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1.
西峰和西安黄土中盐碱化古土壤气候意义的初步探讨 总被引：9，自引：8，他引：9
对西峰和西安黄土剖面中古土壤的研究揭示出,作为重要气候地层标志的S4和S5古土壤竟有盐化和碱化现象。盐碱化特性直接关系到如何认识这些古土壤的气候意义。土壤化学、微形态及粘土矿物分析表明,上述古土壤以草原土特征为主,并在气候最宜期发育了森林植被。盐碱化特性并非产生于土壤被埋藏以后,而是古土壤发育末期的产物。该时期大气粉尘堆积似乎是可溶盐的来源。 相似文献
2.
根据渗水实验、孔隙度、粒度、磁化率测定,研究了长武黄土剖面L3～S6土层的渗透性及其成因。研究结果表明,L3,L4,L5和L6黄土层渗透性较强,稳定入渗速率较高,它们的渗透系数变化在0.57～1.06mm/分之间,4层平均为0.75mm/分;S3,S4,S5和 S6古土壤渗透性较弱,稳定入渗率较低,它们的渗透系数变化在0.18～0.71mm/分之间,4层平均为0.44mm/分。红色古土壤达到稳定入渗率的时间一般比黄土层要长; 黄土层的平均空隙度比红褐色古土壤高,渗透性强,粒度成分较粗,黄土层比红褐色古土壤层更利于构成含水层; 红褐色古土壤层粒度成分细,空隙度低,渗透性弱,比黄土层利于形成隔水层。长武第4层古土壤厚度小,纵向裂隙发育强,入渗速率较大,不易形成隔水层。磁化率、粘粒含量资料表明红褐色古土壤层与黄土层渗透性、含水空间和隔水性的差异主要是当时气候冷干和温湿交替变化的结果。 相似文献
3.
通过对洛川凤栖镇L12～S15土层8个层位16个实验点的入渗实验,研究了离石黄土下部层位的入渗特征。结果表明,洛川凤栖镇离石黄土下部层位黄土层的渗透系数较大,L12,L13,L14和L15这4个层位的平均值为0.90mm/分; 古土壤层的渗透系数较小,S12,S13,S14和S15的4个层位的平均值为0.35mm/分。L12,L13和L15黄土层含水空间发育较好,利于构成含水层; S12,S13,S14和S15古土壤层含水空间发育弱,利于构成隔水层。上覆总厚70余米的土层重力作用没有改变洛川离石黄土下部黄土层作为含水层和红色古土壤作为隔水层的基本特性,它们的水理性质仍是受沉积时的气候条件和成壤作用的强弱控制。古土壤层也具有一定的渗透性,这是黄土地下水常常具有多层性的原因,也是造成黄土地下水分散、含水层富水量少的主要原因。离石黄土下部黄土层含水空间发育好和利于构成含水层主要是当时冷干的气候决定的,红色古土壤含水空间发育弱和利于构成隔水层主要是当时温湿的气候决定的。将洛川黄土渗水实验数据用3种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,常用的通用经验公式和考斯加科夫公式基本适用于描述洛川凤栖镇离石黄土下部层位的入渗规律,通过计算获得的2个经验公式各参数的均值和标准差为水文和农业部门应用黄土入渗经验公式提供了重要参考值。研究还揭示,第四纪环境变化理论研究在黄土水资源开发利用方面有重要应用价值。可以根据黄土与古土壤的成壤强弱判别地下水富集规律和富集层位。成壤强、隔水性好的古土壤层和其上的成壤作用很弱、含水空间发育好的黄土层是很好的地下水含水组合,最利于地下水的富集; 成壤作用弱、隔水性差的古土壤和其上厚度小、受风化成壤作用相对较强的黄土层是较差的含水组合,不利于地下水的富集。 相似文献
4.
