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目前虽然有许多种方法可以进行构造裂缝预测,但由于碳酸盐岩发育区裂缝发育的复杂性,需要综合研究构造裂缝定量预测的新方法.本文以哈萨克斯坦扎纳若尔碳酸盐岩凝析油田为研究和应用对象,提出了基于GIS系统的构造裂缝综合分析技术,通过构造DEM滤波分析、综合曲率分析、裂缝地形因子分析以及DEM构造应力场分析,提取与裂缝有关的构造起伏变化和侵蚀程度指标,对于碳酸盐岩储层利用DEM进行古水文地质条件分析,研究古地貌侵蚀和沉积的空间分布情况.根据构造应力场信息,综合分析不同构造部位岩层发生破裂的可能性及破裂程度,预测区域裂缝和局部构造裂缝发育带、发育程度及发育方向,并取得了不错的预测效果. 相似文献
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川东北双庙场构造嘉二段储层综合预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
双庙场构造嘉二段储层以白云岩储层为主;白云岩储层物性较好,主要为裂缝-孔隙型储层,储集空间主要为晶间溶孔、裂缝.文中根据构造应力场理论、地震波频率衰减及裂缝检测理论,运用构造应力场数值模拟分析、裂缝各向异性属性分析、FVO分析、叠前弹性波阻抗反演及衰减属性分析等方法,充分利用现有的地质、钻井、测井资料和叠前、叠后地震数据,对双庙场构造嘉二段储层开展联合预测,搞清了裂缝发育与地层岩性、应力分布以及构造发育之间的关系,明确了裂缝的走向、密度及白云岩有利储层发育部位,预测了有利储层的分布范围.实际资料应用表明,用该套方法识别裂缝-孔隙型储层是有效和可靠的,可以检测出有利的储层发育带. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(6)
裂缝既是渗流通道,又是储集空间,在低渗透油藏开发中至关重要.国内外学者运用岩石破裂理论、位错理论和分形理论,以及地质、钻井、测井、地震和数值模拟等方法,对裂缝做了大量研究,在形成机理、影响因素、识别及表征和预测等方面取得了以下诸多进展:(1)从成因上,普遍认为剪裂缝和张裂缝分别遵循Coulomb准则和Griffith准则,裂缝位错模型和各向异性强度准则等考虑了岩石力学性质和岩层的非均质性,更能真实地表达各向异性裂缝的成因;(2)关于影响因素,认为现今裂缝是不同时期区域、局部构造应力场作用下裂缝叠加的结果,主应力的大小、方向控制了裂缝的发育及分布,先期裂缝通过影响局部应力来制约后期裂缝的分布,而储层的非均质性也会主导裂缝的发育和扩展;(3)在裂缝识别方面,岩心观察是基础、测井方法是有效手段,二者能够实现井眼附近10 m内裂缝的定性—定量识别.借助数学及计算机模拟,井震结合识别裂缝是今后发展的趋势;(4)关于裂缝表征,岩心—分形—应力-应变方法实现了点、线—面—体裂缝参数三位一体的定量表征,并逐步由均一化表征到更好地反映低渗储层非均质性及不同时期裂缝参数的表征;(5)在预测方面,曲率法和构造应力场数值模拟能够实现对裂缝局部-整体的预测,分形方法能够更精确、更客观的预测裂缝,裂缝位错预测模型通过岩石-裂缝-应力场的各向异性利用裂缝发育指数来预测、评价裂缝. 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强、储集空间类型复杂多样,储层中流体性质的识别及有效厚度的划分比较困难,为了完成碳酸盐岩储层的常规测井评价,根据碳酸盐岩储层地质特征,将储层分为三种类型:1)裂缝+孔隙型储层,其孔隙度大于3.5%,其裂缝为规模较大的构造缝,其次是一些宏观裂缝,是碳酸盐岩储层中最好的储层;2)微裂缝+孔隙型储层,其孔隙度大于3.5%,其裂缝主要为储层微观孔、缝以及孔洞.3)裂缝层,其孔隙度小于3.5%,裂缝较发育,基质孔隙度和储层含油饱和度很小,接近于零,为裂缝层.基于以上三种类型的储层来建立测井地质评价模型,由于碳酸盐岩储层是典型的双重介质模型,分别建立两类孔隙空间的几何模型及流体模型,分别建立三种储层的空间几何模型和流体分布模型,每种模型又分为裂缝系统和岩块孔隙系统,在此基础上总结各种测井曲线的响应特征,分别给出储层参数计算的数理模型,基质岩块和裂缝孔隙度、渗透率和储层油气水饱和度,对裂缝的张开度也进行了定量计算,给出了储层流体性质及有效厚度的划分标准,最终完成碳酸盐岩的常规测井评价. 相似文献
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塔里木盆地古生代中央隆起带古构造地貌及其对沉积相发育分布的制约 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过古隆起地貌恢复、不整合分布样式及沉积相等研究,揭示了塔里木盆地中央隆起带古生代重要发育期的古构造地貌特征及其对沉积相发育分布的控制作用．中奥陶世末至晚奥陶世早期的中央隆起带是由和田河古隆起、和田河东古隆起、塔中古隆起及巴楚古斜坡等组成的、具有复杂古构造地貌的大型古隆起一古斜坡带,总体由西向东倾没;可划分出高隆带、断隆平台、古隆边缘斜坡或坡折带、陆棚斜坡或低凸起带、陆架坡折带及深海盆地或平原等古地貌单元．它们对沉积古地理的发育具有重要控制作用,古隆起边缘斜坡．坡折带往往控制着构成重要储层的台缘礁、滩等高能沉积相带的发育和分布．晚奥陶世晚期盆地东南缘强烈隆起,塔中古隆起东段随之隆升并由东向西掀斜,形成由东向西倾沿的鼻状古隆起带．早志留世和晚泥盆至早石炭世盆地中北部的古构造地貌由原来的东低西高转为北东高、西南低;可划分出强烈剥蚀高隆带、古隆边缘斜坡带、坳陷边缘缓斜坡带及坳陷带等古构造地貌单元．构造隆起末期沿古隆起边缘斜坡至坳陷边缘发育的低位及海侵体系域可形成重要的储集体．古隆起地貌与盆内多个不整合的分布样式具有密切关系．从古隆起区向坳陷区可划分出高隆区的不整合复合带、古隆起斜坡边缘的削蚀不整合三角带和超覆不整合三角带、古斜坡与坳陷区过渡的微角度或平行不整合带以及坳陷内的整合带．削蚀不整合和上超不整合三角带可形成重要的地层圈闭,是有利的大型岩性地层油气藏的发育带． 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层测井识别及评价技术综述与展望 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
由于碳酸盐岩裂缝发育机制的复杂性,开展碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层的识别与评价一直是测井分析的热点和难点.本文基于大量文献调研,梳理了碳酸盐岩裂缝的定义、成因和分类,系统归纳了碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层的测井响应特征及评价方法,并进行了实例分析.研究表明,常规测井方法对碳酸盐岩裂缝均有不同程度的揭示,基于不同原理的常规测井方法对碳酸岩盐裂缝的响应程度差异显著,利用常规测井方法对碳酸岩盐储层裂缝识别应遵循综合识别原则;碳酸盐岩裂缝成像测井识别方法中,电阻率成像测井、偶极声波测井和核磁共振测井反映裂缝较为直观,但成本高;基于常规测井资料的灰色关联识别方法、神经网络识别方法、小波多尺度识别方法等非线性数学方法,弥补了常规测井和成像测井识别碳酸盐岩裂缝的不足,并且取得较好的应用效果. 相似文献
