共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 703 毫秒
1.
This research (1) characterized the effects of sublethal cupric ion activities on the grazing behavior of two estuarine copepods (Acartia tonsa, Acartia hudsonica) and one nearshore, neritic copepod (Temora longicornis) and (2) compared the sensitivity of short-term sublethal behavioral assays with that of longer-term acute toxicity tests. A nitrilotriacetate-trace-metal-ion buffer system at 27‰. S was used to quantify and control the free cupric ion activity. Acute toxicity tests were used to determine the mortality of A. tonsa and T. longicornis over 72 h within the approximate cupric ion activity range of 10−13 to 10−9.5 M. 24 h survival was not affected within the approximate cupric ion activity range of 10−13 to 10−9.7 M, the range used for subsequent grazing activity experiments after 24 h exposure to Cu. Grazing activity was significantly diminished at cupric ion activities of ≈ 10−10 M for A. tonsa and T. longicornis, and at ≈ 10−11 M for A. hudsonica. A hormetic pattern of response in feeding activity was observed with A. tonsa and T. longicornis. Grazing activity was found to be a sensitive measure of sublethal Cu stress compared with the acute toxicity tests. Grazing activity was affected at environmentally relevant cupric ion activities. 相似文献
2.
In Germany, wastewater legislation requires all municipal and industrial leachate to be subjected to toxicity tests. However, no phytotoxicity tests using higher plants are currently included among the standard tests. Freshwater microalgae have been used in most phytotoxicity tests and have often been considered as surrogates for higher plants. However, microalgae often do not show the same sensitivity as higher plants and have major disadvantages for the testing of unmodified environmental samples. In the following study, we evaluated the suitability of the giant duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza for assessing the toxicity of a municipal landfill leachate and two leachates of copper mining residue. Duckweed static toxicity tests were performed, and frond number was the endpoint used to calculate EC50 values. Symptoms of stress (chlorosis, necrosis, root destruction, and colony breakup) were also recorded. The landfill leachate was toxic with EC50;96h values ranging from 1.3 to 2.7% leachate (v/v). Toxicity of the copper slag leachate was largely determined by the elution method used. Leachate obtained using conventional German leaching methods (S4-eluate) was not toxic to duckweed, whereas EC50 values for the pHstat4-eluate ranged from 3.2 to 4.2% leachate (v/v). The results demonstrate the suitability of S. polyrhiza for the testing of unmodified wastewater samples and provide further evidence for the addition of a duckweed toxicity test to the standard tests conducted in Germany. 相似文献
3.
Mario M. Pamatmat 《Marine pollution bulletin》1982,13(10):364-367
The technique of direct calorimetry has been used to monitor the metabolic activity of the polychaete, Neanthes virens, an organism commonly used for testing the toxic effects of chemicals in the marine environment. In these tests Neanthes showed unpredictable alternating periods of hyperactivity and rest when deprived of sediment. If used in this abnormal state for toxicity tests, the results would represent the effects of the chemicals on abnormal organisms and may not, therefore, be realistic information for judging the chemical's harmful effects on it and other species in nature. In toxicity tests with heavy metals that have been reported in the scientific literature, the shorter survival time of test organisms without sediment, as compared to those in sediment, was probably the result of the abnormally high metabolic rates of the former group. 相似文献
4.
E.A. Stirling 《Marine pollution bulletin》1975,6(8):122-124
Prediction of safe levels of effluent discharge have in the past been largely based on the results of short term acute toxicity tests (LC5 0s). Such tests are usually carried out in unnatural experimental conditions, and in consequence the results are of only limited value. There is a need to enlarge the concept of the routine bioassay test to include quantitative measurement of the effects of pollutants on behaviour, physiology and metabolism. This paper describes a simple rapid bioassay test in which the effect of pollutants on the burrowing of the bivalve Tellina tenuis has been used as a quantitative measure of pollutant effect. 相似文献
5.
A Case Study on Identifying the Toxicant in Effluent Discharged from a Chemical Plant 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Three phase procedures of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) were conducted using Daphnia magna to identify the toxicant in effluent discharged from a chemical plant in Nanjing. Phase I toxicity characterization procedures suggested nonpolar organic compounds were responsible for the whole effluent toxicity. In phase II toxicity identification procedures, the effluent toxicity was recovered by C18 solid-phase extraction and concentration steps. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the concentrate indicated that benzopyrone and phenol were present in the effluent at sufficient concentrations to cause the effluent toxicity. In phase III toxicity confirmation procedures, benzopyrone and phenol mixture tests and mass balance determinations with toxic units (TU) confirmed these compounds were the key toxicants accounting for 44.6% and 32.9% of the whole effluent toxicity, respectively. 相似文献
6.
