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1.
两次暴雨过程模拟对陆面参数化方案的敏感性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取发生在江西和福建境内的两次暴雨个例,利用NCEP再分析资料在对暴雨发生前、后的环境场和物理量场进行诊断和对比分析的基础上,采用中尺度模式WRF V3.3,通过数值模拟探讨了陆面过程对两次暴雨过程的可能影响及其相关的物理过程。结果表明,2012年5月12日江西大暴雨主要受大尺度环流和中尺度天气系统影响,具有范围大、持续时间长等特点,属于大尺度降水为主的暴雨;而2011年8月23日福建暴雨发生在副热带高压控制下的午后,局地下垫面强烈的感热和潜热通量使低层大气不稳定性增强,触发了此次对流性降水为主的暴雨。通过资料诊断分析,可以判断陆面过程对福建暴雨个例的影响程度明显强于江西暴雨个例。通过关闭地表通量试验发现,陆面过程对暴雨模拟十分重要,尤其是对于该个例中对流性降水的发生起到关键性的作用。通过陆面参数化方案的敏感性试验发现,两次暴雨过程对陆面参数化方案均较为敏感。江西暴雨对陆面过程的敏感性主要体现在对流降水的模拟上,而福建暴雨则体现在大尺度降水的模拟方面,即福建暴雨对陆面参数化方案的敏感性强于江西暴雨。敏感性产生机制与降水类型关系紧密,大尺度降水对陆面过程的敏感性主要来源于不同参数化模拟的中高空对流系统的差异,而对流降水的敏感性则与不同参数化模拟的地表通量的差异有关。通过陆面参数的扰动试验进一步发现,相比于地表粗糙度和最小叶孔阻抗,土壤孔隙度和地表反照率则是影响对流降水对陆面过程敏感的关键因子,这在本质上与地表通量是否受到扰动有关。地表通量较风场而言,受扰动引起变化的空间范围广、时间响应快,变化具有明显规律性。所得结果可为深入理解陆面过程影响暴雨等天气过程和改进数值模式对暴雨的模拟能力提供一定的参考。 相似文献
2.
Tropical monsoon circulations exhibit substantial interannual variability. Establishing clear links between this variability and the slowly varying boundary forcing (sea surface temperatures, SSTs, and land surface conditions) has proved difficult. For example, no clear relationships have been found between SST anomalies associated with El Nino/La Nina events and monsoon rainfall. Despite much research over the past 50 years, there are still questions regarding how different components of the land-atmosphere-ocean system contribute to tropical monsoon variability. This study examines the question of land-surface-atmosphere interactions in large-scale tropical convection and their role in rainfall interannual variability. The analysis method is based on a conceptual model of convection energetics applied every day of the simulation at the grid points within the region of interest. This allows for a distinction between the frequency and the characteristic energy and water cycle of these events. With two ensembles of five and three experiments in which different land-surface schemes are used, the relation between land-surface processes and variation of the frequency of convection is studied. It has been found in this modeling study that the formulation of land surface schemes may be important for both the simulation of mean tropical precipitation and its interannual variability by way of the frequency of convective events. Linked to this is an increased response of hydrological cycle over land to SSTAs. Numerous studies have suggested that large-scale factors, such as SST, are the dominant control. However the influence of surface processes depends on the areal extent and distance that separates the region from the ocean. The fact that differences between tropical regions decreases as convection intensifies strengthens this hypothesis. The conclusion is that it is inappropriate to separate the causes of interannual variability between SSTAs and land-surface anomalies to explain precipitation variations as land surface processes play a significant mediating role in the relationship between SSTs and monsoon strength. However there remains the possibility that a substantial portion of variability is due to dynamical processes internal to the atmosphere. Determining the relative roles of internal and lower boundary forcing processes in producing interannual variations in the tropical climate is a major objective of future research. 相似文献
3.
4.