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岩心、成像测井资料表明川东北G地区FC段碳酸盐岩储层溶孔、裂缝发育,非均质性较强.根据溶孔、裂缝的发育程度与分布特征,可划分为6种典型储层类型.因此,有效评价储层非均质、划分储层类型是该区油气勘探与开发工作的关键.电成像测井资料能通过定性识别孔洞与裂缝对储层非均质性进行定性评价,但是由于缺乏能综合表征溶孔、裂缝等特征的定量参数,使得电成像测井资料对储层非均质性的定量表征存在问题.为此,基于分形理论,提出一种电成像测井定量评价方法,即计算电成像测井图像的分形维数来定量描述储层非均质性.储层类型与分形维数相关分析表明,分析维数可综合表征储层溶孔、裂缝,评价储层非均质性.应用实例表明,基于电成像测井分形维数的非均质性表征与储层类型划分应用效果较好,推动了该区的油气勘探与开发工作. 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝分布规律及其渗流作用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝对开发的影响,利用地表露头、岩心、薄片、测井和实验等资料,对裂缝的成因类型、分布特征及其控制因素进行了分布,并对裂缝的渗流作用进行了讨论.研究区主要发育高角度构造裂缝以及水平层理缝、粒内缝和粒缘缝等成岩裂缝,粒内缝和粒缘缝是沟通储层基质粒间孔和粒内溶孔的重要通道,使特低渗透砂岩储层孔隙的连通性变好.裂缝的形成与分布受古构造应力场以及储层岩性、岩层厚度和岩层非均质性等内外因素的影响,现今应力场影响裂缝的保存状态与渗流作用.在燕山期和喜马拉雅期构造作用下,该区分布有北东向、北西向、近东西向和近南北向4组裂缝,但由于岩层非均质性的影响,在某一部位主要表现为两组近正交的裂缝分布型式.受现今应力场的影响,北东向裂缝的连通性好,张开度大,渗透率最高,开启压力最小,是该区的主渗流裂缝方向.随着油田开发,不同方向裂缝的渗透性还将发生动态变化. 相似文献
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杨税务潜山位于廊固凹陷北部,为一呈北东向展布多断块构成的潜山带,油气资源丰富,由于其埋藏深、裂缝-孔隙-岩溶储层交织,各向异性、非均质性较强,使得有效储层难以分辨识别、油藏分布复杂,选点部井较难.本文在充分分析沉积储层特征及油藏主控因素等基础上,选择有利岩性储层发育段,利用叠前逆时偏移和井控拓频等技术,进行高分辨率及内幕信息丰富剖面处理;利用叠前方位道集属性、分频相干和体曲率属性等技术方法,进行裂缝+孔洞复合型储层识别预测;利用AVO属性及地震频率梯度等组合技术进行储层含油气检测,实现了研究区有效储层油气甜点分布预测,其预测成果有效指导了安探1X、安探3X等工业油流井的部署,实践证明,该套组合技术方法简单、有效实用,适用于深潜山及内幕的有效储层地震预测,对类似区带或构造的有效储层地震预测具有指导意义. 相似文献
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Common prestack fracture prediction methods cannot clearly distinguish multiplescale fractures. In this study, we propose a prediction method for macro- and mesoscale fractures based on fracture density distribution in reservoirs. First, we detect the macroscale fractures (larger than 1/4 wavelength) using the multidirectional coherence technique that is based on the curvelet transform and the mesoscale fractures (1/4–1/100 wavelength) using the seismic azimuthal anisotropy technique and prestack attenuation attributes, e.g., frequency attenuation gradient. Then, we combine the obtained fracture density distributions into a map and evaluate the variably scaled fractures. Application of the method to a seismic physical model of a fractured reservoir shows that the method overcomes the problem of discontinuous fracture density distribution generated by the prestack seismic azimuthal anisotropy method, distinguishes the fracture scales, and identifies the fractured zones accurately. 相似文献
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The effect of orthorhombic anisotropy and its implication for oil recovery and reservoir exploitation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jamal M. Assad 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(1):121-129
Results of an experimental study of shear‐ and compressional‐wave propagation in an orthorhombically anisotropic medium are presented. The experiments were performed on a physical model consisting of two sets of fractures. The first set consisted of orientated rubber inclusions simulating weak material‐filled cracks. The second set consisted of a system of closely spaced parallel fractures simulated by thin plates of epoxy resin, superimposed orthogonally on the first set. Three cases of fracture orientations within the model were identified and studied. Case 1 is analogous to a jointed fracture reservoir with one vertical set of fluid‐filled cracks or fractures and one non‐filled horizontal set. This case is referred to as JFV. Case 2 is analogous to a double fracture reservoir with one horizontal set of fluid‐filled fractures or cracks and one