Intertidal harpacticoid copepods are commonly used in eco-toxicity tests worldwide. They predominately live in mid-high shore rock pools and often experience a wide range of temperature and salinity fluctuation. Most eco-toxicity tests are conducted at fixed temperature and salinity and thus the influence of these environmental factors on chemical toxicity is largely unknown. This study investigated the combined effect of temperature and salinity on the acute toxicity of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus against two common biocides, copper (Cu) and tributyltin (TBT) using a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial design (i.e. two temperatures: 25 and 35 °C; three salinities: 15.0‰, 34.5‰ and 45.0‰; three levels of the biocide plus a control). Copper sulphate and tributyltin chloride were used as the test chemicals while distilled water and acetone were utilised as solvents for Cu and TBT respectively. 96h-LC50s of Cu and TBT were 1024 and 0.149 μg l−1 respectively (at 25 °C; 34.5‰) and, based on these results, nominal biocide concentrations of LC0 (i.e. control), LC30, LC50 and LC70 were employed. Analysis of Covariance using ‘concentration’ as the covariate and both ‘temperature’ and ‘salinity’ as fixed factors, showed a significant interaction between temperature and salinity effects for Cu, mortality increasing with temperature but decreasing with elevated salinity. A similar result was revealed for TBT. Both temperature and salinity are, therefore, important factors affecting the results of acute eco-toxicity tests using these marine copepods. We recommend that such eco-toxicity tests should be conducted at a range of environmentally realistic temperature/salinity regimes, as this will enhance the sensitivity of the test and improve the safety margin in line with the precautionary principle. 相似文献
7.
Intertidal harpacticoid copepods are commonly used in eco-toxicity tests worldwide. They predominately live in mid-high shore rock pools and often experience a wide range of temperature and salinity fluctuation. Most eco-toxicity tests are conducted at fixed temperature and salinity and thus the influence of these environmental factors on chemical toxicity is largely unknown. This study investigated the combined effect of temperature and salinity on the acute toxicity of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus against two common biocides, copper (Cu) and tributyltin (TBT) using a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial design (i.e. two temperatures: 25 and 35 °C; three salinities: 15.0‰, 34.5‰ and 45.0‰; three levels of the biocide plus a control). Copper sulphate and tributyltin chloride were used as the test chemicals while distilled water and acetone were utilised as solvents for Cu and TBT respectively. 96h-LC50s of Cu and TBT were 1024 and 0.149 μg l−1 respectively (at 25 °C; 34.5‰) and, based on these results, nominal biocide concentrations of LC0 (i.e. control), LC30, LC50 and LC70 were employed. Analysis of Covariance using ‘concentration’ as the covariate and both ‘temperature’ and ‘salinity’ as fixed factors, showed a significant interaction between temperature and salinity effects for Cu, mortality increasing with temperature but decreasing with elevated salinity. A similar result was revealed for TBT. Both temperature and salinity are, therefore, important factors affecting the results of acute eco-toxicity tests using these marine copepods. We recommend that such eco-toxicity tests should be conducted at a range of environmentally realistic temperature/salinity regimes, as this will enhance the sensitivity of the test and improve the safety margin in line with the precautionary principle. 相似文献
8.
McPherson CA Tang A Chapman PM Taylor LA Gormican SJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(12):1405-1414
Investigation of sediment contamination associated with a marine sewage outfall in Victoria (BC, Canada) found elevated concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB). Juvenile polychaete worm (Neanthes) growth was significantly reduced at or near the outfall, roughly corresponding to elevated 1,4-DCB concentrations. There are few data on 1,4-DCB toxicity to marine organisms and no published literature on its toxicity to benthic marine organisms. To determine whether reduced polychaete growth (measured as dry weight) was due to 1,4-DCB exposure, a laboratory investigation was conducted. Uncontaminated marine sediment was spiked with 1,4-DCB and juvenile Neanthes were exposed in 20-d sublethal toxicity tests. There were no adverse effects on survival at any test concentration; mean survival was 80–100%. Statistically significant decreases in average dry weight only occurred at the highest 1,4-DCB concentration (19,900 μg/kg, dry weight); this represented a 1,4-DCB concentration more than 10 times higher than previously measured at the outfall (1710 μg/kg, dry weight). There were no adverse effects on survival or dry weight at the range of concentrations previously measured in sediments from the vicinity of the outfall. 相似文献
9.
