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1.
通过对ET0计算公式研究进展的总结,分析了在世界上三个时期比较有代表性的计算蒸发腾发量(ET0)的主要公式:修正Penman(MP)公式、Penman-Monteith(PM)公式及标准ASCE-PM公式;以20世纪90年代末期和21世纪初期世界上最新的19个用Lysimeter实验值率定ET0计算值的实验成果为基础,对于不同气候条件下ET0计算方法的普适性分析评估认为:虽PM公式应用效果较好的地区较多,但也有不少地区效果欠佳,MP等公式在一部分地区较好,PM与MP公式并非普适性的,要特别关注标准ASCE-PM公式,总之,这类半理论(半经验)公式均有一定的地区性。仅通过MP、PM公式的计算比较,不能简单地评定哪种公式最优或哪种公式计算ET0值大(或值小),应针对不同地理及气候条件,要经Lysimeter的实验结果才能进行率定比较。文中也对今后研究提出相应建议,有助于ET0计算公式学科的深入研究。 相似文献
2.
利用东北地区106个站点1951～2007年的逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式计算得到各站点的逐日、逐年ET0,并通过反距离插值得到逐年ET0及多年平均ET0网格数据,最后通过墨西哥帽小波变换、Mann-Kendall检验、REOF、倾向率等方法探讨了全区平均ET0及多年平均ET0的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:①全区平均ET0总体上表现较小幅度的增长趋势,其倾向率为3.89 mm/(10a),分别在1982、1953年取得最大、最小值;②在8-16年时间尺度上,全区平均ET0的周期振荡非常明显,期间经历了"少→多→少→多"4个循环交替过程,其中又以8～10年周期内的振荡最为强烈;③多年平均ET0在600～1160 mm之间,空间分异明显,其总体分布特征为:南高北低,西高东低,从东北向西南逐渐增加,等值线呈半环状;④从倾向率来看,ET0增加、减少的面积比例分别为72.61%、26.39%,其中嫩江的增加趋势最明显,倾向率为30.6 mm/(10 a),叶柏寿的下降趋势最明显,倾向率为-24.4 mm/(10 a)。 相似文献
3.
根据国家气象站1956-2000年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith公式和灵敏指数法,分析了海河流域潜在蒸发蒸腾(ET0)的演变规律及与气象要素的灵敏关系。结果表明:全流域45年ET0呈下降趋势,但年际间呈现4个阶段;逐旬呈倒"V"字型,61.6%集中于4月中旬到8月上旬。在空间上,年和旬值呈现上游小下游大。通过ET0与气象要素演变的比较及灵敏性分析发现,全流域年ET0演变与年均风速、日照时数以及短波辐射相似,与温度相反。旬ET0演变与旬平均温度、实际水汽压、日照时数以及短波辐射相似,但对各要素的灵敏系数以短波辐射最大,其它要素则随时空变化,且彼此的灵敏系数相差较大。分析表明在气象要素的综合作用下,造成全流域ET0降低的主要原因可能在于短波辐射、日照时数的变化。 相似文献
4.
黑河中游地区湿草地蒸散量试验研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
干旱区湿草地蒸散量的估算对区域草地生态环境建设、草场的科学管理和湿地保护等具有重要的意义.但目前为止,对湿草地蒸散的观测和研究非常少.以气象观测资料为基础,采用不同的方法估算了黑河中游湿草地的参考作物蒸散量(ET0),并对5种方法计算结果进行了对比.结果表明,除Priestley-Taylor法外,其余几种方法计算结果十分接近,相关性好.用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算结果对ET0的变化作了分析:在一个完整年度内,试验地ET0为1193.9mm,日均3.26mm·d-1.在牧草不同生长季节,ET0变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期分别为0.92mm·d-1、2.13mm·d-1、5.33mm.d-1和2.52mm·d-1,其蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的7.85%、5.02%、70.90%和16.23%.ET0在2月中下旬迅速增大,4月增大幅度最大,此后进一步增大直到7月达到最大,随后逐步减小,在11月中旬随着牧草生长期的结束降至年最低值.确定了牧草非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期的Kc分别为0.30、0.40、0.90和0.88,计算的牧草地年实际蒸散量为962.0mm,日均2.63mm·d-1. 相似文献
5.
