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1.
We investigate the evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults composed of solid rock blocks. This evolution is analyzed through shear experiments along five rock types, and the experiments were conducted in a rotary apparatus at slip velocities of 0.002–0.97 m/s, slip distances from a few millimeters to tens of meters, and normal stress of 0.25–6.9 MPa. The wear and friction measurements and fault surface observations revealed three evolution phases: A) An initial stage (slip distances <50 mm) of wear by failure of isolated asperities associated with roughening of the fault surface; B) a running-in stage of slip distances of 1–3 m with intense wear-rate, failure of many asperities, and simultaneous reduction of the friction coefficient and wear-rate; and C) a steady-state stage that initiates when the fault surface is covered by a gouge layer, and during which both wear-rate and friction coefficient maintain quasi-constant, low levels. While these evolution stages are clearly recognizable for experimental faults made from bare rock blocks, our analysis suggests that natural faults “bypass” the first two stages and slip at gouge-controlled steady-state conditions. 相似文献
2.
Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
James H. Dieterich 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):790-806
Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction. 相似文献
3.
通过对饱和砂岩和大理岩的循环荷载实验,分析了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的应力-应变滞后回线、瞬时杨氏模量、泊松比的“X”形变化曲线,以及杨氏模量随应变振幅的增加而减少等滞后现象,并分析了施加外力的应变振幅对衰减的影响,认为岩石在循环荷载作用下的衰减与应变振幅成正比,提出的衰减b值反映了岩石在循环荷载作用下衰减的程度. 岩石的衰减和滞后存在密切的关系,通过饱和岩石的宏观行为,探讨了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的滞后和衰减现象的微观机理,认为孔隙流体流动在岩石的滞后和衰减中起着重要作用,岩石内部的颗粒接触粘合和黏滑摩擦可能是孔隙岩石在循环荷载作用下产生滞后和衰减的原因. 相似文献
4.
断层自发破裂动力过程的研究对于认识地震过程及减轻地震灾害有着重要的科学意义.为合理地模拟断层的自发破裂过程,本文首先对经典的滑移弱化摩擦关系进行了改进,然后利用有限单元方法对破裂过程进行动态数值模拟.模拟结果表明,利用改进后的摩擦关系能够产生脉冲型（pulse-like）破裂模式,而经典的滑移弱化摩擦关系不能产生这种破裂形态.模拟结果还显示,断层自发破裂过程受初始应力场及摩擦关系影响,当初始应力场中剪应力水平较低时,容易产生脉冲型破裂;但当初始剪应力较高时,会产生裂纹型（crack-like）破裂.这个现象与在实验室里进行的岩石破裂实验结果是一致的.在相同的初始应力情况下,若滑移弱化摩擦本构关系中的动摩擦系数较大,断层将易于产生脉冲型破裂;若动摩擦系数较小,将倾向于产生裂纹型破裂.此外,本文也采用速率弱化摩擦关系对断层自发破裂过程进行了模拟,结果发现,在初始场及其他条件不变时,如果摩擦关系中的b-a值较小,容易产生脉冲型破裂;如果b-a值较大,会产生裂纹型破裂. 相似文献
5.
