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1.
This paper is an empirical attempt to measure the relative concentration of port–city functions in the context of globalisation.
It reviews a number of urban and port issues regarding their complementary and contradictory aspects about the evolution of
port cities. The main purpose is to verify how port function is more or less important to local economies, compared to other
functions, through a temporal and global approach. Based on a matrix of port–city centrality and intermediacy, the main indicators
available for international comparison are urban population and container throughput. An analysis of 653 places between 1970
and 2005 period is provided, using the relative concentration index (RCI) proposed by Vallega. The appropriate geographical
scale to measure the relative evolution of port cities at a global level is discussed. Results tend to question previous models
which consider functional and spatial separation between the city and its port as an ineluctable process. The port–city evolution
appears to be gradual rather than linear or chaotic, and in many cases largely influenced by regional factors and local strategies. 相似文献
2.
Peter V. Hall 《GeoJournal》2009,74(1):67-83
Over the past 50 years, containerization has both enabled and reflected the articulation of increasingly concentrated and
complex global trade flows. Once close infrastructural, economic and institutional ties between seaports and port cities have
been loosened, since major ports now serve producers and consumers in widely dispersed hinterlands. This process has been
especially intense in North America, where west coast ports serve markets across the continent. At the same time, many of
the external costs of increased port activity are incurred in port cities. Hence, questions about the changing nature of employment
in port and related goods-handling sectors have become increasingly important for understanding the share of economic benefits
received by port cities. This paper focuses on the effects of containerization, and related changes in transportation regulation,
on port-logistics worker earnings in major United States port cities since 1975. A difference-in-differences framework is
used to examine the relative annual earnings of dock, trucking and warehouse workers in major container port cities. The analysis
shows that, with notable exceptions, port-logistics worker earnings in major container ports are not necessarily higher than
those of comparable workers. The findings provide further insights into the strained relationship between seaports and port
cities in the era of containerization and economic globalization.
相似文献
| Peter V. HallEmail: |
3.
The re-industrialization of brownfields has become an important economic redevelopment strategy in many “Rust Belt” cities, and labor-community coalitions have sought to ensure that such projects bring economic justice through good jobs to inner-city neighborhoods with high rates of unemployment. These coalitions have in many cases succeeded in establishing geographically defined job standards, such as living wage ordinances and community benefits agreements, but few studies have investigated how such “spatial fixes for labor” influence or fail to influence the relocation and investment decisions of firms. In this article, we compare and contrast two efforts to define and defend inner-city brownfields redevelopment projects as spaces for good local jobs in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. We find that the influence of spatially defined job standards on relocation decisions varied with the different scales of political engagement and economic mobility involved in each case. In addition, we identify a common political factor in these decisions that previous research in labor geographies has not emphasized: the discursive trivialization of a firm’s primary product. In combination, the two cases suggest that future geographic research on economic justice and the agency of labor and its allies needs to attend both to the complex scalar dimensions of geographically defined job standards and to the roles of nonhuman products in political controversies over redevelopment. 相似文献
4.
Mass migration to major USA cities is reworking patterns of ethnic jobholding and labor market segmentation. Employers in
a variety of industries have turned to recent migrants, many of whom are not authorized to work in the USA, as a stable labor
supply for low-wage jobs. As a result, many migrant workers enter urban economies through precarious jobs in low-wage industries
and the informal economy where they often endure routine violations of labor and employment laws. This paper examines the
activities of a “migrant worker center” in improving wages and working conditions in migrant labor markets. Through a case
study of a worker center located in a port-of-entry immigrant neighborhood on Chicago’s Southwest Side, we examine the geographies
of the low-wage labor market and the problems that have arisen for workers who hold jobs that effectively exist beyond the
reach of government regulation. We argue that migrant worker centers will likely emerge as a key resource for workers who
are drawn to global cities by the promise of economic opportunity yet confront harsh conditions in the local labor markets
in which they are employed. 相似文献
5.
