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1.
Carbon removal – also known as negative emissions technologies, or greenhouse gas removal – represents a core pillar of post-Paris climate policy, signaling for enhancing and constructing carbon sinks to balance emissions sources on route to ambitious temperature targets. We build on Amory Lovins’ “hard” and “soft” alternatives for energy pathways to illuminate how foundational experts, technologists, and policy entrepreneurs think about different modes of resource inputs, infrastructure and livelihoods, and decision-making, regarding ten nature-based and engineered carbon removal approaches. Based on 90 original interviews, we show that hard and soft paths reflect different conceptions of systems, spaces, and societal involvement. We highlight that pathways depend on diverging concepts of economies-of-scale (capturing carbon at the largest possible scale, versus catalyzing systemic co-benefits) and carbon management (a waste product within conventional climate governance, versus diverse end-uses and values to be diversely governed). Our analysis further emphasizes two key uncertainties: whether renewables can be upscaled to allow synergies rather than tradeoffs between carbon removal and more widespread energy demands, and whether carbon certification can expand spatially to navigate long supply chains, and conceptually to incentivize diverse co-benefits. Experts remain motivated by antecedent concerns over land-use management and extractive industries, and that exploitative systems will – without guardrails – be replicated by inertia. 相似文献
2.
Karen Akerlof Edward W. Maibach Dennis Fitzgerald Andrew Y. Cedeno Amanda Neuman 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(1):81-91
For most people, the direct and personally observable signals of climate change should be difficult to detect amid the variability of everyday weather. Yet, previous research has shown that some people believe they have personally experienced global warming. Through four related studies, our paper sheds light on what signals of global warming some people believe they are detecting, why, and whether or not it matters. These studies were conducted using population survey and climatic data from a single county in Michigan. Study 1 found that 27% of the county's adult residents felt that they had personally experienced global warming. Study 2 – based on content analysis of people's open-ended responses – found that the most frequently described personal experiences of global warming were changes in seasons (36%), weather (25%), lake levels (24%), animals and plants (20%), and snowfall (19%). Study 3 – based on NOAA climatic data – found that most, but not all, of these detected signals are borne out in the climatic record. Study 4 – using the survey data – found that personal experience of global warming matters in that it predicts perceptions of local risk of global warming, controlling for demographics, political affiliation, and cultural beliefs about national policy outcomes. We conclude that perceived personal experience of global warming appears to heighten people's perception of the risks, likely through some combination of direct experience, vicarious experience (e.g., news media stories), and social construction. 相似文献
3.
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient to support life, but if poorly managed, can adversely affect the environment, ecosystems and human health. The global challenge of achieving food security with minimal ecosystem degradation and human health impacts hinges on sustainable N management, which goes beyond farm level and requires concerted efforts from a range of stakeholders. While various metrics have been developed to inform N management, most of them focus on one or two stakeholders only. Few efforts have tried to integrate N metrics to derive a coherent set of actions for all stakeholders. Here we propose the “5 Ps” principles (Production, People, Planet, Policy and Partnerships) that shape guidelines for sustainable N management with multidimensional N metrics (i.e., N use efficiency, virtual N factor, N footprint, N neutrality, reactive N spatial intensity, N boundary, N price and N equity). The “5 Ps” principles address the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainability. These principles allow multidimensional evaluation of N management, highlight specific areas for improvement, direct future research, and support the design of effective policy and legislation. They facilitate collective actions of producers, consumers, researchers and policy makers towards sustainable N management regionally and globally. 相似文献
4.
