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1.
During the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake, many sand boiling phenomena were observed in central Taiwan, which caused severe ground settlement and structure damages. According to the installed accelerograms, the peak ground surface horizontal accelerations in the liquefaction-affected areas range from 774.42 to 121.3 gal. The writers carried out an extensive investigation of soil liquefaction in this earthquake. In this paper, we present results of the CPT exploration and post-earthquake liquefaction analysis. Two hundred and seventy five (275) cone penetration test data were collected from the liquefaction-affected areas, and 46 liquefaction case histories and 88 non-liquefaction case histories were derived that can be used to evaluate the accuracy of existing liquefaction evaluation models. In addition, the strength of the liquefied soils after earthquake and the implication of its liquefaction potential in the future event are discussed. 相似文献
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Two processes using the Newmark implicit integration scheme are presented for the analysis of the earthquake response of a three-dimensional model for arch dam-reservoir systems including the effect of compressibility of the water. The solid structure and fluid regions are modelled separately, and the forcing functions at the interface are due to the hydrodynamic pressures from the reservoir acting on the upstream face of the dam wall, and the accelerations from the dam wall acting in turn on the reservoir. For the purposes of an initial investigation, elastic properties are assumed for the material of the dam, whilst in the reservoir radiation damping at the upstream boundary has been included, but bottom absorption has not. The excitation is provided by means of a combisweep which is fashioned so that its continuously varying frequencies pass through the fundamental frequencies of both the arch dam-reservoir system and the reservoir alone. Consequently the response is highly resonant, thus providing a severe test for the numerical procedures. From the numerical results obtained for an example problem it is concluded that both schemes provide an acceptable solution to the problem posed, and the possibility of enhancement to cater for more complex situations is discussed. 相似文献
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活动断层、地震灾害与减灾对策问题 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
本文在对活动断层的定义和相关概念的论述基础上,通过活动断层与地震灾害间空间分布上的相关性分析,以及海原断裂带松山和阿尔金断裂带阿克塞老城西等地点的探槽地质剖面的介纠等,揭示出活动断层近地表永久性地质变形的局部化特征,永久变形带宽度一般小于30m。文章最后介绍了美国加州地震断层划定法案的主要内容和活动断层填图计划作为积极有效减灾的一项公益性对策,指出中国大陆地区应有步骤地开展大比例尺活动断层填图来有效地减轻可能遭遇的地震灾害。 相似文献
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根据室内岩石变形实验中岩石的微破裂和应变能释放等情况，联想到地震发生的几种相似现象：（１）岩体在较低的状态下亦有可能发生地震；（２）小震的发生预示岩体内应变和应变能的释放，但应力却未必释放；（３）主震时就变能大量释放，但仍有相当多的应变能残留在岩体中，这应是老震区发生地震的原因之一。 相似文献
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历史地震核查就是核查地震的宏观震中,而宏观震中应是地震能量的辐射中心。由于过去在认识上的误区,在历史地震的确定中,往往把破坏最大的地区定为震中,这样就有可能把地震诱发的地质灾害定为震中。1558年,在广东省的西部与广西省交界处发生了一次中强地震,在1995年出版的“中国历史强震目录”中,将其震中定位于封川。本文通过查阅有关的县志和府志,阐述了地震发生时的人文环境,包括行政建制、政治局势、经济与文化、地质条件以及各地间的关系等,同时还结合地震破坏的地基条件和单边地震记载点的分析,认为以上所确定的地震震中,仅是地震所诱发的地质灾害,而不是地震的辐射中心——释放能量最大的地区。同时,通过1558年地震记载点与1584年肇庆2个地震记载点的比较,说明了这些地震的震中相近。最后,根据地震影响范围（地震记载点）确定了1558年地震的参数。 相似文献
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最小耗能原理与地震预测问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文认为最小耗能原理是一个与地震现象密切相关的自然界的普适性原理。在简要介绍该原理的基础上,对所谓“地震带”、“板内地震”、“特征地震”、“地震空区”等有关问题作了探讨,提出并详细地介绍了一条根据最小耗能原理建立地震预测、预报准则的技术路线;最后对地震的预测、预报是否可能实现等问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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This paper presents results of the earthquake response analysis on a large‐scale seismic test (LSST) structure which was built at Hualien in Taiwan for an international cooperative research project. The analysis is carried out using a computer program which has been developed based on axisymmetric finite element method incorporating dynamic infinite elements for far‐field soil region and a substructured wave input technique. The non‐linear behaviour of the soil medium is taken into account using an iterative equivalent linearization procedure. Two sets of the soil and structural properties, namely the unified and the FVT‐correlated models, are utilized as the initial linear values. The unified model was provided by a group of experts in charge of the geotechnical experiments, and the correlated model was obtained through a system identification procedure using the forced vibration test (FVT) results by the present authors. Three components of ground accelerations are artificially generated through an averaging process of the Fourier amplitude spectra of the ground accelerations measured near the test structure, and they are used as the control input motions for the earthquake analysis. It has been found that the earthquake responses predicted using the generated control motions and with the FVT‐correlated model as the initial linear properties in the equivalent linearization procedure compare very well with the observed responses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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汉源县城位于汶川M_S8.0特大地震六度区内唯一的八度异常区,为典型且罕见的远震高烈度异常区.