The paper contributes to the conceptualization of cities in the world by first outlining the conceptual and empirical challenges of theorizing the urban/global nexus in both relational and territorial terms. It argues that the most useful and appropriate approach to understanding contemporary urban governance in global context is to develop a conceptualization that is equally sensitive to the role of relational and territorial geographies, of fixity and flow, of global contexts and place-specificities (and vice versa), of structural imperatives and embodied practices, in the production of cities. In order to illustrate the benefits of this conceptualization, the paper will apply it to the case of how downtown development is governed in many contemporary cities. The role of the Business Improvement District (BID) program and New Urbanist planning models in shaping downtowns will be examined in terms of: (1) how and by whom these models are developed in a global-relational context and are set in motion through scaled circuits of policy knowledge and (2) how the mobilization of these models are conditioned by their territorialization in specific spatial and political economic contexts. The paper emphasizes that the ‘local globalness’ of policy models like BIDs and New Urbanism and their consequences for cities can best be understood through a combined focus on relationality and territoriality. 相似文献
6.
Globalization and transport revolutions, logistics integration, and the consequent expansion of port area and hinterland in the maritime industry have redefined the functional role of ports in supply chains and have generated a new pattern of freight distribution. This phenomenon again requires a new approach towards port development and related urban planning. Such changes have inevitably influenced the spatial structure of hub port cities. As existing models on spatial and functional evolution of ports and cities are mainly derived from European and American cases, this paper attempts to introduce evidence from an Asian perspective, focusing on the particular case of global hub port cities such as Hong Kong and Singapore. 相似文献
7.
A modified version of the economic rent model is applied to the significant urban-waterfront changes which have characterized most European and North American port cities during the twentieth century. The model is at this stage conceptual, although supported by case studies, and employs elements which are characteristic of the majority of waterfront renewal literature. The model addresses four different conditions, three of which trace the evolution which has characterized the traditional inner-city port. The first analyzes the conditions prevailing prior to the late 1950s, when most ocean cargo still used the traditional harbor. The second application of the model relates to the dynamic changes which started in the late 1950s and lasted approximately 20 years, a period in which many piers and warehouses were abandoned and destroyed. The urban-waterfront renewal efforts which have occurred in both Europe and North America are analyzed in the third phase, which emphasizes boundary changes and potential and real economic rent windfalls accruing to landowners in the path of or adjacent to proposed urban-waterfront renewal efforts. The final application of the model reviews the impact on both economic rents and land uses of improvements to the shore and nearshore marine environment. 相似文献
8.
Natalia Yakovleva 《Geoforum》2011,42(6):708-719
Traditional economic activities, lifestyles and customs of many indigenous peoples in the Russian North, such as reindeer herding, hunting and fishing, are closely linked to quality of the natural environment. These traditional activities that constitute the core of indigenous cultures are impacted by extractive sector activities conducted in and around traditional territories of indigenous peoples. This paper examines implications of an oil pipeline development in Eastern Siberia on the Evenki community in the Aldan district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It examines community concerns about potential environmental damage and impacts on traditional livelihood. The paper analyses the interaction of indigenous communities with the pipeline project through interrogation of elements such as impact assessment, consultation, compensation, benefits, communication and public activism. The paper discusses how state policy and industry’s approach towards land rights and public participation affects the position of indigenous peoples and discusses barriers for their effective engagement. The analysis shows a number of policy failures in the protection of traditional natural resource use of indigenous peoples and provision of benefits with regards to the extractive sector that leave indigenous peoples marginalised in the process of development. There is a need to involve indigenous peoples on the basis of dialogue and partnership, improve regulation and shift industry’s approach towards consideration and engagement. 相似文献
9.