新疆尼勒克黄土岩石磁学特征及变化机制研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新疆黄土与黄土高原黄土相比,无论在物源还是后期成土环境方面都存在较大差异,因此二者的磁学特征有所不同。本文选取伊犁尼勒克地区的一个黄土-古土壤剖面进行了系统的岩石磁学及粒度研究。实验结果表明尼勒克剖面中磁性矿物具有以下特征:1)以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主,并含有一定量的反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿和针铁矿;2)各黄土层成壤作用弱,磁性矿物以原始输入的粗颗粒MD和PSD为主。PS_1古土壤层成壤作用强,以细颗粒SD为主。弱发育古土壤层PS。既包含SD颗粒,又有粗颗粒。各地层均不含SP颗粒;3)PS_1古土壤层原始含铁矿物输入量略低于黄土高原地区,其他各地层均高于黄土高原地区,但受成土作用及其他因素影响,剖面中亚铁磁性矿物含量远低于黄土高原黄土-古土壤层。PS_1古土壤层成壤作用强,在新疆地区较为少见,但其磁化率却低于各黄土层,说明尼勒克黄土-古土壤磁化率变化机制与黄土高原地区不同。古土壤层原始输入含铁矿物的量较黄土层低,但原始含铁矿物只是影响剖面磁化率变化的原因之一。PS_1古土壤层在沉积后期受到间歇性水流作用,成土成因的强磁性SP磁铁矿/磁赤铁矿颗粒遭受破坏并转化为赤铁矿,导致PS_1古土壤层磁化率的急剧降低,并使该层赤铁矿的相对含量增加。 相似文献
5.
广东湛江泥炭层中趋磁细菌的发现 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在研究黄土剖面中有机物质（含微生物）与黄土层磁化率关系时,发现黄土层,特别是所夹古土壤层中存在含磁小体的趋磁细菌,古土壤层中趋磁细菌及磁小体含量均高于相邻的黄土层。磁小体形成和铁源关系测试结果揭示了趋磁细菌的生长与有机盐有关,较低浓度的有机铁更有利于趋磁细菌的生长和磁小体的形成。从某种意义上说有机盐反映地面有机质含量,从而表明大量磁小体形成不是在古土壤最发育时期,也不是在快速黄土堆积时期,而是在气候转变的特定环境,即经过古土壤发育期的长期风化侵蚀,粘土矿物含量增高,与上覆的黄土堆积物组合成微氧环… 相似文献
6.
以往黄土-古土壤碳同位素的研究主要集中在东亚季风控制的干旱-半干旱黄土高原中北部地区,而对于秦岭南部暖温带季风性半湿润气候区黄土-古土壤序列有机碳同位素的研究鲜有报道。对比两种气候条件下的黄土有机质碳同位素组成可更广泛和深入地认识黄土碳同位素所指示的生态环境变化。为此,本研究选取了位于秦岭南麓的洛南上白川、刘湾两剖面,剖面厚度分别为74m和10m,以20cm间距采集上白川剖面38个样品,刘湾剖面51个样品。采用高温灼烧氧化法对全部样品有机质碳同位素组成进行测定,并将结果与黄土高原中部洛川和西峰剖面有机质碳同位素进行了对比。结果表明： 上白川剖面有机碳同位素( δ13Corg.)的变化范围为-24.43‰～-21.30‰,刘湾剖面的变化范围为-24.70‰～-20.52‰,洛川剖面的变化范围为-23.37‰～-18.72‰, 西峰剖面的变化范围为-23.68‰～-19.47‰。末次间冰期位于半湿润地区的上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值较半干旱地区洛川、西峰剖面偏负1‰～2‰,即上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值分别较洛川剖面的峰值偏负1.8‰和1.9‰,较西峰剖面的峰值偏负1.3‰和1.4‰。因此,该区的植被覆盖应是以C3植物为主的C3和C4混合草原植被类型; 从整体上来看,洛南剖面古土壤层碳同位素较相邻黄土层的碳同位素偏正,因此,古土壤形成时期C4植被相对比例增加。末次间冰期洛南上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值较洛川、西峰剖面的峰值偏负1‰多,表明受东亚季风控制的半干旱-半湿润的黄土区,暖季节降水对C4/C3植被相对比例增加的趋势和幅度均具有明显的影响,主要表现在暖季节降水的增加有利于C4植被相对比例的增高,同时降水的季节性分布和/或降水量的增多影响土壤有机碳同位素所记录的C4植被相对比例及其增加幅度。 相似文献
7.
山西平陆黄底沟入三门峡水库北侧发育了一级湖滨阶地(T3)和两级河流阶地(T2和T1)。阶地上覆黄土地层野外划分和室内磁化率测试结果与蓝田段家坡黄土地层的对比结果表明,T3上覆黄土地层最底部为古土壤层S2;T2最底部为黄土层L2中弱发育古土壤层L2-2;T1最底部为马兰黄土L1中弱发育古土壤层L1-4。根据黄土-古土壤年代序列及光释光(OSL)年龄测试结果,T3,T2和T1阶地分别于245kaB.P. ,149kaB.P.和50kaB.P. 前形成。其中,T3和T2阶地的形成时间,分别代表了山西平陆古三门湖开始消亡和最老黄河阶地形成的年代。古三门湖消亡与黄河贯通三门峡的时代是否一致,有待进一步研究。 相似文献
8.
