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1.
The effect of ice particle sizes and relative velocity on the sign of charge transfer during graupel/ice crystal interactions in thunderstorms is considered based on the concept of the Relative Growth Rate Hypothesis that the ice surface growing faster by water vapour diffusion charges positively. Diffusional growth rates of ice crystals and riming graupel particles are calculated for various particle sizes and velocities, and the sign of charging during crystal/graupel collisions is determined. The study reveals that larger graupel charges more negatively, while larger ice crystals, or higher relative velocity, lead to increased positive graupel charging. 相似文献
2.
We studied the effect of supercooled cloud droplets on the diffusional growth rate of isolated ice plates and ice columns by approximating the shape of a plate as an oblate spheroid and a column as a prolate spheroid. This work is an extension of the pioneering work of Marshall and Palmer [Marshall, J.S. and Langleben, M.P., A theory of snow-crystal habit and growth, J. Met., 11, 104–120, 1954] who studied the influence of cloud droplets on the growth rate of spherical ice crystals. The vapour density field for oblate and prolate spheroids was obtained by solving Helmholtz's equation with the assumption that the vapour at the ice surface had the equilibrium value. As result, it was possible to calculate separately the temporal evolution of the axis length and the mass of the snow crystals.The results indicate that the presence of cloud droplets around the snow crystal can increase by around 10% of the ice growth rate relative to an environment free of cloud droplets. The magnitude of the growth enhancement is proportional to the liquid water content. The results also corroborate the importance of the shape and aspect ratio on the crystal growth. A general mass growth rate equation for diffusional growth was found, which incorporates effects of cloud droplets and crystal shape through the size and aspect ratio of the snow crystal. 相似文献
3.
Further laboratory experiments of thunderstorm charging by ice crystal collisions with riming graupel pellets have led to results that may help account for a major difference between two independent studies reported earlier. The problem concerns values of the cloud liquid water content required to change the sign of graupel charging. The present work has noted and investigated differences in the techniques of cloud nucleation used in the two studies. In one set of measurements by Takahashi, ice crystals are nucleated continuously in a supercooled water droplet cloud, while in the other experiments by Jayaratne et al. and Saunders et al., the droplet cloud is nucleated only briefly. These two nucleation methods lead to differences in the mass of cloud particles collected on a sampling probe used to determine the liquid water content of the cloud. In the continuous nucleation case, the probe collects sufficient numbers of ice crystals to lead to a substantial overestimate of the cloud liquid water content. 相似文献
4.
In order to determine whether charge transfer during the collision of ice crystals with riming graupel pellets in thunderstorms may be due to the removal of charged growths on the graupel surface, experiments were performed in which an air jet removed forst or pieces of rime from ice surfaces. The results showed that a frost covered or rimed surface charged positively if it was growing by vapour diffusion and negatively if it was evaporating when the air jet fragmented the surface. Other work has shown that similar results are obtained when ice crystals or ice spheres interact with growing or evaporating ice surfaces and so it appears that the charge transfer process is associated with the removal of charged surface features. These results are of relevance to our understanding of the processes of thunderstorm electrification. 相似文献
5.
东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 II: 数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在利用卫星、雷达和机载PMS(粒子测量系统)等观测资料对2003年7月8日东北冷涡积层混合云系的降水形成机制分析的基础上,将观测分析与数值模拟研究相结合,用中尺度数值模式对积层混合云系做数值模拟,并结合观测资料进一步分析了积层混合云系的微物理结构、粒子形成过程和降水形成机制,获得如下结果:(1)混合云中对流云具有分层的微物理结构.冰晶含水量最大值出现的高度最高,其次由高到低的排序是雪、云水、霰和雨;雨水主要出现在云的暖区;各种粒子中以雨水含水量最高,其次是霰.对流云体生命期较长,微物理结构基本稳定.(2)粒子形成增长过程有差异.冰晶通过凝华过程增长.雪主要来源于冰晶,产生后主要通过撞冻、收集冰晶和凝华过程增长,其中撞冻过冷云水增长对雪质量贡献最大,其产生率极大值高度与过冷云水相当.丰富的过冷云水,给雪的撞冻增长提供了有利条件.在高、中和低层雪的形成有着不同的机制,高层雪收集冰晶长大后,下落到低层又以雪撞冻过冷云水的结淞增长为主要过程.霰主要由雨滴冻结和雪的转化产生,过冷雨滴与冰晶接触冻结成霰;过冷雨滴收集雪,雪随着雨滴的冻结而转化成霰.因此霰的产生与过冷雨滴关系极大.霰主要撞冻云水、收集雪和冰晶增长,其中撞冻是霰的重要增长过程.雨水主要由霰的融化形成,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的.在过冷层,霰撞冻增长占优势.云上部的冰晶和雪对云的中部具有播撒作用,过冷层中存在丰富的过冷水,对冰相粒子的撞冻增长有利.对云水消耗的分析表明,雨滴对云滴的收集、霰和雪对云水的撞冻增长是消耗云水的主要过程.(3)从各种粒子的形成和增长过程可以看出,大部分雨水由霰融化形成,暖云过程贡献要小得多.可见,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的,这与观测分析的结果一致. 相似文献
6.