Among the second-order effects on friction the most important are those of variable normal stress and of slip velocity. Velocity weakening, which is usually considered the source of the stick-slip instability in rock friction, has been observed in velocity stepping experiments with Westerly granite. The friction change, , was –0.01 to –0.008 for a tenfold velocity increase. Using normal closure measurements, we observed dilation upon each increase in sliding rate. We also observed, for the first time, time-dependent closure between surfaces during static loading. The dilation that occurred during the velocity stepping experiment was found to be that expected from the static time-dependent closure phenomenon. This change in closure was used to predict friction change with an elastic contact model. The calculated friction change which results from a change in contact area and asperity interlocking, is in good agreement with the observed velocity dependence of steady-state friction. Variable normal stress during sliding has two effects, first in creating new partial slip contacts and locking some existing fully sliding contacts and second in increasing interlocking, for instance when normal load is suddenly increased. As a result, a transient change in friction occurs upon a sudden change in normal load. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, we develop a mechanical model that relates the destabilization of thawing permafrost rock slopes to temperature‐related effects on both, rock‐ and ice‐mechanics; and laboratory testing of key assumptions is performed. Degrading permafrost is considered to be an important factor for rock–slope failures in alpine and arctic environments, but the mechanics are poorly understood. The destabilization is commonly attributed to changes in ice‐mechanical properties while bedrock friction and fracture propagation have not been considered yet. However, fracture toughness, compressive and tensile strength decrease by up to 50% and more when intact water‐saturated rock thaws. Based on literature and experiments, we develop a modified Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion for ice‐filled rock fractures that incorporates fracturing of rock bridges, friction of rough fracture surfaces, ductile creep of ice and detachment mechanisms along rock–ice interfaces. Novel laboratory setups were developed to assess the temperature dependency of the friction of ice‐free rock–rock interfaces and the shear detachment of rock–ice interfaces. In degrading permafrost, rock‐mechanical properties may control early stages of destabilization and become more important for higher normal stress, i.e. higher magnitudes of rock–slope failure. Ice‐mechanical properties outbalance the importance of rock‐mechanical components after the deformation accelerates and are more relevant for smaller magnitudes. The model explains why all magnitudes of rock–slope failures can be prepared and triggered by permafrost degradation and is capable of conditioning long para‐glacial response times. Here, we present a synoptic rock‐ and ice‐mechanical model that explains the mechanical destabilization processes operating in warming permafrost rocks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
The physical meaning of the characteristic displacement that has been observed in velocity-stepping friction experiments was investigated based on the micromechanics of asperity contact. It has been empirically found for bare rock surfaces that the magnitude of the characteristic displacement is dependent only on surface roughness and insensitive to both slip velocity and normal stress. Thus the characteristic displacement has been interpreted as the displacement required to change the population of contact points completely. Here arises a question about the physical mechanism by which the contact population changes. Because individual asperity contacts form, grow and are eliminated with displacement, there are at least two possible interpretations for the characteristic displacement: (1) it is the distance over which the contacts existing at the moment of the velocity change all fade away, being replaced by new asperity contacts, or (2) it is the distance required for a complete replacement in the real contact area that existed at the moment of the velocity change. In order to test these possibilities, theoretical models were developed based on the statistics of distributed asperity summits. A computer simulation was also performed to check the validity of the theoretical models using three-dimensional surface topography data with various surface roughnesses. The deformation was assumed to be elastic at each asperity contact. The results of both the simulation and the theoretical models show that the characteristic displacement in (1) is about three times longer than that in (2). Comparison of the results with the experimental observations obtained by others indicates that the possibility (2) is the correct interpretation. This means that the state in the rate and state variable friction law is memorized in a very confined area of real contact. Further, our results explain why the characteristic displacement is insensitive to normal stress: this comes from the fact that the microscopic properties such as the mean contact diameter are insensitive to normal stress. The approach based on the micromechanics of asperity contact is useful to investigate the underlying mechanism of various phenomena in rock friction. 相似文献
8.
速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律是本文采用的重要定律。结合Chester-Higgs摩擦模型和McKenzie-Brune摩擦生热模型,在一维弹簧-滑块-断层近似模型下,利用四阶变步长的Dormand-Prince算法,研究探讨了断层摩擦生热对断层演化的影响。结果表明:与忽略温度影响的情形相比,摩擦生热造成的温度上升可导致断层滑移时刻的略微提前,并伴随着摩擦系数和状态变量的下降,同时也使得断层的滑移量和应力降略有减小,而滑移速率有所增大;另外,在考虑温度影响时,有效正应力和临界滑移距离也会影响断层的演化过程,断层上的有效正应力越大,断层失稳时刻越提前,温度上升越明显;断层的临界滑移距离越大,断层失稳时刻则越迟,温度上升越显著,但当临界滑移距离超过5 cm时,具有不同临界滑移距离的断层,失稳时的温度则基本保持一致。 相似文献
9.