Peter North 《Geoforum》2010,41(4):585-594
This paper critically but sympathetically examines eco-localisation as a response to ‘peak oil’ and to reduce the emission of CO2 to avoid dangerous climate change. Rather than seeing the politics of climate change and peak oil as in some way ‘post-political’, the paper argues that protagonists of localised economies are developing radical new conceptions of livelihood and economy that directly cut against the logic of growth-based capitalist economic strategies and elite conceptualisations of economic development. Building on development theory, the paper develops a conceptualisation of ‘immanent’ and ‘intentional’ localisation, with the former a simple move by businesses of economic activities that have high transport costs closer to their markets. Advocates of intentional localisation are working more pro actively at grassroots level to develop local solutions to peak oil and climate change based on developing less resource-intensive yet enjoyable and fulfilling livelihoods in more localised economies. In discussing the contested nature of localisation, the paper engages with critiques of eco-localisation from neoliberal advocates and from the left, before concluding that localisation should be seen more as a different calculation of where economic activities would be located, which aims to reduce oil consumption and CO2 emissions, rather than a call for autarky. The paper concludes by arguing that analyses of the scale of economic networks need to pay more attention of the materiality of oil consumption and CO2 emissions, and that scales cannot be seen as socially constructed. 相似文献
10.
Dorothea Kleine 《Geoforum》2009,40(2):171-183
Digital divides are differences in access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) which tend to reflect the social and regional inequalities between and within countries. This paper presents a case study from Chile, which is among the leaders in Latin America both in levels of e-readiness and in social and regional inequality. The Chilean state’s ICT policies are situated within the “Third Way” approach of the centre-left government, reflecting the tensions between a pro-active and positive view of neoliberal globalisation, and state social programmes to support poorer sectors of society.The paper presents a multi-level analysis of two elements of Chilean ICT policy: Chilecompra, an online public e-procurement system aimed at creating transparent and competitive transactions in line with neoliberal economic theory, and Red Comunitaria, a network of Community Information Centres which offer free internet access and training to individuals, including microentrepreneurs. Interviews were conducted at the national, regional and local level. Findings were that the Community Information Centres (telecentros) had indeed furthered digital inclusion while in the meantime the shift to e-procurement had excluded many microentrepreneurs who had not registered with the system of Chilecompra. The larger of the local enterprises had registered but were having difficulties competing online with bigger companies located in the regional and national capitals.The paper argues that while both state policies see themselves as successes, the political objectives underlying the technology mirror the Chilean government’s struggle to simultaneously embrace neoliberal globalisation while working towards greater social and regional cohesion. At the local level there is evidence of the failure to reconcile the two approaches which may be indicative of a more general tension between these goals. 相似文献
11.
Estuaries act as an organic matter and nutrient filter in the transition between the land, rivers and the ocean. In the past, high nutrient and organic carbon load and low oxygen concentration made the Elbe River estuary (NW Europe) a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen. A recent reduction in loads and subsequent recovery of the estuary changed its biogeochemical function, so that nitrate is no longer removed on its transition towards the coastal North Sea. Nowadays in the estuary, nitrification appears to be a significant nitrate source. To quantify nitrification and determine actively nitrifying regions in the estuary, we measured the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate, the dual stable isotopes of nitrate and net nitrification rates in the estuary on five cruises from August 2012 to August 2013. The nitrate concentration increased markedly downstream of the port of Hamburg in summer and spring, accompanied by a decrease of nitrate isotope values that was clearest in summer exactly at the location where nitrate concentration started to increase. Ammonium and nitrite peaked in the Hamburg port region (up to 18 and 8 μmol L?1, respectively), and nitrification rates in this region were up to 7 μmol L?1 day?1. Our data show that coupled re-mineralization and nitrification are significant internal nitrate sources that almost double the estuary’s summer nitrate concentration. Furthermore, we find that the port of Hamburg is a hot spot of nitrification, whereas the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) only plays a subordinate role in turnover of nitrate. 相似文献
12.