The addition of synthetic additives, such as methanol and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) to the base fuel, with the aim of raising the octane content of motor fuel, is currently of special interest in Sweden. A question, which has to be solved, is whether it is preferable to carry the additives by ship in separate tanks, because of the probable enhanced toxicity of the motor fuels by the addition of solvents, or not. The acute toxicity of these blend fuels has been compared with the acute toxicity of base fuel, gasoline and low leaded gasoline. As test organisms, two representative species of the Baltic Sea have been used, the harpacticoid Nitocra spinipes and the bleak, Alburnus alburnus. The results of the tests show that the acute toxicity of base fuel to aquatic organisms is not increased by the addition of 15% methanol or 5% MTBE. 相似文献
10.
《Marine pollution bulletin》1987,18(8):454-458
Acute toxicity tests of cadmium on Idothea baltica demonstrated differences among females, males and juveniles. Chronic toxicity tests showed that a sublethal concentration of cadmium sulphate administered during embryonic and/or larval development causes reduction of growth and increased death rate. A paradoxical effect was observed in juveniles treated during embryonic development, which in the first 60 days of life showed a temporarily significant increase in body size, as compared with controls. The criteria for establishing water quality in order to guarantee protection of the environment are discussed. 相似文献
11.
J. G. Woodworth C. King A. G. Miskiewicz E. Laginestra J. Simon 《Marine pollution bulletin》1999,39(1-12):174-178
In 1995, Sydney Water Corporation undertook an ecological and human health risk assessment for 10 sewage treatment plants (STPs) that discharge primary (6 STPs) and secondary (4 STPs) treated effluents into coastal waters in the Sydney and Illawarra regions, NSW, Australia. A program of toxicity testing of effluent from the 10 STPs was undertaken to determine the toxic effects of the effluents and as a weight-of-evidence study for the risk assessment.
Three types of bioassays were used to test multiple samples of effluent from each STP. Tests used were the sea urchin (Heliocidaris tuberculata) fertilization and larval development bioassays and the amphipod (Allorchestes compressa) survival bioassay.
Comparing between STPs, primary treated effluent was slightly more toxic than secondary treated effluent for all three tests. The highest toxicity was recorded for those STPs that use primary treatment and discharge to the shoreline. Comparing between tests, the sea urchin fertilization bioassay was slightly more sensitive than the sea urchin larval development bioassay, with the amphipod survival bioassay being the least sensitive.
This paper will describe the results of this toxicity testing program and discuss the application of the study results as weight-of-evidence for the risk assessment study. 相似文献
12.
Toxicity tests are necessarily carried out on animals in the laboratory, but are these test organisms healthy? Dr Perkins suggests some of the pitfalls and describes some of the precautions that must be observed to make sure the subjects of toxicity tests are not already unhealthy and dying because of the way they were collected or kept in the laboratory. 相似文献
13.
Multiple Discriminant Analysis of Marine Sediment Data 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A multivariate statistical approach was used in the analysis of inter-relationships among marine benthic infaunal structure, physical and chemical characteristics of sediment samples and toxicity data derived from laboratory tests at 16 locations in shallow, inshore waters of Hong Kong. The method involved classification (cluster analysis using the Bray–Curtis similarity index) and ordination (multi-dimensional scaling) of infaunal patterns and the use of multiple discriminant analysis to relate groupings of the locations to the selected environmental and toxicity data. Analysis of the combined sediment physical, biological, chemical and toxicity dataset by stepwise multiple discriminant analysis allowed identification of those variables most sensitive for discriminating location groups. The use of multiple discriminant analysis in sediment quality characterization was evaluated against the Sediment Quality Triad approach and other statistical techniques. 相似文献
14.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2013,71(1-2):204-209
The potential toxicity of sediments from various ports was assessed by means of two different liquid-phase toxicity bioassays (acute and chronic) with embryos and eggs of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Performances of embryos and eggs of P. lividus in these bioassays were compared for their interchangeable applicability in integrated sediment quality assessment. The obtained endpoints (percentages of normally developed plutei and fertilized eggs) were linked to physical and chemical properties of sediments and demonstrated dependence on sediment contamination. The endpoints in the two bioassays were strongly correlated and generally exhibited similar tendency throughout the samples. Therein, embryos demonstrated higher sensitivity to elutriate exposure, compared to eggs. It was concluded that these tests could be used interchangeably for testing toxicity of marine sediments. Preferential use of any of the bioassays can be determined by the discriminatory capacity of the test or vulnerability consideration of the test subject to the surrounding conditions. 相似文献
15.