Global forest governance has recently seen the emergence of a timber legality regime. In an aim to regulate global timber trade flows, the US, the EU and Australia adopted laws prohibiting illegally harvested timber from entering their markets. While some view this as a milestone for environmental and social stewardship in the global forest sector, the effects of the regime remain contested.In order to better understand likely effects of the regime, we apply the Discursive Agency Approach to analyze discursive dynamics of policy making among the stakeholders involved in the creation of each law and their effects on governance design and implementation.Based on 120 interviews in the US, Australia, the EU and with global organizations/institutions, as well as 19 informal conversations, 300 documents, and participant observation data, our results show that legality is a powerful concept in forest governance. Drawing attention away from sustainability, it enables discursive divides between the global North and South as well as between wood producers and importers. These divides were crucial for the emergence of the legality regime. While some forest industry groups perceived the new laws as an opportunity, others saw them as a threat. In all three regions this led to coalitions between supportive industry factions and environmental groups. These coalitions were based on a complementarity of goals; environmentalists aimed to protect “Third World” forests while industry groups aimed to protect “First World” markets against growing competition from these former regions. Yet each coalition was composed differently and employed distinct – albeit related – discursive strategies in policy making. This affected the design of each law and its implementation. The shift from sustainability towards legality re-surfaces prominently in implementation. Stakeholder discussions range from coercive “threatening” to more learning-oriented “educating” approaches. We conclude by discussing the effects these discursive struggles in Australia, the EU and the US have on the global timber legality regime. 相似文献
5.
6.
Metaphors are essential devices for fostering collective understanding and forging political commitment across diverse constituencies.
Due to the ineffectualness of prevailing linguistic representations of climate change, discursive entrepreneurs have begun
to invoke over the last few years new imagery that frames the challenge as tantamount to a protracted state of armed hostility.
This process of rhetorical militarization has been most prominent in the UK and it is subsequently creating opportunities
for policy makers to propose greenhouse gas-reduction strategies that are reminiscent of wartime austerity programs. A particular
approach that has attracted considerable interest is consumer regulation involving the imposition of annual quotas on personal
carbon emissions. This idea is best understood as a variant of the comprehensive civilian rationing programs that were deployed
during and after World War II. Because any eventual scheme to reduce greenhouse gas production at the individual level will
require consummate public legitimacy, this historical experience can serve as a useful reference point for the design of contemporary
interventions. To this end, the discussion highlights the methods that the British government used to sustain compliance with
the war and postwar consumption control regimes. Of special interest is the role that black market trading and other illicit
forms of commerce played during these periods. The conclusion reflects on the status of consumerism in contemporary lifestyles,
considers the risks of political interference with consumer prerogatives, and draws some insights from this earlier experience
with rationing 相似文献
7.
G.S.GOLITSYN 《大气科学进展》2009,(3)
The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1) as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter lc for rotating fluids convection, and (2) as expresse... 相似文献
8.
A photochemical scheme which includes a detailed treatment of multiple scattering up to solar zenith angles of 96° (developed for use in a GCM) has been used to study partitioning within chemical families. Attention is drawn to the different zenith angle dependence of diffuse radiation for the two spectral regions <310 nm and >310 nm. The effect that this has on the so-called 40 km ozone problem is discussed. The importance of correctly including multiple scattering for polar ozone studies is emphasised. 相似文献
9.
G. S. GOLITSYN 《大气科学进展》2009,26(3):585-598
The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the
development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical
cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating,
and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1)
as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter lc for rotating fluids convection,
and (2) as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coefficient through the formula for
total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the
dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed
through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the
reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and lc,
we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total
kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to
a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 1018-1019 J. It will be shown
that wind of 33 m s-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the
atmosphere are about 700 W m-2 for a TC and 1700 W m-2 for a PL, in association with
the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints
and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26oC as
a criterion for TC origin.
The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric
static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations
that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5--6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or
even half a day, for a TC reaching 15--18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane
of Ts and ΔT=Ts-Ta to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, Ta is the atmospheric temperature at the height z=10 m. A PL should have ΔT>20oC in accordance
with the observations and numerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but
our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a
degree, might be sufficient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times. 相似文献
10.
G. S. GOLITSYN 《大气科学进展》2009,26(3)
The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1) as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter lc for rotating fluids convection, and (2) as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coefficient through the formula for total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and lc., we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 1018 - 1019 J. It will be shown that wind of 33 m s-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere are about 700 W m-2 for a TC and 1700 W m-2 for a PL, in association with the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26~C as a criterion for TC origin. The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5-6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or even half a day, for a TC reaching 15-18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane of Ts and △T= Ts - Ta to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, Ta is the atmospheric temperature at the height z = 10 m. A PL should have △T > 20℃ in accordance with the observations and numerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a degree, might be sufficient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times. 相似文献
11.