梅雨锋暴雨中的云微物理过程对降水的演变有着重要影响。本文通过WRF模式（3.4.1版本）,针对2018年6月29～30日一次梅雨锋背景下的暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分别采用了Morrison、Thompson和MY云微物理参数化方案进行对比分析,结果发现:（1）三个方案模拟的背景场在天气尺度上,都与ERA5再分析资料一致,能够模拟出有利于强降水发生的环流场。云微物理过程对梅雨期暴雨的局地环流有着显著影响,不同方案存在明显差异,本次过程中,Thompson方案模拟出更强的局地环流系统变率和上升气流。三个方案的模拟降水均有所夸大,小时降水率始终大于观测值。冰相粒子融化或雨滴搜集云滴的高估可能是造成降水模拟值偏强的重要原因之一,总体来看,Morrison方案的模拟效果相对最优。（2）冰相粒子融化、雨滴搜集云滴是雨滴增长的关键源项,蒸发则是其最重要的汇项。总的来说,雨滴对云滴的搜集量大于冰相粒子融化。但上述过程在不同方案中存在空间上的差异,从而使得模拟降水的空间分布存在差异。（3）Thompson方案中,冰相粒子融化量最大,雨滴蒸发项显著大于其它两个方案,在底层表现得最为明显。同时,该方案水汽凝结效应最强,使得雨滴搜集更多云滴。该方案模拟的雨滴最多,降水最强。该方案中凝华的主要产物为雪,且其在与过冷水碰并增长过程中占主导地位,故模拟的雪最多。（4）Morrison方案中,水汽主要凝华为雪和少量霰（冰晶忽略不计）;Thompson方案中水汽基本凝华为雪,其它冰相粒子极少;MY方案中,水汽主要凝华为雪和冰晶,冰晶总量略少于雪,但显著大于其它方案。（5）云滴在凇附过程中的总体贡献大于雨滴。Morrison和MY方案中,霰粒子搜集云滴增长的量均最大。Morrison方案中,其它凇附过程不同程度发挥作用,而MY方案中,其它凇附过程几乎可忽略不计。并且,霰粒子搜集云滴的增长量大于凝华过程产生的雪粒子总量。贝吉龙及凇附效应的差异,是不同方案中冰相粒子分布差异的关键原因之一。 相似文献
7.
Summary A laboratory investigation of the charge acquired by a riming target, simulating a soft-hailstone, during collisions with ice crystals has shown that centrifugal acceleration of the target affects the magnitude and sign of the charge transferred when the acceleration exceeds a certain value. Above this critical value, which is dependent on the ambient temperature, the charging to the hailstone is positive under low liquid water content conditions whereas at lower rotational frequencies the charging is normally negative. During collisions with supercooled water droplets, no charging was observed at low rotational frequencies. However, at high frequencies, positive charging to the hailstone was detected at all temperatures. It is suggested that these spurious charging effects are due to the break-up of the rime ice on the target surface.With 6 Figures 相似文献
8.