根据西藏高原区38个气象站点自建站到2006年的逐日气象观测资料,利用FAO-56标准Penman-Monteith公式计算各站逐日参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)。重点分析了7个站点逐日、逐月ET0年内变化规律,采用Mann-Kendall法对其月际和年际ET0进行趋势检验;利用Kriging插值及Surfer8.0空间分析功能,得到西藏高原区年ET0均值的等值线图,分析了全区年ET0均值的空间分布特征。结果表明:昌都、林芝和那曲的逐日ET0在年内变化曲线基本一致,呈现单峰抛物线形状,拉萨、泽当和日喀则的逐日ET0年内变化趋势基本一致,6～9月变化曲线呈现较快的下降趋势,狮泉河的ET0呈现单独变化趋势;所有站点的逐月ET0年内变化规律与逐日ET0相同,最大值均出现在6月份,最小值出现在12月份;日喀则各月及干湿季ET0的Mann-Kendall检验大多呈现显著的降低趋势,其次是泽当,呈现增加趋势较多的是林芝;全系列年ET0均值Mann-Kendall检验呈现降低趋势的站点偏多;西藏高原区年ET0均值具有东部和中南部高,东北部和东南缘低的空间分布规律。 相似文献
6.
根据拉萨站1955~2006年逐日气象资料,采用标准Penman-Monteith方程和Hargreaves方法对西藏高原区拉萨的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)进行了对比分析研究,计算结果发现在拉萨的春季和雨季采用Hargreaves方法计算的ET0存在着较大偏差.为了进一步提高Hargreaves方法在该地区的适宜性,引入了平均相对湿度因子,建立改进Hargreaves公式并进行了评价,为拉萨地区准确实用地确定作物需水量和合理的灌溉制度提供了一种简便方法和科学依据. 相似文献
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利用遗传算法的全局空间寻优功能和BP网络映射能力强的优点,建立了以遗传算法确定最优网络结构的进化神经网络(GA-ANN)模型,用来预测参考作物腾发量(ET0).设计多组数字实验处理,研究了输入因子间相关性对模型预测准确性的影响,并验证了最优网络模型结构,即预测ET0的理想GA-ANN模型中以日平均气温、日照时数及日序数为输入因子.实例分析表明,该模型克服了BP网络输入层、隐含层节点确定的盲目性,适应性强,精度高,可用于ET0预测. 相似文献
9.
岩体裂隙粗糙程度对裂隙渗流特性的影响显著。利用三维光学扫描系统获取岩体裂隙面点云数据,结合SURFER和GEOMAGIC STUDIO等软件计算裂隙面节理粗糙度系数JRC和表面粗糙比率Rs,建立JRC与Rs的定量关系,开展应力、渗流和化学耦合作用下石灰岩裂隙渗流试验,研究JRC和Rs对粗糙裂隙渗流特性的影响。结果表明：JRC与Rs呈对数函数关系,其平方根R2为0.912 8,该表征公式与裂隙渗流试验结果最大相对误差MRE、平均绝对误差MAE和均方根误差RMSE分别为6.93%、0.34和0.27。JRC与渗流量、稳定期渗透率分别呈二次函数和对数函数关系,Rs和各参数的拟合关系与JRC相同。JRC值越大,渗流量和渗透率越小,且三场耦合作用下裂隙面JRC和Rs值均有所增大。该表征方法可用于岩体裂隙面粗糙度估算,由裂隙面JRC值可预测该裂隙渗流量和稳定时刻渗透率。 相似文献
10.
