共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Variability and trends of sub-continental scale surface climate in the twentieth century. Part I: observations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Giorgi 《Climate Dynamics》2002,18(8):675-691
An analysis is presented of observed temperature and precipitation variability and trends throughout the twentieth century over 22 land regions of sub-continental scale. Summer, winter and annual data are examined using a range of variability measures. Statistically significant warming trends are found over the majority of regions. The trends have a magnitude of up to 2 K per century and are maximum over cold climate regions. Only a few precipitation trends are statistically significant. Regional temperature and precipitation show pronounced variability at scales from interannual to multidecadal, with maximum over cold climate regions. The interannual variability shows significant variations and trends throughout the century, the latter being mostly negative for precipitation and both positive and negative for temperature. Temperature and precipitation anomalies show a chaotic-type behavior in which the regional conditions oscillate around the long term mean trend and occasionally fall into long-lasting (up to 10 years or more) anomaly regimes. A generally modest temporal correlation is found between anomalies of different regions and between temperature and precipitation anomalies for the same region. This correlation is mostly positive for temperature in cases of adjacent regions or regions in the same latitude belts. Several cases of negative inter-regional precipitation anomaly correlation are found. The ENSO significantly affects the anomaly variability patterns over a number of regions, primarily in tropical areas, while the NAO significantly affects the variability over northern mid- and high-latitude regions of Europe and Asia. 相似文献
2.
利用1961—2011年51年的日降水资料,以2400多站组成的国家级站网为基准,通过分析不同站网对中雨日数、大雨日数、强降水量和极强降水量4种极端降水指数监测差异,对中国不同地面观测站网对中国极端降水事件的代表性进行了评估。研究发现,各站网对极端降水事件变化的时间和空间分布监测精度由高到低依次为:基本基准站网,基本站网,基准站网,GCOS站网。GCOS站网和基准站网对各降水指数的空间分布的影响与标准站网相差较大。基本基准站网和基本站网对各极端降水指数变化方向及变化速率的空间分布与标准站网非常一致,但在西南地区北部、东北中东部地区、长江中游北侧局部地区的观测精度仍然不理想。 相似文献
3.
Kerandi Noah Misati Laux Patrick Arnault Joel Kunstmann Harald 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,130(1-2):401-418
This study investigates the ability of the regional climate model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) in simulating the seasonal and interannual variability of hydrometeorological variables in the Tana River basin (TRB) in Kenya, East Africa. The impact of two different land use classifications, i.e., the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the US Geological Survey (USGS) at two horizontal resolutions (50 and 25 km) is investigated. Simulated precipitation and temperature for the period 2011–2014 are compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Climate Research Unit (CRU), and station data. The ability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Climate Research Unit (CRU) data in reproducing in situ observation in the TRB is analyzed. All considered WRF simulations capture well the annual as well as the interannual and spatial distribution of precipitation in the TRB according to station data and the TRMM estimates. Our results demonstrate that the increase of horizontal resolution from 50 to 25 km, together with the use of the MODIS land use classification, significantly improves the precipitation results. In the case of temperature, spatial patterns and seasonal cycle are well reproduced, although there is a systematic cold bias with respect to both station and CRU data. Our results contribute to the identification of suitable and regionally adapted regional climate models (RCMs) for East Africa.
相似文献4.
Climate change in Turkey for the last half century 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate change and its urban-induced bias in selected Turkish cities is studied with a quality controlled temperature and precipitation data of Turkish stations in the period of 1950–2004. These stations are classified into two groups according to their populations; S1, including rural and suburban stations and S2, including large urban stations. Moving average signals, 365-day, and their digital low pass filtered versions are produced to eliminate the short term fluctuations and examine the possible trends or anomalies in climate data. Furthermore, ‘relative difference’ signals are introduced and applied to temperature and precipitation series to observe the actual local changes in the climate data independent from large-scale effects. Mann–Kendall test statistics are calculated for maximum, minimum, mean temperature and precipitation series and plotted on maps to determine any spatial trend patterns. Signal analysis show a cool period extending from early 1960s till 1993, generally with the lowest temperature values on 1992–1993 owing to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. A last decade significant warming trend is observed in both of the series, S1 and S2, leading to 2000–2002 temperatures to be recorded as maximums in record history. The variability of urban precipitation series is generally larger than the rural ones, suggesting that urban stations can experience more frequent and severe droughts and floods. Though not significant, an increase in the urban precipitation compared to the rural one is also found. Spatial analysis resulted in significant warming in southern and southeastern parts of the country. Particularly, minimum temperature series show significant warming in almost all of the regions indicating the effect of urbanization. Significant decreases of precipitation amounts in the western parts of Turkey, such as Aegean and Trachea regions, are found. On the other hand, some Turkish northern stations show increases in precipitation of which some are significant. 相似文献
5.
