutrient status or trace element
load of the different substrates, and differences in cohesion, moisture content, and proportion of quartz pebbles control
revegetation success. Finer grained matrix has been flushed from quartz gravel waste rock by rain water, leaving a dry surface
armour layer of quartz pebbles. This surface layer inhibits plant establishment, so quartz gravel waste rock remains largely
unvegetated. Erosion creates deep rills, and steep surfaces creep downslope. In contrast, full vegetation cover was established
on the siltstone waste rock that was cohesive and did not erode. Patchy revegetation was localized by siltstone in mixed quartz
gravel and siltstone substrate. Invertebrate diversity and distribution were closely linked to the spatial patterns of revegetation.
The rate of revegetation and ecosystem recovery was primarily dependent on the proportion of siltstone waste rock in the last
dumped truck load. A quartz pebble content <15% is optimal for plant establishment. 相似文献
19.
We report sediment-infill volcanic breccia from the Neoarchean Shimoga greenstone belt of western Dharwar Craton which is associated with rhyolites, chlorite schists and pyroclastic rocks. The pyroclastic rocks of Yalavadahalli area of Shimoga greenstone belt host volcanogenic Pb–Cu–Zn mineralization. The sediment-infill volcanic breccia is clast-supported and comprises angular to sub-angular felsic volcanic clasts embedded in a dolomitic matrix that infilled the spaces in between the framework of volcanic clasts. The volcanic clasts are essentially composed of alkali feldspar and quartz with accessory biotite and opaques. These clasts have geochemical characteristics consistent with that of the associated potassic rhyolites from Daginkatte Formation. The rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength element (HFSE) compositions of the sediment-infill volcanic breccia and associated mafic and felsic volcanic rocks suggest an active continental margin setting for their generation. Origin, transport and deposition of these rhyolitic clasts and their aggregation with infiltrated carbonate sediments may be attributed to pyroclastic volcanism, short distance transportation of felsic volcanic clasts and their deposition in a shallow marine shelf in an active continental margin tectonic setting where the rhyolitic clasts were cemented by carbonate material. This unique rock type, marked by close association of pyroclastic volcanic rocks and shallow marine shelf sediments, suggest shorter distance between the ridge and shelf in the Neoarchean plate tectonic scenario. 相似文献
20.
塔里木盆地寒武系与蒸发岩相关的白云岩储层特征及主控因素 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
塔里木盆地寒武系广泛发育白云岩,其中中寒武统地层沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩,蒸发岩和白云岩可以构成很好的储盖组合,该领域也是塔里木盆地未来勘探的新领域。萨布哈白云岩和渗透回流白云岩是两种与蒸发岩相关的白云岩,其储层发育的主控因素也都与蒸发岩存在着直接或间接的联系。通过对大量岩芯、薄片、主量元素、稀土元素、碳、氧稳定同位素及锶稳定同位素等地球化学测试和测井资料的细致研究,系统总结了它们的岩石学特征、地球化学特征。萨布哈白云岩储层的岩性以含石膏的泥 粉晶白云岩为特征,孔隙类型主要为膏模孔和溶塌角砾砾间孔,萨布哈白云石化作用及伴生石膏的沉淀作用和准同生期大气淡水溶蚀作用是该类储层的主控因素;渗透回流白云岩储层的岩性以保留原岩颗粒或藻（丘）格架结构的粉晶白云岩为特征,孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、铸模孔、格架孔,渗透回流白云石化作用和大气淡水溶蚀作用是该类储层的主控因素。两者主要发育于塔里木盆地干旱气候背景下的中-下寒武统地层,其分布规律主要受沉积相控制。 相似文献