汉源县城处于流沙河的河流阶地之上,河谷地形对地震震害有显著的影响.为定量分析河谷地形对汶川大地震汉源县高烈度异常的影响,基于汉源县城震害科学考察和场地勘察获取的资料,根据震害分布特征和流沙河谷地形的特点,选取1条实测得到的横切汉源县城并垂直流沙河河谷方向的典型剖面作为计算模型,以脉冲作为基底输入,采用有限差分方法研究了该剖面的场地放大效应,分析了地形对高烈度异常的影响.计算结果表明:汉源县城场地对地震动放大效应的显著频段是1.0~10Hz,且这一频段老县城场地的放大效应比新县城场地显著;汉源老县城场地对汶川M_S8.0地震主震的地震动有显著的放大效应,地表峰值加速度大大超过了抗震设计规范的规定值;汉源场地地形放大效应显著频段与汶川M_S8.0地震的能量集中频段基本吻合,汉源老县城建筑物的自振频率恰恰位于该频段,产生共振效应,从而造成更显著的放大效应,这也是汉源震害异常的主要原因之一.由此可见,河谷地形对地表地震动有重要的影响,在工程选址和抗震设计时应考虑其影响. 相似文献
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Considerable effort has been devoted to develop optimal control methods for reducing structural response under seismic forces. In this study analytical solution of the linear regulator problem applied widely to the control of earthquake‐excited structures is obtained by using the sufficient conditions of optimality even though almost all of the optimal controls proposed previously for structural control are based on the necessary conditions of optimality. Since the resulting optimal closed–open‐loop control cannot be implemented for civil structures exposed to earthquake forces, the solution of the optimal closed–open‐loop control is carried out approximately based on the prediction of the seismic acceleration values in the near future. Upon obtaining the relation between the exact optimal solution and future values of seismic accelerations, it is shown numerically that the solution of the optimal closed–open‐loop control problem can be performed approximately by using only the first few predicted seismic acceleration values if a given norm criteria is satisfied. Calculated performance measures indicate that the suggested approximate solution is better than the closed‐loop control and as we predict the future values of the excitation more accurately, it will approach the optimal solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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2016年3月21日11时29分甘肃省酒泉市金塔县发生M_S 4.7地震,甘肃省强震动台网中心收集到5组三分向加速度记录,常规处理后得到15条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度(PGA),选取土层台基类型的62XID台站加速度记录(PGA数值最大)进行分析,绘制校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线及加速度反应谱,为中国西部工程震害调查提供参考资料。 相似文献
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One of the major challenges encountered in earthquake geotechnical physical modelling is to determine the effects induced by the artificial boundaries of the soil container on the dynamic response of the soil deposit. Over the past years, the use of absorbing material for minimising boundaries effects has become an increasing alternative solution, yet little systematic research has been carried out to quantify the dynamic performance of the absorbing material and the amount of energy dissipated by it. This paper aims to examine the effects induced by the absorbing material on the dynamic response of the soil, and estimate the amount of energy reduced by the absorbing boundaries. The absorbent material consisted of panels made of commercially available foams, which were placed on both inner sides of end-walls of the soil container. These walls are perpendicular to the shaking direction. Three types of foam with different mechanical properties were used in this study. The results were obtained from tests carried out using a shaking table and Redhill 110 sand for the soil deposit. It was found that a considerably amount of energy was dissipated, in particular within the frequency range close to the resonance of the soil deposit. This feature suggests that the presence of foams provides a significant influence to the dynamic response of the soil. The energy absorbed by the boundaries was also quantified from integrals of the Power Spectral Density of the accelerations. It was found that the absorbed energy ranged between a minimum of 41% to a maximum of 92% of the input levels, depending mainly on the foam used in the test. The effects provided by the acceleration levels and depth at which the energy was evaluated were practically negligible. Finally, practical guidelines for the selection of the absorbing material are provided. 相似文献
13.
2019年7月4—6日位于美国南加州城市Ridgecrest附近地区,在不足两天的时间内接连发生了一系列地震,其中包括震级达M W6.4和M W7.1的强震.震后两天对震中区产生的地表破裂进行了实地地质调查和测量,发现两次地震分别产生了NW方向长度50 km和NE方向长度10 km的两条破裂带.根据野外调查,NW方向的地表破裂表现出右旋走滑特征,是M W7.1地震产生的破裂带,而NE方向的地表破裂表现为左旋走滑性质,是M W6.4地震产生的破裂带.地表破裂野外调查和地震序列统计分析表明,NW方向是本次地震序列的主要破裂带,释放了本次地震的大部分地震矩.通过发震的时序关系和地震序列密集条带分布推断,本次地震是NE和NW两个方向应力作用下,两条共轭断层先后破裂产生的一组复杂共轭地震,推测M W6.4地震是一次强烈前震,促进了震级更大的M W7.1主震发生. 相似文献
14.