Re-scaling collective bargaining: union responses to restructuring in the North American auto industry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John Holmes 《Geoforum》2004,35(1):9-21
Historically, political struggles to define the geographical scale at which labour relations and collective bargaining will be conducted have been of crucial significance to the labour movement. Today, workers and their unions face very difficult challenges. In many manufacturing industries changes in the organizational structure of production at different geographical scales have undermined the effectiveness of the organizing and collective bargaining strategies associated with traditional industrial unionism. This paper focuses on collective bargaining strategies developed by North American autoworkers’ unions to respond to the extensive restructuring of the automotive industry that took place during the 1990s. These strategies include innovations in the structure and content of collective bargaining and efforts to redefine the scale at which collective bargaining takes place. Following a brief discussion of the challenge posed by the integration of Mexico into a continent-wide production system, the analysis focuses on the strategies devised by the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) union during the 1996 and 1999 rounds of collective bargaining to address issues raised by outsourcing and modular manufacturing. With outsourcing, the automakers are not so much eliminating jobs as they are deciding who gets to do them, at what price, and under what working conditions. With modular manufacturing, the organizational boundaries between firms are blurring and the terms and conditions of work in one firm arguably are becoming dependent upon management decisions made in another firm. The CAW’s response has been to develop new collective bargaining strategies including the concepts of ‘work ownership’ and ‘satellite bargaining’ which involves redefining the traditional geographical extent of the bargaining unit. While the empirical focus is on the North American automobile industry, the general issues related to the re-scaling of production, and especially outsourcing and modular manufacturing, are common across a range of manufacturing industries. 相似文献
13.
Economic displacement and local attitude towards protected area establishment in the Peruvian Amazon
Mario Cardozo 《Geoforum》2011,42(5):603-614
This article examines socioeconomic factors linked to different local attitudes towards the establishment in 2004 of the Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve, Peruvian Amazon. Semistructured interviews were conducted in 2006 and 2007 with leaders (N = 16) and household heads (N = 102) of smallholder communities in the reserve and its buffer zone. Complementary qualitative and quantitative analyses of interview data reveal that household head attitude towards the reserve is primarily associated with loss or gain of resource use rights; there is a significant difference in attitude between the household heads interviewed in the reserve and those in the buffer zone. Communities in the region used to share certain lands and floodplains, especially for the extraction of fish, poletimber, and thatch palm. With the reserve’s establishment, only those who lived within the reserve were allowed to continue using previously shared resources, while the access of neighboring communities, now in the buffer zone, was banned from most of the reserve. A linear predictive model reveals that attitude towards the reserve also relates to location and household demographic variables, hypothesized to influence the household’s capacity to respond to losses in income sources and subsistence means. Comparisons of leaders’ and residents’ responses suggest that although involuntary economic displacement has affected many locals, government authorities have not addressed the issue satisfactorily, at least from the perspective of those displaced, thus obscuring the conservation-related exclusion that occurred. 相似文献
14.
N. D. Uri 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(3-4):238-248
The economic benefits of the adoption of conservation tillage depend on site-specific factors including soil characteristics,
local climatic conditions, cropping patterns, and other attributes of the overall farming operation. While it is possible
to draw some general inferences about components of economic returns and costs, a comprehensive assessment of the net private
benefits from greater use of conservation tillage is not feasible.
Received: 4 December 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998 相似文献
15.
The assumption of lognormal (parent) field size distributions has for a long time been applied to resource appraisal and evaluation of exploration strategy by the petroleum industry. However, frequency distributions estimated with observed data and used to justify this hypotheses are conditional. Examination of various observed field size distributions across basins and over time shows that such distributions should be regarded as the end result of an economic filtering process. Commercial discoveries depend on oil and gas prices and field development costs. Some new fields are eliminated due to location, depths, or water depths. This filtering process is called economic truncation. Economic truncation may occur when predictions of a discovery process are passed through an economic appraisal model. We demonstrate that (1) economic resource appraisals, (2) forecasts of levels of petroleum industry activity, and (3) expected benefits of developing and implementing cost reducing technology are sensitive to assumptions made about the nature of that portion of (parent) field size distribution subject to economic truncation. 相似文献
16.