在洛川城东全新世中期古土壤剖面中采集了66块样品,利用气量法、磁化率测定、颗粒分析和显微镜观察方法,对土壤层中的CaCO3含量、磁化率、颗粒成分、微结构进行了分析和鉴定。粒度成分显示洛川中全新世土壤可分为两层,中间为薄层黄土层。实验资料表明,洛川中全新世早期土壤CaCO3含量低,平均为0.34 ％ ,具有显著淋溶土壤的特征; 小于0.005mm的粘粒含量比马兰黄土高约12 ％ 。粘化层(Bt层)中光性粘土胶膜有一定的发育,而且可见少量块状粘土胶膜存在,表明该层古土壤具有粘粒迁移和粘粒淀积的特征,指示中全新世早期发生的成壤作用比洛川现今成壤作用显著强。由此可以确定,中全新世早期土壤类型应为淋溶褐土, 当时夏季风活动增强,气候比现今明显温湿,年平均降水量至少比现今多100mm余。中全新世晚期古土壤CaCO3平均含量为2.5 ％ ,淀积型粘土胶膜发育差,以残积粘土为主。中全新世晚期古土壤比早期土壤发育弱,但比该区现代土壤发育强,土壤类型应为典型褐土,当时气候也比现代温湿。中全新世中期6000~5000年间为气候冷干和沙尘暴活动加强的环境恶化期。研究结果对揭示黄土高原中部全新世中期土壤性质和气候变化具有重要意义。 相似文献
9.
川西高原河谷阶地和断陷盆地广泛分布厚层风成黄土-古土壤序列,目前对其磁学性质变化机制及古气候意义研究还很薄弱。文章对该区理县黄土-古土壤剖面进行了系统的岩石磁学研究,确定了其磁性矿物种类、含量和颗粒大小的特征及其变化规律。通过结合粒度、色度与地球化学参数,进一步探讨了理县黄土-古土壤磁性的主控因素。结果表明:1)理县剖面同时含有强磁性矿物(为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿)以及弱磁性矿物(为赤铁矿和针铁矿);2)相对黄土层,古土壤层含有更高比例的亚铁磁性矿物;3)成土过程中生成的大量细小强磁性矿物颗粒,是古土壤层S1磁化率增加的主导因素,该模式与黄土高原相似;4)结合色度以及磁学性质,可以较为明确地区分成壤强度;(5)理县黄土剖面物源复杂,磁学特征受到沉积物来源、后期流水和气候的共同作用,利用单一磁学性质(比如磁化率)进行古气候研究会造成多解性。 相似文献
10.
根据渗水实验、孔隙度、粒度、磁化率测定,研究了长武黄土剖面L3～S6土层的渗透性及其成因.研究结果表明,L3,L4,L5和L6黄土层渗透性较强,稳定入渗速率较高,它们的渗透系数变化在0.57～1.06mm/分之间,4层平均为0.75mm/分;S3,S4,S5,和S6古土壤渗透性较弱,稳定入渗率较低,它们的渗透系数变化在0.18～0.71mm/分之间,4层平均为0.44mm/分.红色古土壤达到稳定入渗率的时间一般比黄土层要长;黄土层的平均空隙度比红褐色古土壤高,渗透性强,粒度成分较粗,黄土层比红褐色古土壤层更利于构成含水层;红褐色古土壤层粒度成分细,空隙度低,渗透性弱,比黄土层利于形成隔水层.长武第4层古土壤厚度小,纵向裂隙发育强,入渗速率较大,不易形成隔水层.磁化率、粘粒含量资料表明红褐色古土壤层与黄土层渗透性、含水空间和隔水性的差异主要是当时气候冷干和温湿交替变化的结果. 相似文献
11.
12.
The Okavango Delta of semi-arid northern Botswana is a large alluvial fan (22,000 km2) covered by permanent and seasonal swamps from which 96% of the annual discharge is lost by evapotranspiration. Many small islands (1ha) within the permanent swamps are the sites of accumulation of sodium carbonate salts and many contain saline pans. The associated alkaline soils are toxic to vegetation. An understanding of the processes involved in alkalinization could be of potential benefit to long-term conservation planning in this unique ecosystem. The relation between soil chemistry and mineralogy, and swamp and groundwater chemistry were investigated on an island in the swamps. The study revealed that the water table beneath the island is depressed and swamp water enters the groundwater regime of the island from the margins and below, and flows toward the centre. The water becomes progressively more saline, initially owing to transpiration by trees and ultimately by evaporation in the central parts of the island. As a result of increasing salinity, amorphous SiO2 and magnesium calcite precipitate in the soils beneath the marginal zone of the island, raising the land surface, while the more soluble alkali carbonates are concentrated in the centre of the island as surface crusts and brine ponds. Leaching of these salts into the soil during the rainy season and gravity-driven flow of saline brines in the dry season causes the downward movement of Al and Fe in the central zone of the island. K-feldspar and possibly amorphous allophane develop in the deeper soils under the central zone of the island. 相似文献
13.