Ning Zhang Quinton L. Williams Heping Liu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,102(3-4):307-317
Landscape heterogeneity that causes surface flux variability plays a very important role in triggering mesoscale atmospheric circulations and convective weather processes. In most mesoscale numerical models, however, subgrid-scale heterogeneity is somewhat smoothed or not adequately accounted for, leading to artificial changes in heterogeneity patterns (e.g., patterns of land cover, land use, terrain, and soil types and soil moisture). At the domain-wide scale, the combination of losses in subgrid-scale heterogeneity from many adjacent grids may artificially produce larger-scale, more homogeneous landscapes. Therefore, increased grid spacing in models may result in increased losses in landscape heterogeneity. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model in this paper, we design a number of experiments to examine the effects of such artificial changes in heterogeneity patterns on numerical simulations of surface flux exchanges, near-surface meteorological fields, atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes, mesoscale circulations, and mesoscale fluxes. Our results indicate that the increased heterogeneity losses in the model lead to substantial, nonlinear changes in temporal evaluations and spatial patterns of PBL dynamic and thermodynamic processes. The decreased heterogeneity favor developments of more organized mesoscale circulations, leading to enhanced mesoscale fluxes and, in turn, the vertical transport of heat and moisture. This effect is more pronounced in the areas with greater surface heterogeneity. Since more homogeneous land-surface characteristics are created in regional models with greater surface grid scales, these artificial mesoscale fluxes may have significant impacts on simulations of larger-scale atmospheric processes. 相似文献
5.
近年来,随着苏北地区经济和城市的快速发展,土地覆盖状况发生了显著变化,其中尤以城市化扩展为主。为了分析下垫面变化对天气过程的影响,特别是对降水过程的影响,采用中尺度WRF3.4/Noah/UCM模式,对苏北里下河地区2005年8月6日的一次强降水过程进行了模拟,其中通过改变模式的下垫面特征,设置了三种敏感性分析试验,分别是USGS土地利用类型(CASE1)、修正后的MODIS土地利用类型(CASE2)和城市极端扩张后土地利用类型(CASE3)。研究结果表明,修正后的MODIS土地利用类型数据(CASE2)更能真实地反映里下河地区的下垫面结构,与实测值对比后发现模拟的降水、气温和风速等气象要素更为准确。通过将CASE2、CASE3与CASE1的模拟结果对比发现,城市下垫面增加后会使城市气温明显增加,上空的风速减小;白天地表感热通量增强,潜热通量减小,夜间延长了感热通量由正变负的时间;边界层高度被抬升,在中午前后分别被抬升了近45 m和100 m左右;垂直速度和散度值增大,大气低层的扰动位温增加,云水混合比和雨水混合比均增多。以上这些条件均有助于对流降水天气的发生、发展。 相似文献
6.
一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟和试验 总被引：14，自引：9，他引：5
本文利用有限区域数值预报模式MM4对一次华南暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和试验.用该模式预报的形势场与实况较一致,预报的暴雨强度、位置也与实况相近.此外由控制试验和敏感性试验可知,该暴雨强度对地形、辐射和下垫面过程比较敏感. 相似文献
7.
层状云和对流云的雷达识别及在估测雨量中的应用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
参考“峰值法”建立了利用新一代多普勒天气雷达回波强度识别混合型降水过程中层状云和对流云的方法,分析了反射率阈值和影响半径的变化对识别效果的影响,检验了识别效果,并分析该方法在雷达估测降水中的应用。表明本文所建立的暴雨中层状云和对流云识别方法基本合理,配合云的垂直结构分析大部分地区识别的效果较好,同时通过该识别方法对合肥2002年6月19日一次强降水天气过程的估测降水的应用,表明只按层状云的Z-I关系估测的雨强,相对于识别对流云和层状云后分别按各自的Z-I关系估测的单点雨强,其最大差别约达37%,相应的面雨量也有一定的差别;对流云的多少对发展的中尺度对流系统的雨强有很大影响,这次混合型降水过程以对流云降水为主。对流云和层状云是形成暴雨的重要因素,准确地识别两者,对估测降水的精度会有积极作用。 相似文献
8.