The influence of interpolation and station network density on the distributions and trends of climate variables in gridded daily data 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
We study the influence of station network density on the distributions and trends in indices of area-average daily precipitation
and temperature in the E-OBS high resolution gridded dataset of daily climate over Europe, which was produced with the primary
purpose of Regional Climate Model evaluation. Area averages can only be determined with reasonable accuracy from a sufficiently
large number of stations within a grid-box. However, the station network on which E-OBS is based comprises only 2,316 stations,
spread unevenly across approximately 18,000 0.22° grid-boxes. Consequently, grid-box data in E-OBS are derived through interpolation
of stations up to 500 km distant, with the distance of stations that contribute significantly to any grid-box value increasing
in areas with lower station density. Since more dispersed stations have less shared variance, the resultant interpolated values
are likely to be over-smoothed, and extreme daily values even more so. We perform an experiment over five E-OBS grid boxes
for precipitation and temperature that have a sufficiently dense local station network to enable a reasonable estimate of
the area-average. We then create a series of randomly selected station sub-networks ranging in size from four to all stations
within the E-OBS interpolation search radii. For each sub-network realisation, we estimate the grid-box average applying the
same interpolation methodology as used for E-OBS, and then evaluate the effect of network density on the distribution of daily
values, as well as trends in extremes indices. The results show that when fewer stations have been used for the interpolation,
both precipitation and temperature are over-smoothed, leading to a strong tendency for interpolated daily values to be reduced
relative to the “true” area-average. The smoothing is greatest for higher percentiles, and therefore has a disproportionate
effect on extremes and any derived extremes indices. For many regions of the E-OBS dataset, the station density is sufficiently
low to expect this smoothing effect to be significant and this should be borne in mind by any users of the E-OBS dataset. 相似文献
6.
Zéphirin Yepdo Djomou David Monkam Paul Woafo 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,117(3-4):625-641
Four regions are detected in northern Africa (20° W–40° E, 0–30° N) by applying the cluster analysis method on the annual rainfall anomalies of the period 1901–2000. The first region (R1), an arid land, covers essentially the north of 17.75° N from west to east of the study zone. The second region (R2), a semiarid land with a Sahelian climate, less warm than the dry climate of R1, is centred on Chad, with almost regular extension to the west towards Mauritania, and to the east, including the north of the Central African Republic and the Sudan. The region 3 (R3), a wet land, is centred on the Ivory Coast and covers totally Liberia, the south part of Ghana, Togo, Benin and the southwest of Nigeria. The fourth region (R4), corresponding to the wet equatorial forest, covers a part of Senegal, the Central Africa, the south of Sudan and a part of Ethiopia. An analysis of observed temperature and precipitation variability and trends throughout the twentieth century over these regions is presented. Summer, winter and annual data are examined using a range of variability measures. Statistically, significant warming trends are found over the majority of regions. The trends have a magnitude of up to 1.5 K per century. Only a few precipitation trends are statistically significant. Regional temperature and precipitation show pronounced variability at scales from interannual to multi-decadal. The interannual variability shows significant variations and trends throughout the century, the latter being mostly negative for precipitation and both positive and negative for temperature. Temperature and precipitation anomalies show a chaotic-type behaviour in which the regional conditions oscillate around the long-term mean trend and occasionally fall into long-lasting (up to 10 years or more) anomaly regimes. A generally modest temporal correlation is found between anomalies of different regions and between temperature and precipitation anomalies for the same region. This correlation is mostly positive for temperature in cases of adjacent regions. Several cases of negative interregional precipitation anomaly correlation are found. The El Niño Southern Oscillation significantly affects the anomaly variability patterns over a number of regions, mainly regions 3 (R3) and 4 (R4), while the North Atlantic Oscillation significantly affects the variability over arid and semiarid regions, R1 and R2. 相似文献
7.