霰和冻滴是深对流降水的主要来源。由于二者密度差异造成的不同下落末速度必然会导致云微物理过程的变化以及降水时空分布的改变。我们在以色列特拉维夫大学二维轴对称对流云全分档模式的基础上,将水成物粒子从34档增加到40档,修改了霰和雪的密度,加入冻滴分档处理的微物理过程,发展了一个包括液滴、冰晶、雪、霰和冻滴更为详细的云微物理分档模式。利用改进后的模式模拟了一次理想的强对流天气过程,分析了改进模式与原模式模拟的云微物理量场以及水成物粒子的时空分布特征,模拟结果表明:（1）由于冻滴的产生,较大的下落末速度导致在云内-3℃至-8℃较早地出现了冻滴,并造成了大量的冰晶繁生。（2）冻滴形成前期,液态水中心区域位于垂直上升速度大值中心上方,形成液态水累积区;冻滴形成期,液态水累积区位于0℃层以上,雨滴冻结生成冻滴,霰与半径大于100 μm的液滴碰并生成冻滴;冻滴增长期,在垂直上升气流的支撑下,冻滴碰并过冷水增长,导致冻滴含量增大,液态水含量减小。因此,改进模式能较好的模拟冻滴的形成过程,可以将该分档处理的微物理方案耦合到三维WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting model）模式中,更深入地研究强雷暴风切变在冰雹生成过程中的作用。 相似文献
9.
过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其催化效果的数值模拟 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对美国对流降水协作试验（CCOPE）期间观测的1981年8月1日雹云进行模拟,讨论在过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其碘化银催化效果。结果表明:(1) 自然云的模拟与观测事实一致,如最大上升气流速度、云顶高度、流场结构以及雹胚组成等。(2) 雹胚以霰为主,霰主要来自冰雪晶与过冷小水滴的碰冻,其次来自雪的积聚转化;霰、冻滴和冰雹在形成后主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。(3)人工催化试验表明,碘化银主要以凝华核（包括凝结－冻结）的作用产生大量的人工冰晶,加速了过冷水向冰晶的转化,过冷云水因而大量减少;催化后霰和冻滴的数浓度增大,对过冷云水的竞争增强,其平均尺度减小导致转化成雹的数量减少;冰雹碰冻过冷云水的增长在催化后也被削弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少。此外,催化后降雨量也显著减少。 相似文献
10.
引入一种新型冰晶异质核化方案, 基于二维雷暴云模式, 探讨雷暴云电过程对三种异质核化的响应。结果表明: 浸润核化是冰晶生成的最重要异质核化过程, 较高数浓度的冰晶消耗雷暴云内液态水含量, 抑制淞附过程, 导致霰粒子比含水量低, 表现为较强的负极性非感应起电率; 接触核化生成的冰晶量最少, 仅对雷暴云中下层3~5 km处的冰晶有贡献, 同时霰粒子数浓度较低, 导致该方案下的起电过程最弱; 沉积核化主要影响云砧处的冰晶, 有利于提高霰收集云滴的效率, 表现为极高的霰比含水量, 促进低温区非感应起电过程的发生。总体上来看, 三个方案下的电荷结构均由较复杂的多极性发展为偶极性。其中浸润方案中主正电荷区的抬升最明显, 而接触方案过低的冰晶分布高度与沉积方案过高的冰晶分布高度, 都直接导致了次正电荷区更快消散。 相似文献
11.
The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth. 相似文献
12.
一次副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云宏微物理结构探测分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2010年8月18日副热带高压后部层状云降水中山区层状云的飞机穿云观测资料,结合雷达、卫星云图及天气图等资料,详细分析了此次高后降水中山区层状云的宏观特征、微物理结构,并对降水形成机制进行初步探讨.结果表明:此个例由两层云构成,上层为冷云,下层主要为暖云;冷层粒子图像显示主要以板状为主,平板柱状、柱状和霰粒为辅,冰粒子的聚合体在整个冷层都有出现;降水形成机制为播种—喂养机制,冷云中观测到丛集和淞附现象,其中淞附现象主要发生在冷云的中下部靠近融化层附近. 相似文献
13.
Numerical Simulation of Macro- and Micro-structures of Intense Convective Clouds with a Spectral Bin Microphysics Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
By use of a three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic convective cloud
model with detailed microphysics featuring spectral bins of cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN), liquid droplets, ice crystals, snow and graupel
particles, the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrometeors in a
supercell observed by the (Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and
Precipitation Study) STEPS triple-radar network are simulated and analyzed.