Many models of incision by bedrock rivers predict water depth and shear stress from discharge; conversely, palaeoflood discharge is sometimes reconstructed from flow depth markers in rock gorges. In both cases, assumptions are made about flow resistance. The depth–discharge relation in a bedrock river must depend on at least two roughness length scales (exposed rock and sediment cover) and possibly a third (sidewalls). A conceptually attractive way to model the depth–discharge relation in such situations is to partition the total shear stress and friction factor, but it is not obvious how to quantify the friction factor for rough walls in a way that can be used in incision process models. We show that a single flow resistance calculation using a spatially averaged roughness length scale closely approximates the partitioning of stress between sediment and rock, and between bed and walls, in idealized scenarios. Both approaches give closer fits to the measured depth–discharge relations in two small bedrock reaches than can be achieved using a fixed value of Manning's n or the Chézy friction factor. Sidewalls that are substantially rougher or smoother than the bed have a significant effect on the partitioning of shear stress between bed and sidewalls. More research is needed on how best to estimate roughness length scales from observable or measurable channel characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
安德逊理论表明地震的共轭破裂现象可以用库仑准则解释,断层面夹角与地下岩石内摩擦系数之间存在简单的定量关系。基于本文提出的通过共轭地震计算介质内摩擦系数的方法,对国内外19个具有X形或不完整的X形（L形）共轭破裂特征的地震进行系统性分析,与震源机制、区域应力轴方向等资料进行对比,确定共轭断层面,进而确定共轭面夹角并计算岩石的内摩擦系数。研究结果进一步证实了天然地震的共轭破裂与实验室岩石破裂具有较好的一致性,给出了库仑准则与安德逊理论在大尺度下也成立的证据,表明通过共轭角确定地下介质的内摩擦系数是对地下介质特性认知的有益补充。 相似文献
11.
Seong-Seung Kang Jun-Mo Kim Katsuhiko Kaneko Katsuhiko Sugawara Yuzo Obara 《Island Arc》2003,12(3):247-255
Abstract Stress measurement is performed to estimate the states of in situ rock stress at the Torigata open‐pit limestone mine in Japan using the compact conical‐ended borehole overcoring (CCBO) technique. A set of back and forward analyses are then carried out to evaluate the states of regional and local in situ rock stresses and the mine‐induced rock slope stability using a 3‐D finite element model. The maximum horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique acts in the northeast–southwest direction. The horizontal regional tectonic stresses obtained by the back analysis are in good agreement with those of the horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique. However, the horizontal regional tectonic stress is more compressive than the horizontal local in situ rock stress. This is because the horizontal regional stress due to gravity is not considered in the back‐analyzed horizontal regional tectonic stress, but it is included in the local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique. The local stress obtained by the forward analysis, especially its horizontal components, is in good agreement with the horizontal local in situ rock stress measured by the CCBO technique, and the magnitude of the vertical normal stress increases more rapidly than those of the horizontal normal stresses with depth. As a result, the ratio of the horizontal normal stress to the vertical normal stress is largest at the nearest excavation level and decreases with depth. This means that the stress field within the mine‐induced rock slope is affected by the horizontal components of the local in situ rock stress. 相似文献
12.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSTABILITY POSITION OF PLANAR STRIKE-SLIP FAULT DURING PROCESS OF STICK-SLIP 
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下载免费PDF全文 Stick-slip of fault in laboratory accompanies change of temperature. Temperature change is not only concerned with sliding friction, but also with the stress state of the sample. In this article, we use infra-red thermal imaging system as wide-range observation means to study the temperature variation of different stages during the deformation of sample. The rock sample for the experiment is made of granodiorite from Fangshan County with a size of 300mm×300mm×50mm. It is cut obliquely at an angle of 45°, forming a planar fault. Two-direction servo-control system was used to apply load on the sample. The load in both directions was forced to 5MPa and maintained constant (5MPa) in the X direction, then the load in the Y direction was applied by a displacement rate of 0.5μm/s, 0.1μm/s and 0.05μm/s successively. The left and below lateral of the sample were fixed, and the right and top lateral of the sample were slidable when loaded. The experiment results show not only the temperature change from increase to decrease caused by conversion of stress accumulation to relaxation before and after the peak stress, but also opposite variation of temperature increase on fault and temperature decrease in rock during instability stage. Most important of all, we have found the temperature precursor identifying the position of instability through the temperature variation with time along the fault. It shows that rate of temperature increase of instability position keeps relative high value since the stage of strongly off-linear stage, and accelerates in stage of meta-instability. After separating the effect of friction and stress, we found that temperature increase occurs in the rock near the fault instead of on the fault, which means the mechanism of temperature increase is stress accumulation. Temperature of fault at the instability position does not increase, which means the position is locked. We speculate that the position of locked area on fault with high stress accumulation near the fault may be the future instability position. It is of significance of studying temperature variation during stick-slip to the monitoring of earthquake precursors. Heat caused by friction of earthquake needs long time to transfer to the surface and could not be detected as a precursor. While the stress of surface rock near the fault would change as the stress of interior rock changes, which could cause detectable temperature variations. The research purpose of this article is to find special change positions before instability. As the temperature variations are caused by stress and slip of fault, the results are also meaningful to analysis of stress and displacement data related to earthquake precursors. 相似文献
13.