Abstract Trends in Canadian temperature and precipitation during the 20th century are analyzed using recently updated and adjusted station data. Six elements, maximum, minimum and mean temperatures along with diurnal temperature range (DTR), precipitation totals and ratio of snowfall to total precipitation are investigated. Anomalies from the 1961–1990 reference period were first obtained at individual stations, and were then used to generate gridded datasets for subsequent trend analyses. Trends were computed for 1900–1998 for southern Canada (south of 60°N), and separately for 1950–1998 for the entire country, due to insufficient data in the high arctic prior to the 1950s. From 1900–1998, the annual mean temperature has increased between 0.5 and 1.5°C in the south. The warming is greater in minimum temperature than in maximum temperature in the first half of the century, resulting in a decrease of DTR. The greatest warming occurred in the west, with statistically significant increases mostly seen during spring and summer periods. Annual precipitation has also increased from 5% to 35% in southern Canada over the same period. In general, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation has been increasing due mostly to the increase in winter precipitation which generally falls as snow and an increase of ratio in autumn. Negative trends were identified in some southern regions during spring. From 1950–1998, the pattern of temperature change is distinct: warming in the south and west and cooling in the northeast, with similar magnitudes in both maximum and minimum temperatures. This pattern is mostly evident in winter and spring. Across Canada, precipitation has increased by 5% to 35%, with significant negative trends found in southern regions during winter. Overall, the ratio of snowfall to total precipitation has increased, with significant negative trends occurring mostly in southern Canada during spring. Indices of abnormal climate conditions are also examined. These indices were defined as areas of Canada for 1950–1998, or southern Canada for 1900–1998, with temperature or precipitation anomalies above the 66th or below the 34th percentiles in their relevant time series. These confirmed the above findings and showed that climate has been becoming gradually wetter and warmer in southern Canada throughout the entire century, and in all of Canada during the latter half of the century. 相似文献
8.
Climate-model induced differences in the 21st century global and regional glacier contributions to sea-level rise 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The large uncertainty in future global glacier volume projections partly results from a substantial range in future climate conditions projected by global climate models. This study addresses the effect of global and regional differences in climate input data on the projected twenty-first century glacier contribution to sea-level rise. Glacier volume changes are calculated with a surface mass balance model combined with volume-area scaling, applied to 89 glaciers in different climatic regions. The mass balance model is based on a simplified energy balance approach, with separated contributions by net solar radiation and the combined other fluxes. Future mass balance is calculated from anomalies in air temperature, precipitation and atmospheric transmissivity, taken from eight global climate models forced with the A1B emission scenario. Regional and global sea-level contributions are obtained by scaling the volume changes at the modelled glaciers to all glaciers larger than 0.1 km2 outside the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. This results in a global value of 0.102 ± 0.028 m (multi-model mean and standard deviation) relative sea-level equivalent for the period 2012–2099, corresponding to 18 ± 5 % of the estimated total volume of glaciers. Glaciers in the Antarctic, Alaska, Central Asia and Greenland together account for 65 ± 4 % of the total multi-model mean projected sea-level rise. The projected sea-level contribution is 35 ± 17 % larger when only anomalies in air temperature are taken into account, demonstrating an important compensating effect by increased precipitation and possibly reduced atmospheric transmissivity. The variability in projected precipitation and atmospheric transmissivity changes is especially large in the Arctic regions, making the sea-level contribution for these regions particularly sensitive to the climate model used. Including additional uncertainties in the modelling procedure and the input data, the total uncertainty estimate for the future projections becomes ±0.063 m. 相似文献
9.
This paper describes the development of a comprehensive geographic database of historical precipitation and runoff measurements for the conterminous U.S. The database is used in a spatial analysis to characterize large scale precipitation and runoff patterns and to assess the utility and limitations of using historical hydro-meteorological data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates at regional and continental scales. Long-term annual average precipitation (P) and runoff (Q) surfaces (geographically referenced, digital representations of a continuous spatial distribution) generated from interpolation of point measurements are used in a distributed water balance calculation to check the reliability of precipitation estimates. The resulting input-output values (P- Q) illustrate the deficiency (sparse distribution and low elevation bias) of historical precipitation measurements in the mountainous western U.S. where snowmelt is an important component of the annual runoff. The incorporation of high elevation snow measurements into the precipitation record significantly improves the water balance estimates in some areas and enhances the utility of historical data for providing spatially distributed precipitation estimates in topographically diverse regions. Regions where the use of historical precipitation data may be most limited for precipitation estimation are identified and alternatives to the use of interpolated historical data for precipitation estimation across large heterogenous regions are suggested. The research establishes a database for continental scale studies and provides direction for the successful development of spatially distributed regional scale water balance models. 相似文献
10.
利用地面观测站点资料研究大范围地区的降水长期变化规律,选取不同的指标会使分析结果出现显著差异。利用中国大陆区域内2139个国家站的逐日降水资料,比较不同数据处理方法得到全国和中国西部、中国东部地区的降水量、降水日数和降水强度的区域平均时间序列,探讨对其变化趋势估算的偏差。研究表明,1951—1957年估算的中国区域平均降水量原始值出现虚假的偏高,使趋势估算出现较大误差;1951—2016年中国西部地区平均降水量距平百分率时间序列的波动幅度显著偏大;区域平均降水量、降水日数和降水强度的距平和标准化距平序列较为可信。全国平均降水量、降水日数的原始值和距平值序列都基本反映了中国东部湿润地区降水的变化,降水量距平百分率的变化主要由西部干燥区域的降水变化构成,降水量标准化距平则可综合反映湿润和干燥地区的降水变化。 相似文献
11.
