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早期的褶积微分算子都是基于正反傅立叶变换而实现的,其精度比四阶有限差分的精度稍高,本文将计算数学中的Forsyte广义正交多项式微分算子与褶积算子相结合,构建了一个新的快速、高精度褶积微分算子,其计算结果非常接近实验函数微分的精确值,精度与16阶有限差分的精度相当,远优于错格伪谱法的精确度.另外,2.5维数值模拟比二维模拟可以更真实地模拟三维介质的臬个剖面的波场,并且2.5维地震波模拟的计算量比三维模拟的计算量及计算耗时要大大减少.本文利用基于Forsyte广义正交多项式褶积微分算子法计算2.5维非均匀介质地震波场,模拟结果表明,该算法的计算速度快,计算精度高,能够直观、高效地反映复杂介质中波场的传播规律,并且2.5维波场数值模拟具有更高的计算效率,是一种非常值得深入研究并广泛应用的方法. 相似文献
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地震波场模拟方法研究对于与波动现象有关的地震学问题的重要性是不言而喻的.就目前现有的各种正演算法来说,精度较高的算法（如有限元法、谱元法、高阶有限差分法等）,其计算速度较慢;计算速度较快的算法（如低阶有限差分法、付氏伪谱法等）计算精度却比较低.为了兼顾地震波场模拟的精度与速度,本文推出了一种快速的、高精度地震波场模拟方法（基于Forsyte广义正交多项式的褶积微分算子法）,该方法是以计算数学中的Forsyte广义正交多项式插值函数为基础,构建一个新的褶积微分算子,并将该算子引入到地震波动方程的一阶速度-应力方程的空间微分运算中去,采用时间交错网格有限差分算子替代普通的差分算子以匹配高精度的褶积微分算子,从而构造一种全新的地震波场数值模拟方法.该方法同时具有广义正交多项式方法的高精度和短算子低阶有限差分算法的高速度.通过对算子长度的调节及算子系数的优化,可同时兼顾波场解的全局信息与局部信息.复杂非均匀介质模型中的波场数值模拟实验证实了该方法的可行性及优越性. 相似文献
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双相介质地震波场数值模拟的迭积微分算子及其PML边界条件 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
将基于计算数学中Forsyte 广义正交多项式的迭积微分算子引入到地震波动方程的一阶速度--应力方程的空间微分运算中去,并采用时间错格有限差分算子替代传统的差分算子以匹配高精度的空间迭积微分算子,从而发展一种全新的地震波场正演模拟方法,来解决复杂非均匀介质模型中的波场传播问题.为了大幅衰减人工边界引起的反射,本文将完全匹配层(Perfectly Matched Layer,PML)吸收边界条件引入到所构建的方法中,以解决迭积微分算子法的边界问题.以二维波动方程为例,用迭积微分算子法实现了双相介质的地震波场正演模拟,模拟结果表明,双相介质模型较好地解释了含流体孔隙特性.同时也表明迭积微分算子法是一种非常实用、有效的数值模拟方法. 相似文献
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从各向同性介质中波场数值模拟的褶积微分算子法出发,推导出了各向异性双相介质中波场传播数值计算的褶积新算法.将常见的二阶微分Biot波动方程用等效的一阶速度—应力双曲方程表示,其中未知的波场向量包括固相和流体的速度分量和应力分量,由此对方程的时间项使用交错网格差分方法计算,而对空间项则采用褶积微分算法进行求解.对各向异性双相介质在单层介质模型和双层介质模型中的波场特征进行了研究.研究的结果显示,在两层介质分界面上当地震波产生反射时能观测到两类纵波和横波,并且在衰减系数大的介质里慢纵波很难见到. 相似文献
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波动方程有限差分法是一种使用广泛的地震波数值模拟方法.但是有限差分法本身固有存在着数值频散问题,会降低地震波场模拟的精度与分辨率.为了克服常规有限差分算子的数值频散,本文针对VTI介质地震波数值模拟问题,构造了频率-空间域qP波波动方程高精度有限差分优化算子,根据最优化理论中高斯-牛顿法确定了高精度有限差分算子的优化系数.利用常规差分算子和高精度优化差分算子对归一化相速度的频散关系精度进行了对比分析,并对均匀各向同性介质和均匀VTI介质中的qP波地震波场进行了有限差分数值模拟,通过频散关系精度分析和波场数值模拟结果表明：有限差分优化算子具有较高的波场数值模拟精度,有效压制了传统有限差分算子数值模拟中的数值频散现象,提高了有限差分算子精度,为VTI介质频率-空间域qP波正演模拟奠定了基础. 相似文献
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地震波场数值模拟是理解地震波在地下介质中的传播特点,帮助解释观测数据的有效手段,而提高计算精度和运算效率是所有波场数值模拟方法研究所追求的目标.有限差分技术是求解波动方程计算效率最高、应用最为广泛的方法之一.但传统的有限差分技术计算过程中的数值频散问题影响了该技术的计算精度与计算效率.本文通过交错网格高阶有限差分技术与通量校正传输方法（Flux|corrected transport method,FCT）相结合, 对横向各向同性介质（Transverse isotropic medium,TI）一阶速度|应力弹性波动方程组进行了数值求解研究.波场快照数值模拟结果表明,本文研究的数值模拟方法与波动方程二阶有限差分方法、交错网格四阶有限差分方法相比,在压制网格数值频散方面有明显的优势,计算精度提高,而且可以利用较大的空间步长,提高计算效率. 相似文献
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有限差分法广泛应用于地震波数值模拟、成像和波形反演中,差分数值解的精度直接影响着地震成像和反演的效果.因为有限差分算子可以通过截断伪谱法的空间褶积序列得到,而截断窗函数的属性影响有限差分算子逼近微分算子的精度.具体地讲,窗函数的幅值响应的主瓣和旁瓣决定了有限差分算子逼近的精度,主瓣越窄,旁瓣衰减越大,则有限差分算子逼近微分算子的精度越高,更好地压制数值频散.基于此认识,本文提出了一种基于Chebyshev自褶积组合窗截断逼近的有限差分算子优化方法.Chebyshev自褶积组合窗的主瓣较窄,且旁瓣衰减大,其可通过只调节三个参数,更直观和可视化地控制主瓣和旁瓣的形状,改变有限差分算子逼近微分算子的精度;该窗函数截断逼近的有限差分算子不仅有较大的谱覆盖范围,而且精度误差波动较小,这表明低阶的差分算子可以达到高阶算子的精度,且逼近误差更稳定;从经济上来讲,将有效地减少模拟计算花费,提高计算效率. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
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O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
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Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
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Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
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A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
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Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献