Mellissa C. MacKellar Hamish A. McGowan Stuart R. Phinn Joshua S. Soderholm 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(2):319-340
Over warm, shallow coral reefs the surface radiation and energy fluxes differ from those of the open ocean and result in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer via the development of convective internal boundary layers. The complex interrelationships between the surface energy balance and boundary-layer characteristics influence local weather (wind, temperature, humidity) and hydrodynamics (water temperature and currents), as well as larger scale processes, including cloud field properties and precipitation. The nature of these inter-relationships has not been accurately described for coral reef environments. This study presents the first measurements of the surface energy balance, radiation budget and boundary layer thermodynamics made over a coral reef using an eddy-covariance system and radiosonde aerological profiling of the lower atmosphere. Results show that changes in surface properties and the associated energetics across the ocean-reef boundary resulted in modification to the marine atmospheric boundary layer during the Austral winter and summer. Internal convective boundary layers developed within the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the reef and were found to be deeper in the summer, yet more unstable during the winter when cold and drier flow from the mainland enhances heat and moisture fluxes to the atmosphere. A mixed layer was identified in the marine atmospheric boundary layer varying from 375 to 1,200 m above the surface, and was deeper during the summer, particularly under stable anticyclonic conditions. Significant cloud cover and at times rain resulted in the development of a stable stratified atmosphere over the reef. Our findings show that, for Heron Reef, a lagoonal platform reef, there was a horizontal discontinuity in surface energy fluxes across the ocean-reef boundary, which modified the marine atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献
9.
利用地面观测资料、ERA5和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2017年8月23日发生在台风“天鸽”前沿的一次飑线过程进行分析,结果表明：(1)近地面显著升温、低层大气暖湿不稳定及CAPE值达2000 J·kg-1以上,为台前飑线形成提供了前期热力条件;(2)对流单体在地面辐合线附近触发并迅速发展成为高度组织化的飑线,其强度、移向与地面风的辐合强弱及位置高度一致;(3)水汽通量中低层辐合、高层辐散的配置保证了短时强降水发生时高效的水汽供应;(4)雷达图上台前飑线发展旺盛阶段中尺度辐合带特征最明显,出现多个55dBZ以上强中心及RIJ特征;(5)当飑线两侧的风向辐合特征减弱时,其带状结构快速断裂且强度减弱,伴随的强对流天气消失。 相似文献
10.
Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall.While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies,the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform,constant,large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity.The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate.Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions,whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions.The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions,which is,in turn,offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions.The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions. 相似文献
11.
Distribution of convective energy at upper level in South Korea and the possibility of artificial showery rain caused by activated CAPE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper reports a theoretical study on the possibility of inducing artificial showery rain using the convective available potential energy, which is naturally stored in the troposphere. We calculated the environmental parameters (frequency of climatic values, extreme value of stability index, etc.) in the upper troposphere using rawinsonde data from six main stations in Korea from 2001 to 2008 and examined the temporal spatial convective energy according to region. Our results showed that convective available potential energy, which can induce artificial rainfall, existed in the troposphere mainly in summer and were low in other seasons. Its value was found to be highest during late afternoon and in inland regions. We examined the vertical structure of the atmosphere using moisture convergence and vertical velocity (omega) and found that precipitation occurred under strong real latent instability conditions with high convective available potential energy (>3,000?J/kg) in summer and was characterized by moisture convergence at 1,000?C400?hPa, moisture divergence at 400?C300?hPa, and continuous ascending air current at 1,000?C300?hPa (?C??), on average. However, precipitation still did not occur in more than half the cases with high convective available potential energy because, according to the analysis, convective rainfall is affected to a greater extent by the value of convective inhibition than by convective available potential energy. It was also verified that in spite of zero convective inhibition, if the updrafts at a lower level were not sufficient to generate high convective available potential energy at a level higher than the level of free convection, convective rainfall would not occur under real latent instability. Therefore, we suggest it might be possible during the summer to secure the water resources in regions without precipitation by inducing ascending air current artificially under unstable atmospheric conditions to induce showery rain. 相似文献
12.