基于四川省1980—2017年主要气象要素观测资料,运用ArcGIS空间分析法,分别探讨了气温、降水量和极端气候指数的年际空间变化特征;同时建立极端气候指标体系,结合熵权法、模糊综合评价法开展综合极端气候指数区划,最终完成1980—2017年四川省气候变化综合区划。研究表明:1980—2017年四川省极端气候事件的发生率呈上升趋势,从区域分布上大致表现为东高西低;根据四川省气温和降水量变化速率区划、综合极端气候指数区划,将四川省划分为6个气候变化区,其中,川东北地区综合气候变化速率最快。 相似文献
12.
The spatial resolution gap between global or regional climate models and the requirements for local impact studies motivates the need for climate downscaling. For impact studies that involve glacier modelling, the sparsity or complete absence of climate monitoring activities within the regions of interest presents a substantial additional challenge. Downscaling methods for this application must be independent of climate observations and cannot rely on tuning to station data. We present new, computationally-efficient methods for downscaling precipitation and temperature to the high spatial resolutions required to force mountain glacier models. Our precipitation downscaling is based on an existing linear theory for orographic precipitation, which we modify for large study regions by including moist air tracking. Temperature is downscaled using an interpolation scheme that reconstructs the vertical temperature structure to estimate surface temperatures from upper air data. Both methods are able to produce output on km to sub-km spatial resolution, yet do not require tuning to station measurements. By comparing our downscaled precipitation (1 km resolution) and temperature (200 m resolution) fields to station measurements in southern British Columbia, we evaluate their performance regionally and through the annual cycle. Precipitation is improved by as much as 30% (median relative error) over the input reanalysis data and temperature is reconstructed with a mean bias of 0.5°C at locations with high vertical relief. Both methods perform best in mountainous terrain, where glaciers tend to be concentrated. 相似文献
13.
V. P. Meleshko V. M. Kattsov V. A. Govorkova P. V. Sporyshev I. M. Shkol’nik B. E. Shneerov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2008,33(9):541-552
Probable climate changes in Russia in the 21st century are considered based on the results of global climate simulations with an ensemble of coupled atmosphere-ocean CMIP3 models. The future changes in the surface air temperature, atmospheric pressure, cloud amount, atmospheric precipitation, snow cover, soil water content, and annual runoff in Russia and some of its regions in the early, middle, and late 21st century are analyzed using the A2 scenario of the greenhouse gas and aerosol emission. Future changes in the yearly highest and lowest surface air temperatures and in summer precipitation of high intensity are estimated for Russia. Possible oscillations of the Caspian Sea level associated with the expected global climate warming are estimated. In addition to the estimates of the ensemble mean changes in climatic characteristics, the information about standard deviations and statistical significance of the corresponding climate changes is given. 相似文献
14.
F. Giorgi 《Climate Dynamics》2002,18(8):693-708
This work presents an analysis of simulated temperature and precipitation variability and trends throughout the twentieth century over 22 land regions of sub-continental scale in the HADCM3 and HADCM2 (two realizations) coupled models. Regional temperature biases in the HADCM3 and HADCM2 are mostly in the range of -5 K to +3 K for the seasonal averages and -3 K to +2 K for the annual average. Seasonal precipitation biases are mostly in the range of -50% to 75% of present day precipitation, with a tendency in both models to overpredict cold season precipitation. Except for cold season temperature in mid- and high-latitude Northern Hemisphere regions, the average climatology of the HADCM2 and HADCM3 is of comparable quality despite the lack of an ocean flux adjustment in the HADCM3. Both models show warming trends of magnitude in line with observations, although the observed inter-regional patterns of warming trend are not well reproduced. Measures of temperature and precipitation interannual to interdecadal variability in the models are in general agreement with observations except for Northern Hemisphere summer temperature variability, which is overestimated. The models somewhat underestimate the inter-decadal variations in interannual variability measures observed during the century and overestimate the range of anomalies. Both models tend to overpredict the occurrences of short persistences (1-3 years) and underpredict the occurrence and maximum length of long persistences (greater than three years), which is an indication of a deficiency in the simulation of long-lived anomaly regimes. Compared to observations, the models produce a higher magnitude of temporal anomaly correlation across regions and correlation between temperature and precipitation anomalies for a given region. This suggests that local processes that may be effective in decoupling the observed regional anomalies are not captured well. Overall, the variability measures in the HADCM2 and HADCM3 are of similar quality, indicating that the use of a flux correction in the HADCM2 does not strongly affect the regional variability characteristics of the model. 相似文献
15.