Sodium (Na+) in poor quality irrigation water participate in ion-exchange processes results in the displacement of base cations into
solution and a raised concentration in groundwater. Knowledge of the rate of decrease of nutrients from soils resulting from
poor water quality application is essential for long-term planning of crop production while minimizing the impact on groundwater
quality. In this study, we examined the effect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of irrigation water on nutrients leaching
and groundwater quality in columns of sandy soil. Three types of irrigation waters at three NaCl–CaCl2 solutions with the following levels of SAR (5, 15, and 30) were synthesized in laboratory. With the application of solutions,
exchange occurred between solution Na+ and exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+), resulting in the displacement of these cations and anions into solution. Increasing the level of SAR from 5 to 15 and 30
resulted in increase in the average exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil from 10.4 to 20.3, and 32.5, respectively.
Adverse effect of high Na+ concentration in the solutions on raising ESP was less pronounced in solution having low SAR. Leaching of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and P from soil with the application of solutions represents a significant loss of valuable nutrients. This sandy soil showed
the high risk for nutrients transfer into groundwater in concentrations exceeding the groundwater quality standard. Irrigation
with poor quality water, which is generally more sodic and saline than regional groundwater, increases the rate of sodification
and salinization of shallow groundwater. 相似文献
14.
提要：汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文通过对该地区地热流体研究发现：Na+、Ca2+、K+、Mg2+与SO2-4、HCO-3、Cl-、NO-3是该地区地下热水的主要成分,水化学类型主要为SO2-4-Na+型,属于未污染的天然弱碱性水;流体中F-含量平均为9.36 mg/l,远高于国家地下水质量标准ⅴ级;可溶性SiO2的含量可作为地热温标;地热流体总矿化度平均为782.33 mg/l,属于淡水;为中等腐蚀型水,不结碳酸钙垢,无CaSO4?2H2O垢和SiO2垢生成的可能;地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水;根据氢氧稳定同位素可知,河北汤泉地热流体主要来源于大气降水。 相似文献
15.
《Applied Geochemistry》2003,18(11):1723-1731
The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals depends on the metal retention capacity of soil and also on the geochemical phases with which metals are associated. Laboratory batch experiments were carried out to study the sorption and distribution of Cd, Ni and Pb in 3 soils differing in their physicochemical properties from India: Oxyaquic Haplustalf (SL1), Typic Haplustalf (SL2) and Typic Haplustert (SL3). The heavy metal adsorption was studied by isotherms and the distribution coefficient (KD) for each metal was obtained from the linear regressions of the concentration of metal remaining in equilibrium solution and the amount adsorbed. In general, the sorption capacity for all the metals decreased in the order: SL3>SL2>SL1. Among metals, the sorption capacity in all the soils decreased in the order: Pb>>Ni>Cd. Distribution of sorbed metals at various equilibrating concentrations was studied by sequential extraction. Results showed significant differences in the distribution of metals in these soils. At higher additions (such as 200 μM l−1) most of the metals were extracted in their more mobile fractions, exchangeable and/or inorganic in contrast to their original partitioning in soils, where they were preferentially associated with the less mobile residual fraction. Largest percentages of metals extracted in the exchangeable fraction corresponded to those soil–metal systems with smaller KD values, e.g. Cd, Ni and Pb in SL1 and Cd and Ni in SL2. In neutral and alkaline soils (SL2, pH=7.1, and SL3, pH=8.6) Pb was predominantly extracted from the inorganic fractions and this corresponded to higher KD values for Pb in these soils. The predominance of metals associated with the exchangeable fraction together with low KD values indicates higher mobility of metals retained in the acidic soil (SL1, pH=5.2) compared with the others. 相似文献
16.