non‐filled vertical set. This is referred to as DFH. Case 3 is analogous to a double fracture reservoir with two vertical sets of fractures or cracks, with only one fluid‐filled. Case 3 is referred to as DFV. A pulse transmission method was performed on all three modelled cases along the three principal axes. A directional variation in the compressional‐ and shear‐wave velocities, as well as distinct shear‐wave splitting, was observed. The elastic constants for each case were determined and differences between them were noted and compared with the controlled results of both layered (transverse isotropy, TI) and vertically fractured (azimuthally anisotropic models, VF) media. The differences in elastic moduli and velocities indicate the potential of recognizing the different fracture orientations and suggest an approach to designing a method of drilling to further enhance oil recovery and reservoir exploitation. 相似文献
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Although it is believed that natural fracture sets predominantly have near‐vertical orientation, oblique stresses and some other mechanisms may tilt fractures away from the vertical. Here, we examine an effective medium produced by a single system of obliquely dipping rotationally invariant fractures embedded in a transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) background rock. This model is monoclinic with a vertical symmetry plane that coincides with the dip plane of the fractures. Multicomponent seismic data acquired over such a medium possess several distinct features that make it possible to estimate the fracture orientation. For example, the vertically propagating fast shear wave (and the fast converted PS‐wave) is typically polarized in the direction of the fracture strike. The normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipses of horizontal reflection events are co‐orientated with the dip and strike directions of the fractures, which provides an independent estimate of the fracture azimuth. However, the polarization vector of the slow shear wave at vertical incidence does not lie in the horizontal plane – an unusual phenomenon that can be used to evaluate fracture dip. Also, for oblique fractures the shear‐wave splitting coefficient at vertical incidence becomes dependent on fracture infill (saturation). A complete medium‐characterization procedure includes estimating the fracture compliances and orientation (dip and azimuth), as well as the Thomsen parameters of the VTI background. We demonstrate that both the fracture and background parameters can be obtained from multicomponent wide‐azimuth data using the vertical velocities and NMO ellipses of PP‐waves and two split SS‐waves (or the traveltimes of PS‐waves) reflected from horizontal interfaces. Numerical tests corroborate the accuracy and stability of the inversion algorithm based on the exact expressions for the vertical and NMO velocities. 相似文献