Toxicity assessment of metals in sediment from the lower reaches of the Haihe River Basin in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aqueous environmental quality of the Haihe River Basin is crucial for the ecological health of local catchments and the Bohai Sea. For the routine management neglected sediment tests and no legitimate tool supported the toxicity evaluation yet, one supplementary monitoring was implemented to examine the occurrence and toxic level of sediment metals in the lower reaches of the Haihe River Basin in 2009. Both world-widely used consensus-based sediment quality guidelines and China's environmental quality standard for soils (EQSS) were used as assessment tools. Cu, Zn, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb were detected in all 24 samples, while Cr was detected in 18 samples. Assessment results showed 9 samples were toxic and the most dominant toxic element was As. Although the river water quality is getting better, sediment metals have accumulated over thirty years due to continuous industrial development, with toxicity far beyond safety limitations. The highest toxicity levels were encountered in Binhai New Area, suggesting three rivers should be given priority for restoration. It is found that EQSS is also applicable for sediment toxicity assessment until a dedicated tool for Haihe River Basin is available, except for that EQSS is too conservative for Pb. 相似文献
16.
Toxicity identification in metal plating effluent: implications in establishing effluent discharge limits using bioassays in Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Because of complexity and diversity of toxicants in effluent, chemical analysis alone gives very limited information on identifying toxic chemicals to test organisms. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) techniques have been widely used to identify toxicants in various samples including industrial wastewater as well as natural waters. In response to new regulation for effluent discharge in Korea, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels in industrial effluents. This work was a preliminary study examining toxicity levels in effluent from one metal plating factory using Daphnia magna (48 h immobility) and identifying toxicity-causing substances. Toxicity tests showed variability on different sampling occasions and the results of TIE methods indicated that both organic compounds and metals contributed to the observed toxicity in metal plating effluent. Further studies are necessary to help reduce effluent toxicity especially from direct dischargers, who will have to comply with the new regulation. 相似文献
17.
Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers. 相似文献
18.
In the last few decades, several integrated methods for marine sediment quality evaluation have been developed and applied to many coastal sites. This paper describes the development of a general integrated method based on the determination of organic and inorganic sediment contamination, lethal and sublethal toxicity assessments, in situ benthonic community structure alteration and bioaccumulation of contaminants. The proposed method was applied to sediments from Southern Spain's Atlantic coast where six rivers (Guadiana, Carreras, Piedras, Tinto, Odiel and Guadalquivir) drain pollutants from various anthropogenic sources. A series of experiments was conducted to determine the characteristics of the sediments: granulometry, organic matter content, etc. (1); metal contamination of sediments and Chamelea gallina (bivalves widely distributed in the area studied) (2); lethal and sublethal toxicity by a series of biological tests (3); and macrofauna distribution at the 16 stations included in the study (4). Ratio-to-reference values (RTR) calculated for each parameter were used to determine the organic and inorganic contamination indices, the lethal and sublethal toxicity indices, the index of bioavailability of metals in the organisms analyzed and the macrobenthic alteration index. The data were plotted on six-axis plots to describe better the relations between the physical, chemical and biological properties studied. A general integrated sediment quality index (ISQI) was determined and used as an indicator of pollution-induced degradation. The ISQI values summarize the main characteristics of the environmental situation at each sampling point and can be used for purposes of comparison. 相似文献
19.
J. Neubert 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1986,14(6):643-651
Two different formulations of Trichlorfon were examined for their acute toxicity in laboratory tests. Cyprinus carpio L., Salmo gairdneri Rich. and the fish food organisms Cyclops spec., Diaptomus spec. and Chironomus spec. were used as test objects. The differences in toxicity between crystalline and technical Trichlorfon were not very large. The recorded lethal concentrations are summarized in graphical representations and tables. After exposure for several hours to lower concentrations of active constituents, the toxicant-damaged fishes regained their original activity of life during a subsequent phase of recovery Tests of fish food organisms with 100 … 200 μg/l Trichlorfon led to death within 48 hours. Also on chironomid larvae Trichlorfon has a lethal effect at 0.2 mg/l within 48 hours. Toxicity is increased by the hardness constituents of the water. As experiments conducted with Crustacea have shown, growth is inhibited only at a certain concentration in the body. 相似文献
20.
This study analysed the occurrence of genotypic shifts in laboratory populations of Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) exposed to copper stress. Specimens of H. diversicolor were collected at three sites, up to 10 km apart, in the estuarine area of the Pialassa lagoons (North Adriatic Sea, Italy) and were used in acute toxicity tests. Specimens were assigned to copper exposure (0.34 mg/l Cu2+) or control conditions. Each combination of Treatment and Site was replicated in two tanks containing 35 specimens of H. diversicolor. The genotypic structure of both dead and survived specimens was analysed by allozyme electrophoresis at six loci (ALD, FH, HBDH LDH, PGI, SDH). Under copper exposure, specimens with the genotypes ALD100/100 and PGI102/102 had significantly lower mortalities than other genotypes Results were consistent across the three sites, suggesting that, under laboratory conditions, effects of copper stress on H. diversicolor is related to individual genotypes at ALD and PGI loci. 相似文献