A method of applying wavelet transform to earthquake motion analysis is developed from the viewpoint of energy input structures, in which relationships between wavelet coefficients and energy input, namely energy principles in wavelet analysis are derived. By using the principles, time–frequency characteristics of the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake ground motions are analysed and time histories of energy input for various ranges of frequencies and epicentral distances are identified. Furthermore, a technique to simulate earthquake ground accelerations by wavelet inverse transform is developed on the condition that target time-frequency characteristics are specified. Structural responses to the simulated accelerations are compared with the target time–frequency characteristics, which shows satisfactory correlations between wavelet coefficients and energy responses in both time and frequency domains. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
2014年8月3日云南鲁甸M6．5地震的地震波能量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据美国地震学研究联合会（IRIS）的地震能量查询网站公布的地震波辐射能量和能量震级数据,2014年8月3日鲁甸M6．5地震的宽频带（0．5～70 s）能量震级为6．4,2013年4月20日芦山M7．0地震为6．7,相差0．3级,而高频（0．5～2 s）能量震级分别为6．7和6．9,相差0．2级,即芦山地震释放的高频地震波能量为鲁甸地震的2倍。本文根据这些数据对鲁甸地震的特征进行了分析,认为从地震监测的角度,在地震发生后,尽快给出地震波释放能量估计,对于及时确定大地震应急响应级别和采取相应减灾措施是有实际意义的。 相似文献
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Raffaella De Matteis Annalisa Romeo Giuseppe Pasquale Giovanni Iannaccone Aldo Zollo 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2010,54(3):367-387
A new dataset of first P-wave arrival times is used to derive the 3D tomographic model of the Campania-Lucania region in the
southern Apennines (Italy). We address the issue related to the non-uniqueness of the tomographic inversion solution through
massive numerical experimentation based on the global exploration of the model parameter space starting from a large variety
of physically plausible initial models. The average of all the realizations is adopted as the best-fit solution and the uncertainty
of the model parameters is studied using a statistical approach based on a Monte Carlo-type analysis. How the uncertainty
in the initial model, earthquake locations, and data influences the inversion result is studied by considering separately
the individual effects. Checkerboard tests are performed to estimate the resolving power of the dataset. Re-located seismicity
in a reliable new 3D tomographic model allows us to correlate the earthquake distribution with the main seismogenic structures
present in the area. 相似文献
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An energy-based methodology for the assessment of seismic demand 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A methodology for the assessment of the seismic energy demands imposed on structures is proposed. The research was carried out through two consecutive phases. Inelastic design input energy spectra for systems with a prescribed displacement ductility ratio were first developed. The study of the inelastic behavior of energy factors and the evaluation of the response modification in comparison with the elastic case were performed by introducing two new parameters, namely: (1) the Response Modification Factor of the earthquake input energy (RE), representing the ratio of the elastic to inelastic input energy spectral values and (2) the ratio α of the area enclosed by the inelastic input energy spectrum in the range of periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s to the corresponding elastic value. The proposed design inelastic energy spectra, resulting from the study of a large set of strong motion records, were obtained as a function of ductility, soil type, source-to-site distance and magnitude.Subsequently, with reference to single degree of freedom systems, the spectra of the hysteretic to input energy ratio were evaluated, for different soil types and target ductility ratios. These spectra, defined to evaluate the hysteretic energy demand of structures, were described by a piecewise linear idealization that allows to distinguish three distinct regions as a function of the vibration period. In this manner, once the inelastic design input energy spectra were determined, the definition of the energy dissipated by means of inelastic deformations followed directly from the knowledge of hysteretic to input energy ratio.The design spectra of both input energy and hysteretic to input energy ratio were defined considering an elasto-plastic behavior. Nevertheless, other constitutive models were taken into account for comparison purposes. 相似文献
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Recordings of recent strong earthquakes obtained on alluvial sites show that the maximum horizontal accelerations tend towards a limit of about 0.45 to 0.50g, associated with large displacements. by contrast, vertical accelerations do not appear to be subject to such a limit (1.7g for the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake). Theoretical linear elasticity models, when applied to superficial layers of low strength, seem to be inadequate for the prediction of near-field ground motions in alluvial deposits. A good approximation for the horizontal component of certain Imperial Valley records was, however, obtained through a non-linear approach, using local soil properties together with a reasonable hypothesis for motion at the base of the superficial layers in question that included large values of acceleration for high-frequency shear waves. 相似文献
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土层结构对地表加速度峰值的影响 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
本文在研究我国数百个工程场地钻孔资料的基础上，选取和构造了若干有代表性的典型场地剖面，利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法，计算了不同场地在三种不同强度的地震动输入下的地表加速度峰值反应。分析研究了覆盖层厚度、软土层的埋深与厚度等对场地地表加速度峰值的影响，得到了一些有意义的结论。 相似文献