Witold Szczuciński Przemysław Niedzielski Grzegorz Rachlewicz Tadeusz Sobczyński Anetta Zioła Artur Kowalski Stanisław Lorenc Jerzy Siepak 《Environmental Geology》2005,49(2):321-331
Tsunami sediments deposited in a coastal zone of Thailand by the 26 December 2004 tsunami wave were sampled within 50 days after the event. All surface and ground waters in tsunami- inundated zone revealed significant salinity at that time. The tsunami sediments, composed mainly of fine to medium sand, contain significantly elevated contents of salts (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl and SO
4
−2
) in water-soluble fraction, and of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb in the bioavailable fraction and As in the exchangeable fraction in relation to the reference sample. The origin of contaminants is marine, as well as litho- and anthropogenic. The salts and Pb, Zn and Cu reveal high correlation to each other and to the mean grain size (pore size and porosity). Serious environmental hazard exists in that region because, due to gentle morphology, there is a risk of migration of the contaminants into ground waters and food chain. 相似文献
17.
D. Berggren Kleja W. Standring D.H. Oughton K. Fifield 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(22):5263-5277
The solubility of aluminium (Al) in many acidic soils is controlled by complexation reactions with soil organic matter. In such soils, Al solubility is theoretically a function of the pool size of “active” Al, i.e., the total amount of Al that equilibrates with the soil solution within a defined period of time. To date, no reliable measurements of “active” Al in soil materials exist. In this study, we determined the isotopically exchangeable pool of Al (EAl) as an operationally defined assessment of “active” Al in acidic mineral soils. The suitability of CuCl2 and pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) as extractants for “active” Al was also evaluated. Eleven samples, mostly from spodic B horizons, were spiked with carrier-free 26Al and equilibrated for different time periods (1-756 h). The size of the Al pool with which the 26Al tracer exchanged increased with time during the whole experimental period. Thus, contact time between solid and solution phases needs to be defined when assessing the “active” Al pool. Values of EAl obtained after 1 to 5 d of equilibration were equal to the amount of CuCl2 extractable Al, but considerably smaller than the Na4P2O7-extractable pool. Equilibration times greater than 5 d resulted in CuCl2 extractable Al concentrations that under-estimated the “active” Al pool. Three of the investigated samples were rich in imogolite-type materials (ITM). In these samples, 30-50 % of the added 26Al rapidly became associated with soil constituents in forms that could not be extracted by Na4P2O7, indicating that a part of ITM may be in a dynamic state. 相似文献
18.
Dimitris Alexakis Dimitris Gotsis Spyros Giakoumakis 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2015,8(3):1373-1383
Soil salinization is an environmental problem having significant impacts on the soil–water–plant system. This problem is more frequent in coastal areas due to seawater intrusion into the land. Assessing the soil salinization is a critical issue for the agricultural areas situated in the Mediterranean basin. This paper examines the deterioration of soil quality in the cultivated land of a Mediterranean site (Agoulinitsa district—West Greece). Soil samples were collected in both pre-irrigation and post-irrigation seasons. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH and the ions Br?, Ca2+, Cl?, F?, K+, Li+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4 +, NO2 ?, NO3 ?, PO4 3? and SO4 2? were determined by the 1:2 (soil/water ratio on weight basis) method. The salts which were present in both seasons in the soils of the area studied are KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, CaSO4 and K2SO4. The wide spatiotemporal variation of EC in the cultivated land in both seasons demonstrates that soil salinity is controlled mainly by seawater intrusion and anthropogenic factors such as the application of salt-rich water which is directly pumped from the drainage ditches. Seawater intrusion provides the affected soil with elevated contents of Ca2+, Cl?, K+, Mg2+, Na+ and SO4 2?. Classification of the soils by using criteria given by the literature is discussed. Practices to prevent, or at least ameliorate, salinization in the cultivated land of Agoulinitsa district are proposed. 相似文献
19.
Mukesh Kumar Mahato Prasoon Kumar Singh Ashwani Kumar Tiwari 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2016,88(2):173-184
Groundwater samples collected from the East Bokaro coalfield of Jharkhand state, India during the dry and rainy seasons of the year 2012. Samples were analyzed for the assessment of groundwater quality in the study area. The results of the chemical analysis indicate that the pH values were found alkaline in nature during both the season. The major cations in groundwater was in the order of Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ during the dry season while Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ during the rainy season. The abundance of the major anions was of HCO3->SO42->Cl->NO3->F- did not change on the seasonal basis. The average NO3-concentration was exceeded the desirable limit for drinking water as per Indian standard in the rainy season. Silicate weathering was inferred to be a dominant process, controlling the groundwater chemistry in both seasons, with lesser contributions by carbonate weathering and ion exchange. Leaching of salts from the unsaturated zone also has a major impact on groundwater quality during the rainy season. The water quality data indicate that groundwater is generally suitable for irrigation. However, higher salinity and residual sodium carbonate values at some sites may limit groundwater use and therefore an adequate drainage and water management plan for the study area is required. 相似文献