吕建周 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》1997,(4)
近年来，吐鲁番地区气象部门，始终坚持一两手抓，两手都要硬”的方针，不断加大投入力度，使精神文明建设更加深入入。心，取得了很大成绩，促进了两个文明建设健康协调的发展。地区气象局党组，在加大精神文明建设力度方面，首先是强化对党员和职工的理想、信念教育，有计划、有组织地组织广大党员和职工认真学习马列主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平建设有中国特色社会主义理论，并通过对《党章》、《中华人民共和国刑法》、《中国共产党纪律处分条例》、《廉政准则》等学习和讨论，使党员和职工牢固树立只有社会主义才能救中国，共产主义的社会… 相似文献
12.
13.
Ambrogio VOLONTé Mark MUETZELFELDT Reinhard SCHIEMANN Andrew G.TURNER Nicholas KLINGAMAN 《大气科学进展》2021,38(12):2082-2096
Large parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer 2020. This study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia, it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly affected. June and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years, and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its sub-basins. YRB discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/1999. An automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front (EASMF) is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one month. Two 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes (12?16 June and 4?8 July 2020) are selected from this period for dynamical characterization, including Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Particular attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the EASMF. Both episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air masses. However, clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern, substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the EASMF. This study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events. 相似文献
14.
Dr. T. Murakami 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1990,44(1-4):85-100
Summary Interannual modes are described in terms of three-month running mean anomaly winds (u,v), outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and sea surface temperature (T
*
). Normal atmospheric monsoon circulations are defined by long-term average winds (u
n,v
n) computed every month from January to December. Daily winds are grouped into three frequency bands, i.e., 30–60 day filtered winds (u
L,v
L); 7–20 day filtered winds (u
M,v
M); and 2–6 day filtered winds (u
S,v
S). Three-month running mean anomaly kinetic energy (signified asK
L
, K
M
, andK
S
, respectively) is then introduced as a measure of interannual variation of equatorial disturbance activity. Interestingly, all of theseK
L
, K
M
, andK
S
perturbations propagate slowly eastward with same phase speed (0.3 ms–1) as ENSO modes. Associated with this eastward propagation is a positive (negative) correlation between interannual disturbance activity (K
L
, K
M
, K
S
) and interannualu (OLR) modes. Namely, (K
L
, K
M
, K
S
) becomes more pronounced than usual nearly simultaneously with the arrival of westerlyu and negativeOLR (above normal convection) perturbutions. In these disturbed areas with (K
L
, K
M
, K
S
>0), upper ocean mixing tends to increase, resulting in decreased sea surface temperature, i.e.T
*
0. Thus, groups (not individual) of equatorial disturbances appear to play an important role in determiningT
*
variations on interannual time scales. HighestT
*
occurs about 3 months prior to the lowestOLR (convection) due primarily to radiational effects. This favors the eastward propagation of ENSO modes. The interannualT
*
variations are also controlled by the prevailing monsoonal zonal windsu
n, as well as the zonal advection of sea surface temperature on interannual time scales. Over the central Pacific, all of the above mentioned physical processes contribute to the intensification of eastward propagating ENSO modes. Over the Indian Ocean, on the other hand, some of the physical processes become insignificant, or even compensated for by other processes. This results in less pronounced ENSO modes over the Indian Ocean.With 10 FiguresContribution No. 89-6, Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 相似文献
15.
王鹏飞 《南京气象学院学报》1987,(2)
一、Homogeneous atmosphere 此词原义是“均密大气”。这本是指一种假想的大气圈,其总质量与实际大气总质量相等,但其密度却上下左右处处相同。均密大气的总厚度视所假定的密度大小而异,如密度小,则厚度就大。若密度等于实际大气在海平面标准情况下的大气密度,则其厚度约为8千米。日本气象学会《学术用语集·气象学编》 相似文献
16.