Mike Raco 《Geoforum》2003,34(1):37-55
Most research on the discourses and practices of urban regeneration in the UK has examined case studies located in areas of relative socio-economic distress. Less research has been undertaken on regeneration projects and agendas in areas characterised by strong economic growth. Yet, it is in such places that some of the best examples of the discourses, practices and impacts of contemporary urban regeneration can be found. In some areas of high demand regeneration projects have used inner urban brownfield sites as locations for new investment. With the New Labour government’s urban policy agendas targeting similar forms of regeneration, an examination of completed or on-going schemes is timely and relevant to debates over the direction that policy should take. This paper, drawing on a study of urban regeneration in one of England’s fastest growing towns, Reading in Berkshire, examines the discourses, practices and impacts of redevelopment schemes during the 1990s and 2000s. Reading’s experiences have received national attention and have been hailed as a model for other urban areas to follow. The research documents the discursive and concrete aspects of local regeneration and examines the ways in which specific priorities and defined problems have come to dominate agendas. Collectively, the study argues that market-driven objectives come to dominate regeneration agendas, even in areas of strong demand where development agencies wield a relatively high degree of influence. Such regeneration plays a symbolic and practical role in creating new forms of exclusion and interpretations of place. 相似文献
17.
In our editorial introduction to this themed issue on labour geography, we outline some important on-going debates in the relatively young field of labour geography and suggest future directions for research. First, there is the key question of labour as an active agent in the production of economic landscapes. The agency of labour will likely remain a defining feature of labour geography, but perhaps it is not as important to construct theoretical analytical boundaries as it is to define labour geography as a political project. Second, debates continue surrounding the production of scale and the multiscalarity of organized labour. Third, labour geographers have yet to engage in any sustained fashion with unpacking the complex identities of workers and the way in which those identities simultaneously are shaped by and shape the economic and cultural landscape. Fourth, there is some debate on the costs and benefits of a ‘normative’ labour geography which emphasizes what workers and their organizations ‘could’ or even ‘should’ do. Lastly, we challenge the assumption that labour geographers have not yet asserted themselves as activists in their own right. We conclude the editorial by introducing the articles included in the issue. While these articles may not address every gap in the literature, they do contribute in significant ways to move the labour geography project forward. 相似文献
18.
Steven Tufts Author Vitae 《Geoforum》2004,35(1):47-58
Toronto’s quest to host the Summer Olympic Games has dominated both contemporary planning discourse and practice. For some, the pursuit of the games embodies Toronto’s transformation into a ‘competitive’ global city. Relatively unexplored in this discourse are the contradictory roles that labour plays in contemporary urban development. I argue that the new labour geography can provide some interesting insights into such processes. Specifically, labour geographers have given workers with divergent interests greater agency in shaping economic landscapes and have noted the multi-scalar organisation of labour. The paper looks at the contradictory and conflicting positions held by different labour unions in Toronto toward the city’s bid to host the 2008 Olympics. The case study suggests that labour is an active agent in processes shaping contemporary Toronto and support the bid for complex reasons ranging from the promise of jobs to potential future organising opportunities. 相似文献
19.
20.
David Hilling 《Geoforum》1983,14(3):333-340
From being largely uniform in character 20 yr ago, cargo handling technology has become varied with specialised, often larger vessels in many trades. Maritime transport through its impact on the port can have a profound influence on the spatial aspects of development. Investment costs for the new technology are high and successive improvements result in more rigorous location selection processes and increasing concentration of activity. Choice of technology becomes a critical issue and should be influenced by considerations of timing, spatial impact, appropriateness and overall development benefits. Greater dispersion may be achieved by the development of inland terminals or the adoption of more flexible technologies such as that offered by the barge carrying ship. 相似文献