16.
以我国大陆2416个气象观测站点组成的站网为参考,以观测序列的相关性表示对气候变化信号的监测能力,分析不同地区单位经纬度网格内站点数对信号监测能力的影响,得到特定监测能力要求下所需的站点数,为大尺度气候观测站网的站点设置提供科学依据。对2.5°×2.5°网格来说,当要求子集站网气温序列与标准站网气温序列相关系数超过0.99和0.95时,所需的站点数分别为750和377;当要求子集站网降水量序列与标准站网降水量序列的相关系数超过0.95和0.90时,需要的站点数分别为670和417。对2.5°×3.5°和5.0°×5.0°经纬度网格的分析发现,对站点数量要求较高的区域大部分是地形过渡区,一般来说,降水量观测对站点密度的要求高于气温。 相似文献
17.
西北地区近40年6～9月降水的异常特征分析 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
利用西北 (区 ) 1 6 8个测站 1 96 1～ 2 0 0 0年 6～ 9月月平均降水与温度资料 ,运用EOF、REOF、小波分析等诊断方法分析了近 4 0年 6～ 9月降水异常特征 ,同时分析了旱涝变化。结果表明 :(1 )西北区 6～ 9月降水受大尺度天气系统影响 ,降水空间异常分为 7个气候异常区 ;(2 )各异常区代表站降水的时间演变特征、不同年代所盛行的主要周期均有所差异 ;(3)渭水流域区、高原区旱涝变化位相基本一致 ,进入 90年代 ,变干是各区平均气候变化的普遍特征 相似文献
18.
Does the model regional bias affect the projected regional climate change? An analysis of global model projections 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
An analysis is presented of the dependence of the regional temperature and precipitation change signal on systematic regional biases in global climate change projections. The CMIP3 multi-model ensemble is analyzed over 26 land regions and for the A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario. For temperature, the model regional bias has a negligible effect on the projected regional change. For precipitation, a significant correlation between change and bias is found in about 30% of the seasonal/regional cases analyzed, covering a wide range of different climate regimes. For these cases, a performance-based selection of models in producing climate change scenarios can affect the resulting change estimate, and it is noted that a minimum of four to five models is needed to obtain robust precipitation change estimates. In a number of cases, models with largely different precipitation biases can still produce changes of consistent sign. Overall, it is assessed that in the present generation of models the regional bias does not appear to be a dominant factor in determining the simulated regional change in the majority of cases. 相似文献
19.
近百年中国气候变暖趋势之再评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基于均一化的气温观测序列集,1900年以来中国气温升高趋势1.3—1.7℃/（100 a）。这个已用于新近的中国国家气候变化评估报告的结果,远高于早期的评估结果（0.5—0.8℃/（100 a））。回顾了始于20世纪80年代的中国百年气温序列的研究,指出其中关键进展在于近年来研发了均一化的长期站点气温观测序列集。早年构建的中国气温序列中,20世纪40年代前异常偏高,除了战乱期间观测缺失严重及记录代表性问题外,主要是50年代前后很多台站迁址导致早期气温观测值系统性偏高所致,从而低估长期变暖趋势。40年代前后部分区域确实偏暖,但由于不同区域气温波动位相不一致,因而大范围平均序列中并不明显。这一事实可与近年发展的“北极暖-大陆冷”等气候变化动力学理论以及一些区域气温代用资料相印证。近几十年城市化对中国气温变化趋势之贡献大小尚存争议,但远非主导因素。 相似文献
20.
I. D. Rostov E. V. Dmitrieva N. I. Rudykh A. A. Vorontsov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2020,45(3):169-178
Observational data from the Roshydromet
hydrometeorological stations for 1978–2017, global meteorological
network, and objective analysis and reanalysis (NOAA) are used to study
the interannual variability of sea surface temperature and air
temperature in the coastal and marine areas of the Okhotsk, Japan,
Yellow, East China, and South China seas at the modern stage of the
warming. Based on the EOF, cluster, and correlation analysis, the
spatiotemporal pattern of temperature variations is analyzed and the
zoning of sea areas according to the features of modern climate change
is performed. The possible cause-and-effect relationships between these
changes and the variations in wind components and climate indices are
investigated. The studies revealed, specified, and quantified the modern
trends and regional features of interannual variability of thermal
conditions in the distinguished areas. 相似文献