利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)方法,建立了基于天气预报的参考作物腾发量(ET0)的预测模型.对广利灌区1997~2006年逐日气象信息中的天气类型和风速等级进行量化后,以不同天气预报信息作为输入量,建立10种验证方案,对2007年的逐日ET0进行预测.经验证,方案1~方案7精度均令人满意,其中方案1精度最高.方案1的输入量为气温、天气类型、风速等级3项的预测值,该方案的模型预测值与计算值的统计参数分别为:均方根偏差ERMS为0.5182 mm,相对偏差ER为0.1878,决定系数R2为0.864 8,认同系数IA为0.966 9,回归系数RC为0.9867;方案7精度亦较好,且以上指标统计参数依次为0.6576 mm、0.2332、0.986 6、0.774 7及0.986 6,该方案输入量只有气温项,实用性很强. 相似文献
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胶东是中国最重要的黄金资源基地之一,近年来深部找矿取得重大突破,特别是在三山岛北部海域发现超大型金矿床。深入研究其成矿规律,对于指导今后的找矿勘探意义重大。笔者应用成因矿物学和找矿矿物学理论,选取该矿床的贯通性矿物石英,对其热释光和晶胞参数特征的时空分布规律及与金矿化的关系进行了系统研究。结果表明:(1)石英热释光曲线以中温单峰、肩峰和不对称双峰为特征。主成矿阶段发光曲线出现中温峰和高温峰的双峰,发光强度大;(2)石英热释光峰位温度、发光强度在垂向上的波动变化与矿石金品位套合较好;(3)石英(Δa0/a0)/(Δc0/c0)值的变化范围在1.92~3.30,指示微量元素进入石英的方式以填隙为主;(4)随着成矿阶段由早至晚,石英晶胞参数a0和V0逐渐升高,c0/a0逐渐降低,表明石英的晶胞参数可作为识别其结晶阶段的标识之一;(5)钻孔深部石英热释光峰位温度较高,发光强度波动性较大,峰型呈单峰和肩峰,石英晶胞参数a0、V0仍较大,指示该矿深部仍有较好的找矿前景。 相似文献
13.
The European-Mediterranean earthquake catalogue from 1901 to 1985, which comprises uniformly determined magnitudes MS and mB(h ≥ 60 km) of 13300 events, was used in the study of cumulative magnitude-frequency relationships Nc(M) compiled for 75 earthquake regions and 25 larger provinces. In the whole magnitude range observed, the Gutenberg-Richter formula log Nc(M) = a − bM very rarely fits the cumulative (log Nc, M) distributions. The b-values of log-linear segments of Nc(M) vary regionally from b = 0.7 to b = 1.3; averaging of all values leads to
(shallow events, MS and
).
Most distributions pertain to the Mediterranean area (b = 0.86 from the graph for shallow events) and many of them indicate the existence of characteristic earthquakes in accordance with the theoretical single-fault model. Other observed shapes of Nc(M) can be explained by the superposition of populations of different Mmax values or by the presence of swarm-type activity. The observed Nc(M) distributions depend very much on the delineation of earthquake regions i.e. on the number and dimension of seismoactive faults in the investigated region.
A premonitory enhancement of medium earthquake activity (M = 4.5–5.5) can be observed only very rarely. 相似文献
14.
为揭示科尔沁沙地典型区地表参数和蒸散发的时空分布以及变化特征,采用Landsat-7和气象数据,并结合METRIC(Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration)模型,分析了研究区净辐射(Rn)和蒸散发(ET)的时空变化、不同土地覆被类型ET特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区典型土地覆被沙丘和草甸的Rn和ET估算值与涡度相关实测值拟合结果均良好,说明METRIC模型可以为研究区提供合理的ET估算;(2)研究区下垫面Rn和ET的时空分布情况为:各年Rn和ET在年内变化趋势相同,空间上不同土地覆被类型中水体的Rn和ET最大,农田和草甸次之,沙丘最小;(3)沙丘的CV值大于农田与草甸,表明年际间沙丘的ET波动较大,农田和草甸相对稳定,ET年际变化主要受气象因素的影响。 相似文献
15.
The effect of Ca-Tschermaks component on trace element partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melt 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
We have studied the influence of Ca-Tschermaks (Calcium Tschermaks or CaTs) content of clinopyroxene on the partitioning of trace elements between this phase and silicate melt at fixed temperature and pressure. Ion probe analyses of experiments carried out in the system Na2O–CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2, at 0.1 MPa and 1218°C, produced crystal-melt partition coefficients (D) of 36 trace elements (Li, Cl, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ge, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta and W), for clinopyroxene compositions between 10 and 32 mol% CaTs. Partition coefficients for 2+ to 5+ cations show, for each charge, a near parabolic dependence of log D on ionic radius of the substituting cation, for partitioning into both the M1 and M2 sites of clinopyroxene. Fitting the results to the elastic strain model of Blundy and Wood [Blundy, J.D., Wood, B.J., 1994. Prediction of crystal-melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature 372, 452–454] we obtain results for the strain-free partition coefficients of theoretical cations (D0), with site radius r0, and for the site's Young's Modulus (E).