The bin model is also employed to study the effect of CCN concentration on
the evolution characteristics of the supercell. It is found that the CCN
concentration not only affects the concentration and spectral distribution
of water droplets, but also influences the characteristics of ice crystals
and graupel particles. With a larger number of CCN, more water droplets and
ice crystals are produced and the growth of graupel is restrained. With a
small quantity of CCN the production of large size water droplets are
promoted by initially small concentrations of water droplets and ice
crystals, leading to earlier formation of small size graupel and restraining
the recycling growth of graupel, and thus inhibiting the formation of large
size graupel (or small size hail). It can be concluded that both the macroscopic
airflow and microphysical processes influence the formation and growth of large
size graupel (or small size hail). In regions with heavy pollution, a high
concentration of CCN may restrain the formation of graupel and hail, and in
extremely clean regions, excessively low concentrations of CCN may also limit
the formation of large size graupel (hail). 相似文献
14.
基于2009年5月1日积层混合云降水2架飞机观测数据分析,使用中尺度模式WRFV3对此次过程积云区和层云区的微物理特征和转化过程进行数值模拟比较研究。飞机观测数据分析表明,此次积层混合云中的层云区和积云区冰粒子形状和形成过程有明显差别,层云区的粒子形状组成比较复杂,包含针状、柱状和辐枝状等,而积云区主要以辐枝状粒子为主,聚并、凇附过程明显。数值模式能较好地模拟出此次积层混合云降水过程的基本特征,包括回波分布、飞行路径上降水粒子的数浓度和液态水含量等。数值模拟结果表明,云水相对丰富、上升气流强的层云区凇附过程较强,产生的雪在低层融化为雨水,为后期高层形成的雪和霰提供丰富的液态水,能发展成对流较强的积云区,存在播种—供给机制。在积云区,水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（51.9%）、霰（31.0%）和雨水（16.0%）;雪的主要源项包括淞附增长（56.8%）和凝华增长（40.1%）,霰的主要源项包括凇附增长（46.6%）、雨水碰并雪成霰（42.6%）和凝华增长（16.1%）,雨水的主要源项是霰（77.6%）和雪（22.4%）的融化。而相对云水较少、上升气流较弱的层云区将保持层云的状态,层云区水成物的比例从大到小依次为雪（90.4%）、雨水（6.1%）、冰晶（3.5%）;高层冰晶和雪通过凝华过程增长,雪在零度层下融化为弱的降水。 相似文献
15.
利用已有的二维雷暴云起、放电模式模拟了一次雷暴天气,并通过敏感性试验研究了冰核浓度变化对雷暴云动力、微物理及电过程的影响。结果表明：随着大气冰核浓度的增加,雷暴云发展提前,上升气流速度和下沉气流速度均呈现降低的趋势。大气冰核浓度提升有利于异质核化过程增强,冰晶在高温区大量生成,而同质核化过程被抑制,因此冰晶整体含量降低,引起低温区中霰粒含量降低和高温区中霰粒尺度降低。在非感应起电过程中,正极性非感应起电率逐渐减小,负极性非感应起电率逐渐增大。由于液态水含量随大气冰核浓度的增加逐渐降低,高温度冰晶携带电荷的极性由负转变为正的时间有所提前。在感应起电过程中,由于霰粒尺度减小及云滴的快速消耗,感应起电率极值逐渐降低。冰晶优先在高温区生成而带负电,不同大气冰核浓度下的雷暴云空间电荷结构在雷暴云发展初期均呈现负的偶极性电荷结构。在雷暴云旺盛期,随着冰核浓度增加,空间电荷结构由三极性转变为复杂四极性。在雷暴云消散阶段不同个例均呈现偶极性电荷结构,且随着冰核浓度的增加电荷密度值逐渐减小。 相似文献
16.
Stephan Mertes Alfons Schwarzenbck Paolo Laj Wolfram Wobrock Jean-Marc Pichon Giordano Orsi Jost Heintzenberg 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4)
A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible. 相似文献
17.
冰晶核化对雷暴云微物理过程和起电影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文在已有的二维对流云模式中采用了一种与气溶胶有关的冰晶核化方案替代原有的冰晶核化经验公式, 并选取个例, 分别就两种方案进行了模拟对比试验。模拟结果表明:(1)新方案所得冰晶比含水量主要分布在-0.1~-7.6℃温区之间, 高于原方案所得的-50.1~-24.2℃温区;在整个雷暴云的发展过程中新方案冰晶的分布高度、温度区间以及最大浓度值均大于原方案。(2)在新方案中, 温度相对较高的过冷区产生大量冰晶, 其争食云中水汽抑制了云滴、雨滴的增长。此外, 与原方案相比, 霰增长受雨滴大幅减小的影响进一步得到限制, 导致生成的霰小于原方案, 且空间分布具有较大区别。(3)两方案在雷暴云初期形成的电荷结构不同;在发展旺盛与消散阶段新方案中电荷空间分布区域和电荷量均大于原方案, 此外, 在不同时刻主正电荷区和主负电荷区的中心高度存在差异。本文对云微物理过程及起电的分析为后继探讨气溶胶与雷暴云起放电过程、电荷结构之间的相互关系提供了有利条件。 相似文献
18.