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Measurements of seismic anisotropy in fractured rock are used at present to deduce information about the fracture orientation and the spatial distribution of fracture intensity. Analysis of the data is based upon equivalent-medium theories that describe the elastic response of a rock containing cracks or fractures in the long-wavelength limit. Conventional models assume frequency independence and cannot distinguish between microcracks and macrofractures. The latter, however, control the fluid flow in many subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, the fracture size is essential information for reservoir engineers. In this study we apply a new equivalent-medium theory that models frequency-dependent anisotropy and is sensitive to the length scale of fractures. The model considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to a squirt-flow mechanism at two different scales: the grain scale (microcracks and equant matrix porosity) and formation-scale fractures. The theory is first tested and calibrated against published laboratory data. Then we present the analysis and modelling of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSP data from a tight gas reservoir. We invert for fracture density and fracture size from the frequency dependence of the time delay between split shear waves. The derived fracture length matches independent observations from borehole data. 相似文献
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A Study of Permeability Changes Due to Cold Fluid Circulation in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs 
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下载免费PDF全文 Reservoir behavior due to injection and circulation of cold fluid is studied with a shear displacement model based on the distributed dislocation technique, in a poro‐thermoelastic environment. The approach is applied to a selected volume of Soultz geothermal reservoir at a depth range of 3600 to 3700 m. Permeability enhancement and geothermal potential of Soultz geothermal reservoir are assessed over a stimulation period of 3 months and a fluid circulation period of 14 years. This study—by shedding light onto another source of uncertainty—points toward a special role for the fracture surface asperities in predicting the shear dilation of fractures. It was also observed that thermal stress has a significant impact on changing the reservoir stress field. The effect of thermal stresses on reservoir behavior is more evident over longer circulation term as the rock matrix temperature is significantly lowered. Change in the fracture permeability due to the thermal stresses can also lead to the short circuiting between the injection and production wells which in turn decreases the produced fluid temperature significantly. The effect of thermal stress persists during the whole circulation period as it has significant impact on the continuous increase in the flow rate due to improved permeability over the circulation period. In the current study, taking into account the thermal stress resulted in a decrease of about 7 °C in predicted produced fluid temperature after 14 years of cold fluid circulation; a difference which notably influences the potential prediction of an enhanced geothermal system. 相似文献
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含裂缝多孔介质渗透率预测是非常规油气资源勘探开发的一个紧迫问题.现有多孔介质岩石物理模型通常利用圆形孔管模拟宏观岩石孔隙空间,难以定量描述软孔隙/裂缝在压力作用下的闭合情况,缺乏裂缝/孔隙间流量交换的连通机制.本文提出含三维裂缝/软孔隙网络多孔介质模型,将储层岩石裂缝/软孔隙表示为椭圆截面微管,建立了周期性压力作用下微观裂缝流量表达式,通过网络模型和流量守恒条件,得到含有三维裂缝/软孔隙网络的多孔介质渗透率计算方法.数值算例表明,预测结果与实验数据分布范围吻合很好,能够给出不同类型岩心对应孔隙纵横比的分布图.三维裂缝/软孔隙网络模型建立了宏观可观测量与裂缝参数之间关系,能够定量分析岩石渗透率随裂缝体密度、纵横比、孔隙流体类型和围压等因素的变化规律,为复杂条件下储层渗透率预测提供了一种有效方法. 相似文献
18.