In agreement with earlier data our results show that increasing ivAl concentration in cpx is matched by increasing D, EM1, EM2 and D0 for tri-, tetra- and pentavalent cations. The degree of fractionation between chemically similar elements (i.e. Ta/Nb, Zr/Hf) also increases. In contrast, D values for mono-, di- and hexavalent cations decrease with increasing ivAl in the cpx. The large suite of trace elements used has allowed us to study the effects of cation charge on D0, r0 and E. We have found that D0 and r0 decrease with increasing cation charge, e.g. r0=0.66 Å for 4+ cations and 0.59 Å for 5+ cations substituting into M1. Values of EM1 and EM2 increase with cation charge as well as with increasing ivAl content. The increase in EM2 is linear and close to the trend set by Hazen and Finger [Hazen, R.M., Finger, L.W., 1979. Bulk modulus-volume relationship for cation–anion polyhedra. J. Geophys. Res. 84 (10) 6723–6728] for oxides. EM1 values are much higher and do not fit the trend predicted by the Hazen and Finger relationship. 相似文献
16.
The seismic characteristic of Hindukush–Pamir–Himalaya (HPH) and its vicinity is very peculiar and has experienced many widely distributed large earthquakes. Recent work on the time-dependent seismicity in the Hindukush–Pamir–Himalayas is mainly based on the so-called “regional time-predictable model”, which is expressed by the relation log T=cMp+a, where T is the inter-event time between two successive main shocks of a region and Mp is the magnitude of the preceded main shock. Parameter a is a function of the magnitude of the minimum earthquake considered and of the tectonic loading and c is positive (0.3) constant. In 90% of the cases with sufficient data, parameter c was found to be positive, which strongly supports the validity of the model. In the present study, a different approach, which assumes no prior regionalization of the area, is attempted to check the validity of the model. Nine seismic sources were defined within the considered region and the inter-event time of strong shallow main shock were determined and used for each source in an attempt at long-term prediction, which show the clustering and occurrence of at least three earthquakes of magnitude 5.5≤Ms≤7.5 giving two repeat times, satisfying the necessary and sufficient conditions of time-predictable model (TP model). Further, using the global applicability of the regional time- and magnitude-predictable model, the following relations have been obtained: log Tt=0.19 Mmin+0.52Mp+0.29 log m0−10.63 and Mf=1.31Mmin−0.60Mp−0.72 log m0+21.01, where Tt is the inter-event time, measured in years; Mmin the surface wave magnitude of the smallest main shock considered; Mp the magnitude of preceding main shock; Mf the magnitude of the following main shock; and m0 the moment rate in each source per year.
These relations may be used for seismic hazard assessment in the region. Based on these relations and taking into account the time of occurrence and the magnitude of the last main shock in each seismogenic source, time-dependent conditional probabilities for the occurrence of the next large (Ms≥5.5) shallow main shocks during the next 20 years as well as the magnitudes of the expected main shocks are determined. 相似文献
17.