青藏高原那曲地区夏季一次对流云降水过程的云微物理及区域水分收支特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
第三次青藏高原科学试验针对高原夏季云和降水物理过程开展了大量观测研究,为进一步揭示高原云微物理结构、云中水分转化和区域水分收支特征,本文采用中尺度数值预报模式（WRF）并结合高原试验期间的各种观测资料,对那曲观测试验区2014年7月5~6日的一次较为典型的夏季对流云降水过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明WRF模式能够基本再现高原夏季对流云的发展演变过程以及降水的日变化特征。模拟结果显示高原夏季对流云中具有较高的过冷云水和霰粒子含量,冰相过程在高原云和降水的形成和发展中具有十分重要的作用,地面降水主要由霰粒子融化产生。暖雨过程对降水的直接贡献很小,但在霰胚形成中具有十分重要的作用。霰粒子胚胎的形成主要来源于冰晶与过冷雨滴的撞冻过程,雪粒子和过冷雨水的碰冻转化及过冷雨滴的均质冻结贡献相对较小。霰粒子的增长过程在12 km（-40℃）以上层主要依靠对冰晶、雪粒子的聚并收集过程,而在其下层的增长过程主要依赖对过冷云水的凇附增长,对雪粒子的聚并收集和凝华增长过程较小。高原那曲地区净水汽收支为正,日平均降水转化率可达20.75%,接近长江下游地区,高于华北、西北地区。该地区日降水再循环率为10.92%,说明局地蒸发的水汽对高原降水的水汽来源具有一定的贡献,但高原降水的90%仍然由外界输入的水汽转化形成。 相似文献
19.
为了进一步印证以往观测反推得到的广东地区雷暴云多偶极性电荷结构的结论,利用加入了起放电参数化方案的WRF模式,模拟了广东在2017年5月8日发生的一次飑线过程,并对这次飑线过程中一个雷暴单体成熟期的电荷结构演变特征进行分析,通过分析动力、云水含量、各水成物粒子混合比及携带电荷情况,讨论了电荷结构的形成及演变机制。结果表明,成熟阶段的单体,电荷结构从三极性逐渐演变为偶极性。这是因为在成熟初期,霰粒子在有效液态水含量适中且温度较高的地方与冰晶/雪花粒子发生了非感应碰撞,因此底部霰粒子携带正电,雷暴云底部形成次正电荷区,电荷结构为三极性。而在成熟后期,由于丰富的云水含量,使冰粒子的凇附过程增强,霰不断增加,冰晶和雪花不断被消耗,温度较暖区域与霰共存的冰晶和雪花急剧减少,使得该区域大小冰粒子的非感应碰撞起电急剧减少,此处霰粒子不能再通过非感应碰撞获得正电荷,底部次正电荷区随之消失,雷暴云的电荷结构转变为偶极性。此结果和以往观测反推得到的结论不同,这表明,对南方雷暴电荷结构还需继续深入认识。 相似文献
20.
在三维强风暴动力—电耦合数值模式中引入非感应起电参数化方案、感应起电参数化方案以及放电参数化方案,对湖北宜昌2014年6月19日一次闪电过程中雷暴云电荷结构和放电特征进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明,当云内粒子增多、增大,大部分霰粒子逐渐降落到中低层,上部正电荷区减小,底部正电荷堆范围开始扩大,中部负电荷区和底部正电荷区成为主要的起电区域,这种底部正电荷区较厚的三极性电荷结构不利于地闪的产生。在粒子带电分析中,霰与冰晶粒子携带的电荷量均大于云滴,说明霰与冰晶之间非感应碰撞是云中主要的起电过程。虽然云滴的电荷量较小,但霰与云滴之间感应碰撞的作用不可忽视。结合电荷结构的分布,发现底部正电荷堆的垂直分布高度与霰粒子、云滴的电荷浓度的分布有关,且霰与云滴电荷浓度的累积区与底部正电荷堆相一致。 相似文献