本文以龙门山断裂带为背景,基于岩体应变能基本理论,使用FLAC软件模拟地震能量源和能量释放形式,计算结果显示:在0.01 MPa水平应力增量作用下,龙门山断裂带及附近区域可释放的应变能约为3.24×1013 J;使得断层面之间发生滑移,克服断层面滑动摩擦所需消耗的能量约为2.10×1013 J;岩体在重力方向上产生位移,克服重力做功所消耗的能量约为1.14×1013 J。由此可推断:在一定区域内,应力触发释放能量值与克服断层面滑动摩擦和克服重力做功所消耗的能量之和大致相当;应变能可能会在某一区域范围内集中释放,形成地震效应。本次应力增量触发断层周围岩体能量释放事件中,在映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂之间的局部区域集中释放的能量为7.67×1012 J,相当于一次MS5.39地震发生所释放的能量。 相似文献
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15.
Introduction Analyzing tectonic stress field based on focal mechanism data is an important way to the study tectonic evolvement of lithosphere and associated dynamic process. Such studies growrapidly in China and abroad (Zoback, 1992; Plenefisch, Bonjer, 1997; XU, 1985; CUI, XIE, 1999). At present most of the studies focus on the inversion of focal mechanism data for the direction and relative magnitude of stress tensor, and few on absolute stress. Using focal mechanism and fault scratch,… 相似文献
16.
目前有两种最常用的岩石摩擦本构关系,其主要区别在于是否与静接触时间有关。对这两种本构关系的基本性质进行了对比研究,得出如下结论：（１）在匀速滑动的稳态附近,两种本构关系趋向一致;（２）在正应力恒定条件下,两种本构关系的主要差异在于克服摩擦力所需能量的大小。与静接触时间相关的本构关系在粘滑中需消耗较大的能量来克服摩擦阻力,在粘滑的减速段,这种本构关系可达到的最低速率比另一种本构关系低１０个数量级;（３）在正应力变化条件下,与静接触时间相关的本构关系基本继承了正应力恒定条件下的行为特征,而另一种本构关系在剪应力－速度相平面上却出现了一个长尾巴,使最低滑动速率降到比正应力恒定时的值低１０多个数量级 相似文献
17.
The effect of surface phenomena occurring at the interfaces between immiscible fluids and a solid on the seismic attributes of partially saturated rocks has not yet been fully studied. Meanwhile, over the past two decades considerable progress has been made in the physics of wetting to understand effects such as contact line friction, contact line pinning, contact angle hysteresis, and equilibrium contact angle. In this paper, we developed a new rock physics model considering the aforementioned effects on seismic properties of the rock with a partially saturated plane-strain crack. We demonstrated that for small wave-induced stress perturbations, the contact line of the interface meniscus will remain pinned, while the meniscus will bulge and change its shape through the change of the contact angles. When the stress perturbation is larger than a critical value, the contact line will move with advancing or receding contact angle depending on the direction of contact line motion. A critical stress perturbation predicted by our model can be in the range of ∼102−104 Pa, that is typical for linear seismic waves. Our model predicts strong seismic attenuation in the case when the contact line is moving. When the contact line is pinned, the attenuation is negligibly small. Seismic attenuation is associated with the hysteresis of loading and unloading bulk moduli, predicted by our model. The hysteresis is large when the contact line is moving and negligibly small when the contact line is pinned. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the bulk modulus of the rock with a partially saturated crack depends also on the surface tension and on the contact angle hysteresis. These parameters are typically neglected during calculation of the effecting fluid moduli by applying different averaging techniques. We demonstrate that contact line friction may be a dominant seismic attenuation mechanism in the low frequency limit (<∼10 Hz) when capillary forces dominate over viscous forces during wave-induced two-phase fluid flow. 相似文献
18.
