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1.
A project implemented to study the effects of space weather on the Finnish natural gas pipeline was started in August 1998. The aims of the project were (1) to derive a model for calculating geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) and pipe-to-soil (P/S) voltages in the Finnish natural gas pipeline, (2) to perform measurements of GIC and P/S voltages in the pipeline and (3) to derive statistical predictions for the occurrences of GIC and P/S voltages at different locations in the pipeline network.GIC and P/S voltage were recorded at a compressor station. The GIC measurement was made with two magnetometers, one right above the pipe, and another at the Nurmijärvi Geophysical Observatory about 30 km southwest. The largest GIC since November 1998 has been 30 A. The P/S voltage recording was stopped in May 1999, but GIC is still measured.GIC statistics were derived based on the recordings of the geomagnetic field at Nurmijärvi. The geoelectric field was calculated by using the plane wave model. This field was input to the general pipeline model resulting in the distribution of currents and P/S voltages at selected points in the pipeline. As could be expected, the largest P/S voltage variations occur at the ends of the pipeline network, while the largest GIC flow in the middle parts. 相似文献
2.
通过地电场台址近地表介质电阻率和地电场值计算大地电流,从大地电流场中分离出涡旋电流;根据平面波理论和水平导电层模型,使用地磁暴观测数据在频率域计算地磁感应电场(GIE),由GIE计算地磁暴感应电流(GIC).计算结果与实测值对比分析表明:GIE计算结果与实测地电暴具有很好的相位一致性;GIC涡旋中心相对地电暴涡旋中心存在向SE漂移约3°的现象;磁暴时地磁场Z分量的幅值分布图中极大值区域与涡旋中心重合,可能是GIC涡旋中心偏移的原因.另外,根据电磁感应原理提出的等效环电流模型,在一定程度上解释了涡旋大地电流的形成机制.本项工作可应用于地磁观测与地电观测的相互校正,同时有助于认识地电暴对大地电流分布的影响. 相似文献
3.
大地电性结构的横向变化会对磁暴时的感应地电流和地面电磁场产生影响.本文假设扰动地磁场变化的源为地面以上一定高度的面电流,以某一典型层状大地电导率结构为基础,构造含有电导率横向突变的地电模型.针对感应电流的方向与横向分界面平行的情形,采用伽辽金有限元法对电导率横向突变处的感应地电场进行了分析,揭示了电导率横向差异产生的趋肤效应和邻近效应的机理,针对与电性结构分界面平行的输电线路,从评估地磁感应电流的角度讨论了影响的严重程度和范围. 相似文献
4.
We consider geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in power systems from the viewpoint of a geophysicist. Special attention is paid to the Finnish high-voltage power system, in which exact theoretical model calculations together with recordings have been performed for several years. We present several examples of theoretically computed GICs using different geophysical models for estimating the geoelectric field driving GICs. Statistical prediction of GICs is outlined referring to studies made in Finland. We show that a combination of GIC recordings at few sites with theoretical modelling of ionospheric currents and the earth's conductivity, and data of geomagnetic activity makes it possible to derive GIC statistics of the entire power system. Finally, we discuss requirements for a long-range prediction of GICs, which will obviously be a widely-studied topic in future. 相似文献
5.
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in technological systems, like electric power transmission grids, at the Earth's surface are caused by space weather processes, whose origin is in the Sun. In power systems, transformers may be saturated due to GIC leading to different problems extending from an increase of harmonics to a blackout of the system and damage of transformers. To design reasonable measures against impending problems, GIC magnitudes in the network should be estimated in different circumstances. This paper tackles basic features of GIC flow in a fictitious five-transformer/four-line power system, which is simple enough to make the equations easily manageable but complex enough to yield real and usable information. It is shown that the direction of the geoelectric field affects GIC at different sites but the dependence is not straightforward since GIC produced in one part of the system flows to others. Generally, transmission lines experience much larger GIC than transformers. Series capacitors in transmission lines prevent the flow of dc-like GIC but, without a careful analysis, their installation may result in larger GIC at some transformers of the system thus increasing the risk of problems. 相似文献
6.