In this study, linkage between changing characteristics of precipitation extremes and cloud covers over Central India is explored during summer monsoon period using Satellite data (1998–2015). This is a first attempt to relate the changes in cloud cover to the changes in precipitation extremes. Non-rainy cirrus clouds are excluded from this study. Results show that heavy rainfall (≥ 60 mm/day) is associated with cold cloud tops (Tb≤220 K) while moderate rainfall (<60 mm/day and ≥20 mm) occurs mostly with middle clouds (Tb>220 K and ≤245 K). Low level clouds (Tb> 245 K) are responsible for light rainfall (<20 mm/day). Increases in top 20%, 10%, 5% and 1% heavy precipitation relate well with the increases in very deep convective, deep convective and convective cloud cover. Among these relations, increase in top 5% heavy precipitation relates best with increase in very deep convective cloud cover. Decrease in bottom 30% low precipitation relates with decrease in low level cloud cover. The results reported in this study fit into the framework of how weather extremes respond to climate change. 相似文献
13.
强对流天气是福建汛期最主要的气象灾害之一,利用我国自主研制的风云系列气象卫星资料,结合天气雷达和自动站雨量资料,采用多阈值法、面积重叠法、统计法对福建省对流云团的识别、跟踪、未来3h短时降水预报等方法进行研究,在此基础上建立福建省对流云团卫星遥感监测预报业务软件系统。根据2015年5—9月福建省4次典型对流天气过程的业务试运行,结果表明该业务软件系统能准确识别跟踪对流云团的发生发展,对流云团移动过程的降水落区与地面气象观测的实际降水分布一致,对流云团最大降水量的预报准确率为61%,空报率为33%,漏报率为6%。研究成果对对流云团的监测和预报有较好的指导作用。 相似文献
14.
一次降雪过程持续原因分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用多种观测资料和中尺度数值模拟资料,对2011年2月14日发生在江淮地区的一次预报失误的持续性降雪过程进行较为全面的分析.结果表明:前期的降水导致近地面维持较大湿度,补充南下的冷平流促使低层大气接近饱和,降雪持续期间,水汽集中在对流层低层浅薄的层次中;对流层中层发展和维持的强冷平流导致降水区上空迅速降温减湿,从而在对流层中低层,逐渐建立起弱对流不稳定层结.而叠置其上的稳定层则将对流活动和水汽的向上输送限制在对流层低层内,使得水汽和能量得以在一定范围内集中;不断补充南下的冷空气强迫近地层风场发生扰动,形成的中尺度切变线,为这种浅薄层次下的弱对流活动提供了触发条件.尽管辐合抬升较弱,但与其它季节相比,气温较低的冬季,在抬升凝结高度较低的大气中,水汽易凝结成云致降水.造成这次预报失误的原因,是忽略了近地层系统的变化.另外,对补充冷空气的影响作用考虑不充分. 相似文献
15.
Characteristics and Numerical Simulations of Extremely Large Atmospheric Boundary-layer Heights over an Arid Region in North-west China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Over arid regions in north-west China, the atmospheric boundary layer can be extremely high during daytime in late spring
and summer. For instance, the depth of the observed convective boundary layer can exceed 3,000 m or even be up to 4,000 m
at some stations. In order to characterize the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) conditions and to understand the mechanisms
that produce such an extreme boundary-layer height, an advanced research version of the community weather research and forecasting
numerical model (WRF) is employed to simulate observed extreme boundary-layer heights in May 2000. The ability of the WRF
model in simulating the atmospheric boundary layer over arid areas is evaluated. Several key parameters that contribute to
the extremely deep boundary layer are identified through sensitivity experiments, and it is found that the WRF model is able
to capture characteristics of the observed deep atmospheric boundary layer. Results demonstrate the influence of soil moisture
and surface albedo on the simulation of the extremely deep boundary layer. In addition, the choice of land-surface model and
forecast lead times also plays a role in the accurate numerical simulation of the ABL height. 相似文献
16.