The Zuccale fault is a regional, low-angle, normal fault, exposed on the Isle of Elba in central Italy that accommodated a total shear displacement of 6–8 km. The fault zone structure and fault rocks formed at <8 km crustal depth. The present-day fault structure is the final product of several deformation processes superposed during the fault history. In this study, we report results from a series of rotary shear experiments performed on 1-mm thick powdered gouges made from several fault rock types obtained from the Zuccale fault. The tests were done under conditions ranging from room temperature to in situ conditions (i.e., at temperatures up to 300 °C, applied normal stresses up to 150 MPa, and fluid-saturated.) The ratio of fluid pressure to normal stress was held constant at either λ = 0.4 or λ = 0.8 to simulate an overpressurized fault. The samples were sheared at a constant sliding velocity of 10 μm/s for at least 5 mm, after which a velocity-stepping sequence from 1 to 300 μm/s was started to determine the velocity dependence of friction. This can be represented by the rate-and-state parameter (a–b), which was determined by an inversion of the data to the rate-and-state equations. Friction of the various fault rocks varies between 0.3 and 0.8, similar to values obtained in previous studies, and decreases with increasing phyllosilicate content. Friction decreases mildly with temperature, whereas normal stress and fluid pressure do not affect friction values systematically. All samples exhibited velocity strengthening, conditionally stable behavior under room temperature conditions and (a–b) increased with increasing sliding velocity. In contrast, velocity weakening, accompanied by stick–slips, was observed for the strongest samples at 300 °C and sliding velocities below 10 μm/s. An increase in fluid pressure under these conditions led to a further reduction in (a–b) for all samples, so that they exhibited unstable, stick–slip behavior at low sliding velocity. The results suggest that phyllosilicate-bearing fault rocks can deform by stable, aseismic creep at low, resolved shear stress and low shear rate conditions. An increase in fluid pressure or loading of stronger portions could lead to a runaway instability. The runaway instability might be limited in size because of (1) the fault heterogeneity, (2) the observed strengthening at higher sliding velocities, and (3) a co-seismic drop in pore-fluid pressure. 相似文献
19.
Effects of rock fragment size and cover on overland flow hydraulics,local turbulence and sediment yield on an erodible soil surface 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The interactions between overland flow hydraulics and sediment yield were studied in flume experiments on erodible soil surfaces covered by rock fragments. The high erodibility of a non-cohesive fine sediment (D50 + 0·09mm) permitted the effects of local turbulence and scour on sediment yield to be examined. Overland flow hydraulics and sediment yield were compared for experiments with pebble (D50 + 1·5cm) and cobble (D50 + 8·6cm) rock fragment covers. Cover percentages range from 0 to 99 per cent. Rock fragment size strongly affects the relations between flow hydraulics and rock fragment cover. For pebbles spatially-averaged hydraulic parameters (flow velocity, flow depth, effective flow width, unit discharge, total shear stress, Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, percentage grain friction and grain shear stress) vary most rapidly within cover percentages at low covers (power functions). In contrast, for cobbles these parameters vary most rapidly within cover percentages at high covers (exponential functions). As the type of the function that describes the relation between flow hydraulics and cover percentage can be deduced from the ratio of rock fragment height to flow depth, the continuity equation can be employed to determine the actual coefficients of the functions, provided the regression of one hydraulic parameter (e.g. flow velocity) with cover percentage is known and a good estimate exists for two values of another hydraulic variable for a low and a high cover percentage. The variation of sediment yield with cover percentage is also strongly dependent on rock fragment size, but neither the convex-upward relation for pebbles, nor the positive relation for cobbles can be solely attributed to the spatially averaged hydraulics of sheet-flow. Rock fragments induce local turbulence that leads to scour hole development on the stoss side of the rock fragments while deposition commonly occurs in the wake. This local scour and deposition substantially affects sediment yield. However, scour dimensions cannot be predicted by spatially averaged flow hydraulics. An adjustment of existing scour formulas that predict scour around bridge piers is suggested. Sediment yield from non-cohesive soils might then be estimated by a combination of sediment transport and scour formulas. 相似文献
20.
运用三维非线性动态有限元方法(Non-linear Dynamic FEM)仿真模拟研究了菱形模型的动态应力作用,分析了1976年唐山7.8级地震.结果表明:(1)唐山地震前增强的中强地震产生的冲击力形成的应力波反射后发生半波损失, 成为动态的拉伸应力,通过减小内摩擦而引起岩石产生裂纹、局部破裂并发生串通,一方面触发地震,另一方面为孕育唐山地震积累能量,表现为正反馈过程.(2)唐山地震产生的冲击力加卸载存在时间差,造成加卸载冲击波相位不同,结果产生的动应力和围压叠加致使围压波动和下降,导致抗剪切强度降低,使初始破裂分别向北东、西南方向传播.(3)冲击力的卸载,相对于产生拉伸性的应力波,反射后发生半波损失,成为动态的压缩应力,致使围压增大并导致破裂停止;而动态应力在传播过程中衰减.因此,余震的发生是一个负反馈过程. 相似文献