Wallace H. Campbell 《Surveys in Geophysics》1986,8(3):239-259
Electric currents in long pipelines can contribute to corrosion effects that limit the pipe's lifetime. One cause of such electric currents is the geomagnetic field variations that have sources in the Earth's upper atmosphere. Knowledge of the general behavior of the sources allows a prediction of the occurrence times, favorable locations for the pipeline effects, and long-term projections of corrosion contributions. The source spectral characteristics, the Earth's conductivity profile, and a corrosion-frequency dependence limit the period range of the natural field changes that affect the pipe. The corrosion contribution by induced currents from geomagnetic sources should be evaluated for pipelines that are located at high and at equatorial latitudes. At midlatitude locations, the times of these natural current maxima should be avoided for the necessary accurate monitoring of the pipe-to-soil potential. 相似文献
7.
The Earth’s lithosphere and mantle respond to Space Weather through time-varying, depth-dependent induced magnetic and electric fields. Understanding the properties of these electromagnetic fields is a key consideration in modelling the hazard to technological systems from Space Weather. In this paper we review current understanding of these fields, in terms of regional and global-scale geology and geophysics. We highlight progress towards integrated European-scale models of geomagnetic and geoelectric fields, specifically for the purposes of modelling geomagnetically induced currents in power grids and pipelines. 相似文献
8.
Review On The Calculation Of Surface Electric And Magnetic Fields And Of Geomagnetically Induced Currents In Ground-Based Technological Systems 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Risto Pirjola 《Surveys in Geophysics》2002,23(1):71-90
Space weather is a popular and important research topic today. Its origin isin the Sun. Space weather effects extend to the surface of the Earth where theyare usually called GIC referring to geomagnetically induced currents intechnological systems such as electric power transmission grids, oil and gaspipelines, telecommunication cables and railway equipment. GIC are a possiblesource of problems within such systems, and observations have been made sincethe first telegraph systems in the 1800's. This paper is a summary and reviewof present knowledge and of possibilities of modelling GIC in a system.Modelling efforts require a determination of the electric field occurring inconnection with a magnetic storm at the Earth's surface and a calculation ofthe resulting GIC. Different modelling techniques of the electric and magneticfields are evaluated in this paper, and special attention is paid to thecomplex image method (CIM) which is suitable for time-critical purposes likeforecasting of GIC. A discretely-earthed power system and a buried pipelineneed different calculation methods of GIC. The former can be treated by amatrix formalism while the distributed-source transmission line (DSTL) theoryis applicable to the latter. 相似文献
9.
因太阳活动而引起的地磁扰动,会在地球表面感生出地电场,从而在地表附近的导体系统中产生地磁感应电流(GICs).太阳表面的异常活动而引起的磁暴会导致强烈的GICs,严重威胁电信设备、电网、油气管道和铁路运输网络等基础设施系统的安全运行,已经成为最严重的空间天气灾害之一.因此,对GICs进行深入研究以建立对其做出迅速预测的能力,在科学和应用方面都有重要意义.本文综述了GICs的研究进展,从引入空间天气的概念开始,将GICs作为从太阳活动到太阳风再到地球扰动的空间天气链的最终环节;重点阐述了GICs的计算中所涉及的三个步骤:地球表面地磁场重建、感应地电场的计算,以及地面导体系统中GICs计算;对每一步骤中主要方法的相关原理和应用做了简要介绍与评估;最后总结了当前GICs的研究现状,并对未来GICs的研究方向与挑战进行了展望. 相似文献
10.
在分析高压直流输电对地电场观测产生干扰原因的基础上, 应用大柏舍台近年来受高压直流输电干扰的地电场数据分析受高压直流干扰时的地电场变化、 入地电流、 换流站接地极与台址关系, 计算了高压直流输电干扰时台址岩体裂隙优势方位。 结果表明: 地电场变化形态仅在高压输电入地电流开始注入和停止注入时产生大幅度的跃变; 高压直流输电干扰时电场强度与入地电流大小成正比, 与台址到换流站接地极的距离的平方成反比; 应用地电场潮汐变化前10阶谐波振幅计算台址岩体裂隙优势方位的方法有甄别高压直流输电干扰的效果。 相似文献
11.