《大气科学进展》2016,(10)
正China is a country that is frequently affected by severe convective weather.Here,severe convective weather mainly refers to intense local heavy precipitation,thunderstorm-induced gale-force winds including those from tornadoes and downbursts,and hail and lightning.These types of severe weather are usually small in spatial scale and rapid in their development,and are therefore difficult to capture by observational networks and are poorly resolved in typical operational numerical weather prediction(NWP)models.Furthermore,many of the important dynamic and physical processes involved are not 相似文献
17.
Lu Mengmeng Yang Song Li Zhenning He Bian He Shan Wang Ziqian 《Climate Dynamics》2018,51(4):1485-1498
We conduct several experiments using a fully-coupled climate model to understand the role of Tibetan Plateau (TP) surface heating in the climate variations over West Asia, South Europe, North Africa, and the North Atlantic during summer. Emphasis has been placed on the physical processes and responsible mechanisms that involve the shift of the Hadley cell and the important features of rotational and divergent response of the atmosphere to the TP heating. The relative importance of the TP to the Asian continent is also analyzed. A heating of the TP surface leads to local increases in tropospheric temperature and the thickness of the air column due to the so-called air pumping effect. In the upper troposphere, the South Asian high intensifies and extends westward. To the west of TP, especially in West Asia, South Europe, North Africa, and the North Atlantic, distinguished Rossby wave responses to the TP heating occur with anomalous high pressure and uniform warming in the entire troposphere. Correspondingly, descending motions intensify and precipitation decreases. However, the tropical Sahel rainfall increases because of a northward shift of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone and the anomalous westerlies due to the weakening of the southeastern portion of the Atlantic subtropical high. These effects of the TP heating explain a remarkable portion of the effects by the Asian continent heating. In addition, the impacts of different magnitudes of TP surface heating are also discussed.
相似文献18.
Climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing are dominant uncertain properties of the global climate system. Their estimates based on the inverse approach are interdependent as historical temperature records constrain possible combinations. Nevertheless, many literature projections of future climate are based on the probability density of climate sensitivity and an independent aerosol forcing without considering the interdependency of such estimates. Here we investigate how large such parameter interdependency affects the range of future warming in two distinct settings: one following the A1B emission scenario till the year 2100 and the other assuming a shutdown of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions in the year 2020. We demonstrate that the range of projected warming decreases in the former case, but considerably broadens in the latter case, if the correlation between climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing is taken into account. Our conceptual study suggests that, unless the interdependency between the climate sensitivity and aerosol forcing estimates is properly considered, one could underestimate a risk involving the “climate trap”, an unpalatable situation with a high climate sensitivity in which a very drastic mitigation may counter-intuitively accelerate the warming by unmasking the hidden warming due to aerosols. 相似文献
19.
Marengo Jose A. Torres Roger Rodrigues Alves Lincoln Muniz 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):1189-1200
This study provides an overview of the drought situation in Northeast Brazil for the past, present, and future. Droughts affect more people than any other natural hazard owing to their large scale and long-lasting nature. They are recurrent in the region and while some measures have been taken by the governments to mitigate their impacts, there is still a perception that residents, mainly in rural areas, are not yet adapted to these hazards. The drought affecting the Northeast from 2012 to 2015, however, has had an intensity and impact not seen in several decades and has already destroyed large swaths of cropland, affecting hundreds of cities and towns across the region, and leaving ranchers struggling to feed and water cattle. Future climate projections for the area show large temperature increases and rainfall reductions, which, together with a tendency for longer periods with consecutive dry days, suggest the occurrence of more frequent/intense dry spells and droughts and a tendency toward aridification in the region. All these conditions lead to an increase in evaporation from reservoirs and lakes, affecting irrigation and agriculture as well as key water uses including hydropower and industry, and thus, the welfare of the residents. Integrating drought monitoring and seasonal forecasting provides efficient means of assessing impacts of climate variability and change, identifying vulnerabilities, and allowing for better adaptation measures not only for medium- and long-term climate change but also for extremes of the interannual climate variability, particularly droughts.
相似文献20.
Gideon Calder 《Climatic change》2015,133(3):525-533