Garnet–melt trace element partitioning experiments were performed in the system FeO–CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (FCMAS) at 3 GPa and 1540°C, aimed specifically at studying the effect of garnet Fe2+ content on partition coefficients (DGrt/Melt). DGrt/Melt, measured by SIMS, for trivalent elements entering the garnet X-site show a small but significant dependence on garnet almandine content. This dependence is rationalised using the lattice strain model of Blundy and Wood [Blundy, J.D., Wood, B.J., 1994. Prediction of crystal–melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli. Nature 372, 452–454], which describes partitioning of an element i with radius ri and valency Z in terms of three parameters: the effective radius of the site r0(Z), the strain-free partition coefficient D0(Z) for a cation with radius r0(Z), and the apparent compressibility of the garnet X-site given by its Young's modulus EX(Z). Combination of these results with data in Fe-free systems [Van Westrenen, W., Blundy, J.D., Wood, B.J., 1999. Crystal-chemical controls on trace element partitioning between garnet and anhydrous silicate melt. Am. Mineral. 84, 838–847] and crystal structure data for spessartine, andradite, and uvarovite, leads to the following equations for r0(3+) and EX(3+) as a function of garnet composition (X) and pressure (P):Accuracy of these equations is shown by application to the existing garnet–melt partitioning database, covering a wide range of P and T conditions (1.8 GPa<P<5.0 GPa; 975°C<T<1640°C). DGrt/Melt for all 3+ elements entering the X-site (REE, Sc and Y) are predicted to within 10–40% at given P, T, and X, when DGrt/Melt for just one of these elements is known. In the absence of such knowledge, relative element fractionation (e.g. DSmGrt/Melt/DNdGrt/Melt) can be predicted. As an example, we predict that during partial melting of garnet peridotite, group A eclogite, and garnet pyroxenite, r0(3+) for garnets ranges from 0.939±0.005 to 0.953±0.009 Å. These values are consistently smaller than the ionic radius of the heaviest REE, Lu. The above equations quantify the crystal-chemical controls on garnet–melt partitioning for the REE, Y and Sc. As such, they represent a major advance en route to predicting DGrt/Melt for these elements as a function of P, T and X. 相似文献
r0(3+) [Å]=0.930XPy+0.993XGr+0.916XAlm+0.946XSpes+1.05(XAnd+XUv)−0.005(P [GPa]−3.0)(±0.005 Å)
EX(3+) [GPa]=3.5×1012(1.38+r0(3+) [Å])−26.7(±30 GPa)
18.
为研究实际水利条件下农业干旱的发生规律,简化农业干旱事件的评估方法,提出基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法。通过构建农业用水量距平百分率干旱指标WA,在基于降雨量距平百分率干旱指标PA识别干旱事件的基础上,提取WA干旱指标下的干旱历时和干旱烈度特征变量,并根据以PA为干旱指标的干旱烈度频率分布曲线FS（x）和干旱历时频率分布曲线FD（x）,运用Copula的简化方法计算基于WA的干旱事件重现期T,最后结合基于PA的干旱事件重现期T0,回归分析出T与T0间关系的计算公式。选取干旱灾害影响严重的亳州市为实证区域开展应用研究,计算得到1975-2007年各场干旱事件的T0和T以及T0与T的经验关系式。结果表明:T比T0更合理地反映区域农业实际受旱状况,重现期T0和T间存在高度的相关关系,采用T的回归方程可简化计算考虑区域实际抗旱能力下的干旱事件重现期,在区域防旱减灾实践中具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
19.
采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法,以遥感反演的蒸散发作为观测数据,构建一种基于新安江模型的蒸散发同化系统;根据同化后的蒸散发,采用粒子群算法估计新安江模型的土壤张力水蓄量,进而改进模型的径流模拟效果。选取地表能量平衡系统模型进行汉江流域蒸散发（ETSEBS）反演,采用基于GRACE水储量距平数据的水量平衡蒸散发（ETGRACE）进行验证,结果显示ETSEBS总体表现好于蒸散发产品ETGLDAS、ETZhang、ETMODIS,且相关系数（R）、均方根误差（ERMS）、偏差（B）为0.93、11.93 mm/月、-3.47 mm/月,表明SEBS模型能够较好地估算蒸散发。将同化方案在旬河流域进行应用,结果显示同化后径流的纳什效率系数（ENS）为0.85,较同化前0.81明显提高,且模型对枯水期径流的低估问题有一定改善,对径流峰值模拟效果提高明显。 相似文献
20.
荒漠绿洲区人工梭梭林土壤水分空间异质性的定量研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
利用12×12m2样地中1×1m2、0～100cm剖面的土壤水分调查数据,采用地统计学原理与方法,研究了人工梭梭林(Haloxylon ammodendron)在栽植20a后的土壤水分格局的空间异质性程度、异质性组成、尺度以及与梭梭生长的关系.结果表明:人工梭梭林土壤水分空间异质性的96%～88%是由空间自相关因素引起的,随机因素起的作用较小.除60～80cm土层土壤水分的块金值与基台值比值较高(C0/(C0+C)=0.5),其它各层都较小(0.04～0.12),变程为1.57～2.97m.在较小(<2m)和较大(>8m)的尺度上,土壤水分的空间相关性较强.沿垂直剖面土壤含水量差异显著,10～20cm土层含水量最高(2.82%),其它各层较小(1.30%～1.67%). 相似文献