The goal of cathodic protection is to prevent corrosion by maintaining buried pipelines at a constant potential with respect to the surrounding soil. In practice, however, the implementation is very complicated since many factors can contribute to the current flowing off the pipe. Design requires characterization of the parameters impacting the corrosion process, such as soil resistivity, size of the pipe and quality of the coating.In the present paper, we have studied the effect of geomagnetic fields on the pipe-induced currents considering it as an additional cause of corrosion. A theoretical method implemented to model the induced currents was tested in a previous work and the effect during disturbed days was quantified. This theoretical model indicated that the intensity of the current induced in a pipeline by the varying geomagnetic field depends on the intensity and rate of change of the field and the electrical resistivity of the soil. This induced current is in equilibrium with the host current and there is no current drainage between the pipeline and the host until, along the length of the pipeline, the host resistivity becomes different. At that point, current must flow between the pipe and host in order to establish a new equilibrium. It is this drainage current, flowing between the pipeline and the host, which causes corrosion problems.Following these results, experimental tests were performed in Tierra del Fuego. In this zone, a geophysical study was made to determine the discontinuities in soil resistivities and simultaneous measurements of the geomagnetic field and the drainage of current were recorded at different sites. The results obtained from the correlation of the data are consistent with the theoretical predictions. 相似文献
12.
地磁感应电流（GIC）可能对各种人工长距离导电体造成影响与危害.地磁扰动产生的感应电场的强度与地磁场强度、地下电阻率结构相关，在导电系统内生成的GIC的强度则同时与导电系统的内在结构有关.计算了加拿大Manitoba省三个典型地区在2000年7月15日的一个强烈磁暴期间产生的感应电场.通过对地磁活动性的统计分析，估计加拿大魁北克电网可能经受的最大GIC达每相78A（一年一次）和234A（每十年一次）. 相似文献
13.
以甘肃河西地区瓜州、嘉峪关、高台地电场观测受酒泉一湖南±800 kV高压直流输电工程影响为例,分析了甘肃地电场观测受干扰的异常变化形态和特征,并结合高压直流输电基本原理,对异常机理进行了探讨,定量的计算了不同距离、不同电导率和高压直流输电入地电流等对地电场观测的可能影响。结果表明,在理想状态下,高压直流输电对地电场观测的影响与入地电流成正比,与地电场观测场地距换流站接地极的距离的平方和影响区域的电导率成反比。并采用最小二乘拟合法对干扰进行消除,效果理想。 相似文献
14.
埋地管线作为油、气、水等的传输载体,是地下工程的重要设施之一。埋地管线特别是金属管线容易发生腐蚀现象,在地震灾害的影响下,含有腐蚀缺陷的管线容易发生泄漏和断裂事故,造成巨大的资源浪费和环境污染等损失。因此埋地腐蚀管线抗震性能研究的重要性也越发凸显。本文以埋地腐蚀管线为研究对象,探索管线腐蚀深度、宽度、腐蚀位置和腐蚀管线埋深等腐蚀参数对管线抗震性能的影响,旨在为管线的安全性和实用性提供理论参考,对管线是否继续使用、维护或更换和安全生产提供指导,以及为管线的抗震设计提供基础研究。本文运用反应位移法在有限元软件ANSYS上实现各参数下的埋地腐蚀管线的地震响应分析。 相似文献
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17.