《中国地震研究》2021,(2)
Natural fractures are widely distributed in shale reservoirs. During the hydraulic fracturing process, frictional slip occurring on natural fractures can increase the reservoir permeability and is of great significance to improve the efficiency of reservoir stimulation. Shale contains a large amount of clay and organic matter, and its frictional behavior is different from that of other previously studied lithologies. In this paper, the frictional behavior of shale is analyzed, and the results show that the frictional behavior is controlled by the content of clay and organic matter. As the content of clay and organic matter increases, the micro support type transforms from the particle support mode by hard quartz mineral to matrix support mode by plastic clay and organic matter. Accordingly, the shear strength and friction coefficient of shale both decrease, and the shear type transforms from brittle to plastic.When the content of clay and organic matter is low, the asperity of friction surfaces will break in a brittle manner and the wear degree of surfaces is low. Therefore, fractures are still featured by moderate apertures after friction.The lower the content of clay and organic matter is, the easier the asperity of crack surfaces supports themselves,and the higher the fracture residual permeability is. Thus, promoting shear slip is the main measure of reservoir stimulation. However, when the content of clay and organic matter is high, the remaining post-slip fracture aperture is small. It is difficult to increase reservoir permeability through the frictional slip of natural fractures,and in this situation, the proppant support efficiency needs to be improved. 相似文献
19.
Christoph F Hieronymus 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,222(1):177-189
Seafloor spreading typically occurs along ridge segments oriented at right angles to plate motion and offset by orthogonal transform faults. Few regions exhibit different patterns, such as the East Pacific Rise (EPR), which additionally displays overlapping spreading centres (OSCs) and microplates. We introduce a dynamical model using two independent, scalar types of damage in an elastic plate that generates most observed spreading geometries as natural failure modes, suggesting that the dynamics of the underlying mantle have only a minor influence on accretionary plate margins. The elastic modulus that is affected by the damage determines the type of localized deformation. Damage reducing the bulk modulus tends to result in tensile fractures, while a reduction in shear modulus leads to shear fractures. The damage source determines the fracture orientation. Material weakening in tension results in fractures perpendicular to the most tensile principal stress, while shear weakening results in two conjugate fractures at 45° relative to the applied stress. Strain or energy-dependent damage results in propagating, localized fractures. Stress-dependent damage tends to evolve into diffuse regions that may eventually focus into narrow zones. Starting from small perturbations with reduced elastic moduli as nucleation points, all ridge geometries start with ridge propagation caused by tensile energy reducing both elastic moduli by a model of damage caused by tensile energy reducing both moduli. Orthogonal transform faults develop in regions between offset segments if there is an additional reduction in shear modulus due to shear stress. The orthogonality of the transform faults does not derive from the local stress orientation but from the dynamics of damage focusing which causes the fault to converge towards an optimal geometry that concentrates nearly all deformation into damaged zones. OSCs form when the shear damage leading to transform faults is suppressed, while microplate formation requires additional reduction of the shear modulus by tensile energy. Oblique spreading at 45°, recently discovered along ultraslow spreading ridges, occurs when both moduli are weakened by shear energy. A parameter regime exists in which ridge-transform patterns develop at low applied tension, while microplates form at higher stresses. These results indicate that at least three different micromechanical processes operate with different evolution rates. OSCs and oblique spreading require different material properties. 相似文献
20.
本文采用有限元方法模拟了电缆地层测试器的双封隔器和谐波脉冲测试方法在井旁裂缝中的压力响应.根据裂缝性储层渗流力学原理,首先模拟了双封隔器压力测试在裂缝与井壁相交和不相交两种情况下的压力响应,模拟结果表明:当裂缝与井壁相交时,压力响应随裂缝导流性质的变化发生显著改变;当裂缝与井壁不相交时,除非裂缝的导流能力非常大或离井壁非常近,否则压力响应随着裂缝导流能力的变化并不明显.说明双封隔器测试方法可以有效评价与井壁相交裂缝的导流能力,而对远离井壁的裂缝并不敏感.谐波脉冲压力测试一直被用来探测地层的各向异性,本文通过数值模拟方法探讨和分析了谐波测试方法探测和评价与井壁不相交裂缝的可行性,数值模拟结果表明谐波的压力幅度和相位延迟对裂缝的导流能力变化敏感,说明该方法可以用来评价井旁裂缝.此外,本文还对脉冲频率和双探针间距对评价效果的影响进行了分析. 相似文献