Björn Brötz Rafael Eigenmann Andreas Dörnbrack Thomas Foken Volkmar Wirth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(1):45-63
We investigate the evolution of the early-morning boundary layer in a low-mountain valley in south-western Germany during COPS (convective and orographically induced precipitation study) in summer 2007. The term low-mountain refers to a mountainous region with a relief of gentle slopes and with an absolute altitude that remains under a specified height (usually 1,500 m a.s.l.). A subset of 23 fair weather days from the campaign was selected to study the transition of the boundary-layer flow in the early morning. The typical valley atmosphere in the morning hours was characterized by a stable temperature stratification and a pronounced valley wind system. During the reversal period—called the low wind period—of the valley wind system (duration of 1–2 h), the horizontal flow was very weak and the conditions for free convection were fulfilled close to the ground. Ground-based sodar observations of the vertical wind show enhanced values of upward motion, and the corresponding statistical properties differ from those observed under windless convective conditions over flat terrain. Large-eddy simulations of the boundary-layer transition in the valley were conducted, and statistical properties of the simulated flow agree with the observed quantities. Spatially coherent turbulence structures are present in the temporal as well as in the ensemble mean analysis. Thus, the complex orography induces coherent convective structures at predictable, specific locations during the early-morning low wind situations. These coherent updrafts, found in both the sodar observations and the simulation, lead to a flux counter to the gradient of the stably stratified valley atmosphere and reach up to the heights of the surrounding ridges. Furthermore, the energy balance in the surface layer during the low wind periods is closed. However, it becomes unclosed after the onset of the valley wind. The partition into the sensible and the latent heat fluxes indicates that missing flux components of sensible heat are the main reason for the unclosed energy balance in the considered situations. This result supports previously published investigations on the energy balance closure. 相似文献
17.
陆面植被类型对华北地区夏季降水影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
为了检验陆面植被类型变化对华北地区夏季降水的影响,共做了５组数值试验,结果表明,在华北地区以草原或沙漠代替落叶林后,华北地区夏季降水略有减少,但降水总量变化不大,这主要是由于降水变化的区域分布不一致所致;在华北西北部以沙漠代替草原后,华北地区平均降水有所增加,这主要是由华北北部地区降水增加引起的。上述三个试验中,华北 中部以南地区的降水变化主要由积云对流降水变化引起,以北主要由大尺度降水变化引起。 相似文献
18.
引起舟曲特大泥石流灾害的"8·8"暴雨过程中尺度特征分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
利用常规气象资料以及FY-2E气象卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料和NCEP每6h一次的1°×1°格点资料,采用天气学诊断分析的方法,对2010年8月7—8日出现在甘肃省舟曲县的一次局地突发性致泥石流暴雨进行了诊断分析。结果表明:此次暴雨是在高空短波槽、东风倒槽、低涡切变线、副热带高压和地面冷空气的共同作用下发生的。对流云团发展生成MCS是暴雨发生的直接原因。对流云降水回波的发展和增强与降水强度的变化有很好的对应关系。来自孟加拉湾和东海的暖湿空气是此次暴雨的主要水汽来源。中低层辐合,高层辐散的配置和垂直涡度的显著增大,为本次暴雨的发生提供了必要的动力条件。暴雨中心位于700 hPa等假相当位温线密集带的西南侧边缘,暴雨是伴随着对流有效位能和大量不稳定能量的有效释放而发生的。倾斜涡度的活跃发展,条件性对称不稳定机制的形成可能是导致此次暴雨发生的主要触发机制。 相似文献
19.
赵玲 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(4):47-53
利用常规气象观测、卫星、雷达和NCEP1°×1°再分析等资料,分析2013年6月27~28日齐齐哈尔市稳定性中雨和龙江县对流性暴雨天气成因,结果表明：龙江短时强降雨出现在850hPa切变线同500hPa槽线或850hPa干线位置近于重合时,层结不稳定,上升运动强;齐齐哈尔降雨发生在低层切变线附近,层结趋于稳定,上升运动弱。地形迎风坡作用有利于龙江降雨强于齐齐哈尔。 单站风、相对湿度和垂直速度时空变化差异以及对流有效位能、大气可降水量和SI指数等物理量可以反映两地上升运动、水汽、层结不稳定条件差异。较好的水汽和大气层结不稳定条件只是对流性短时强降水的必要条件。中尺度对流云团和小尺度对流云回波产生龙江短时强降雨,齐齐哈尔稳定性较大降雨由层状云产生。 相似文献
20.
Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models. 相似文献