Wallace H. Campbell 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(6):1143-1173
The Alaskar pipeline is a highly conducting anomaly extending 800 miles (1300 km) from about 62° to 69° geomagnetic latitude beneath the most active regions of the ionospheric electrojet current. The spectral behavior of the magnetic field from this current was analyzed using data from standard geomagnetic observatories to establish the predictable patterns of temporal and spatial changes for field pulsation periods between 5 min and 4 hr. Such behavior is presented in a series of tables, graphs and formulae. Using 2- and 3-layer models of the conducting earth, the induced electric fields associated with the geomagnetic changes were established. From the direct relationship of the current to the geomagnetic field variation patterns one can infer counterpart temporal and spatial characteristics of the pipeline current. The relationship of the field amplitudes to geomagnetic activity indices,A
p, and the established occurrence of various levels ofA
p over several solar cycles were employed to show that about half of the time the induced currents in the pipe would be under 1 A for the maximum response oscillatory periods near 1 hr. Such currents should be of minimal consequence in corrosion effects for even a section of the pipeline unprotected by sacrificial electrodes. Of greater interest was the result that the extreme surges of current should reach over one-hundred amperes in the pipeline during high activity. 相似文献
18.
随着高压直流输电线路的大规模建设,其形成的接地极放电电流对电场观测设备产生持续影响,并可能对埋地设备产生影响。基于入地电流对金属设施的面腐蚀量公式,对上海区域3个地电场台站的接收信号进行分析,确定接地极放电电流（高压直流接地极放电信号）在地电场观测信号中的特征和强度,计算多个距离范围内特定接地极放电电流强度对金属设施的腐蚀量,结合目前的接地极放电电流强度、放电时间和接地极与设施的距离,认为高压直流输电入地电流对固定台站埋地设施的影响较小;但是,当进行近距离、长时间的特定观测时,高压直流输电入地电流会对埋地设备造成较为严重的影响。 相似文献
19.
在地震电磁学研究中,电流在地下流动特征与构造关系是一个非常重要的问题.多个强电流源的存在和大范围地电场观测站的分布格局为我们研究这个问题提供了更好的机会.本文通过利用上海及其周边地区4个地点不同的高压换流站接地极向地下注入的大电流(1200~4780A)信号,研究了华东地区8个台站组成的地电场观测台网接收到的附加地电场信号,推进了对地电流在地下传播特征的认识.研究显示:1从幅度特征而言,对于源自不同的大电流信号,各台站观测到的附加地电场信号幅度特征有很大不同,而近处的浦东台只能观测到南桥大电流源的信号而观测不到其他3个大电流源发出的信号,存在着所谓的"敏感点"效应;2对于上海地区4个接地极大电流而言,能够观测到源自它们的附加地电场的台站最远为350km,在更远的台站则观测不到.3从均匀度方面而言,在每个台站对于不同的信号源,记录到的附加地电场信号在各方向上的长极距和短极距信号幅度之比可以有很大变化;4在方位特征上,只有崇明台站接收到的同里接地极和华新接地极大电流信号的计算方位度数与实际方位度数误差最小,分别为0.2°和0.8°.而在距离各个信号源最近的青浦台,这种误差要比崇明台站的大;5极化方向特征显示,在青浦台和崇明台所观测到的附加地电场信号中,存在着同一方向上长、短极距信号极化方向是反向的现象,这与常理相悖,怎样解释该现象有待于今后进一步研究.本文从点电流源与台站测线布局构成的装置系统、大区域介质非均匀性、台站测区以及附近地区的介质细结构的影响三个方面,对上述特征进行了较深入的分析和解释. 相似文献
20.
本文主要是对江苏省4个地电场台站2015—2019年地电场观测数据受全国高压直流输电线路干扰情况进行分析总结,重点分析锡泰线、晋南线、锦苏线和昌宣线等几条线路对其影响特点及数据干扰幅度,得到以下结论:(1)高压直流输电线路干扰对地电场观测数据的干扰是一个远场干扰源,表现为受同一高压直流输电线路干扰时,同一台站同一方向的长短极距观测数据变化幅度之比接近1。(2)各台站受高压直流线路干扰产生的数据变化形态、变化方向和变化幅度不尽相同,这与台站位置、高压线路换流站位置、接地极相对位置以及地下传播介质有关。该研究结果可以为地电场观测受高压直流输电线路的干扰判别提供参考,服务于地电场观测数据的应用。 相似文献