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1.
Bin Shi Chao-Sheng Tang Lei Gao Chun Liu Bao-Jun Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,67(1):215-229
The heat island effect in urban meteorology has received significant attention in the recent years. In order to investigate the heat island effect on urban soil, two observation stations were built, respectively, in an urban area and a rural area of Nanjing city, China. The temperatures of underground soil (0?C300?cm depth) were recorded continuously for 1?year from June 2009 to June 2010. The data show that the urban soil temperature is generally higher than the rural soil temperature, and reveal an obvious heat island effect in urban soil with average intensity of 2.02°C over the 1-year period. The intensity varies between days, months and seasons: the daily urban heat island intensity (UHII) of soil ranges from 0.37°C to 3.98°C; the monthly UHII of soil ranges from 1.34°C (November) to 3.05°C (July); the order of seasonal UHII is summer (2.45°C)?>?winter (2.03°C)?>?spring (1.63°C)?>?autumn (1.53°C). The temperature data indicate that the maximum influence depth of daily synoptic events on the subsurface temperature is approximately 60?cm; the UHII generally increases with increasing depth. In addition to soil temperature, the temporal?Cspatial variation of soil moisture in a 100?cm profile depth was also investigated in this study. It is found that the moisture content of urban soil is generally lower than that of rural soil, which reveals an obvious dry island effect with average intensity of ?7.2% over the 1-year period; the maximum single-day urban dry island intensity (UDII) in soil is ?28.0%; the maximum average monthly UDII is ?19.1%, observed in July; the seasonal UDII shows a tendency of summer (?13.8%)?>?spring (?6.3%)?>?autumn (?5.2%)?>?winter (?3.7%). In profile, soil moisture content generally increases with increasing depth, and the maximum UDII is ?25.8% at 40?cm depth. In addition, the large-scale measurement results of 600 general points also confirm that the heat island and dry island effects are exist in urban soil. 相似文献
2.
广东省近50年极端降水事件的时空特征及成因分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用广东省境内25个测站1961~2010年逐日降水资料,综合运用Mann-Kendall检验、正交分解函数和Morlet小波分析等方法,剖析了广东省极端降水的空间结构分布与时间变化特征,并从水汽辐合的角度解释了极端降水的时空特征。结果表明:全省极端降水事件的总量、频次、强度空间分布差异较大,从北到南,极端降水总量和强度增加,频次减少;全省大部分区域极端降水总量和频次都有增加的趋势;广东省极端降水受大尺度天气系统的影响,存在全区一致的多雨或少雨,但也存在东西、四周、中心以及南北的差异;极端降水空间异常可分为4个气候区(异常型),即粤东北区,粤西区,粤中部区以及粤东沿海区,各降水异常区存在20a左右的长周期、10a左右较长周期的和3~4a的短周期振荡;广东省极端降水与极端水汽辐合对应关系较好,区域内水汽辐合的改变可能是影响广东省极端降水变化的重要气候因子。 相似文献
3.
春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1961—2017年北疆47站夏季逐日降水资料、NOAA海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用90%分位确定北疆夏季单站降水阈值,得出极端降水量,讨论了春季热带海温与北疆夏季极端降水的关系。结果表明：北疆夏季极端降水和春季热带印度洋（20° S~15° N,50°~110° E）及赤道东太平洋（15° S~15° N,90°~180° W）海温呈正相关,两个关键区春季热带海温异常偏暖时,北疆夏季极端降水偏多,仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。当春季热带印度洋和赤道东太平洋关键区海温同时异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流轴明显偏南,500 hPa西西伯利亚和中亚地区低值系统活跃,南方路径输送的水汽增加,有利于北疆夏季极端降水的发生;仅春季热带印度洋关键区海温异常偏暖时,200 hPa西风急流强度增强,500 hPa西西伯利亚地区低值系统活跃,配合偏东路径的水汽输送,北疆西北地区夏季极端降水偏多。 相似文献
4.
Investigation of the palaeoclimatic conditions associated with Upper Jurassic strata in Portugal and comparison with published palaeoclimate reconstructions of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in western North America provide important insights into the conditions that allowed two of the richest terrestrial faunas of this period to flourish. Geochemical analyses and observations of palaeosol morphology in the informally named Upper Jurassic Lourinhã formation of western Portugal indicate warm and wet palaeoclimatic conditions with strongly seasonal precipitation patterns. Palaeosol profiles are dominated by carbonate accumulations and abundant shrink‐swell (vertic) features that are both indicative of seasonal variation in moisture availability. The δ18OSMOW and δDSMOW values of phyllosilicates sampled from palaeosol profiles range from +22·4‰ to +22·7‰ and ?53·0‰ to ?37·3‰, respectively. These isotope values correspond to temperatures of formation between 32°C and 39°C ± 3°, with an average of 36°C, which suggest surface temperatures between 27°C and 34°C (average 31°C). On average, these surface temperature estimates are 1°C higher than the highest summer temperatures modelled for Late Jurassic Iberia using general circulation models. Elemental analysis of matrix material from palaeosol B‐horizons provides proxy (chemical index of alteration minus potassium) estimates of mean annual precipitation ranging from 766 to 1394 mm/year, with an average of approximately 1100 mm/year. Palaeoclimatic conditions during deposition of the Lourinhã formation are broadly similar to those inferred for the Morrison Formation, except somewhat wetter. Seasonal variation in moisture availability does not seem to have negatively impacted the ability of these environments to support rich and relatively abundant faunas. The similar climate between these two Late Jurassic terrestrial ecosystems is probably one of the factors which explains the similarity of their vertebrate faunas. 相似文献
5.
Sensitivity of tropical cyclone intensification to boundary layer and convective processes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
This study examines the role of the parameterization of convection, planetary boundary layer (PBL) and explicit moisture processes
on tropical cyclone intensification. A high-resolution mesoscale model, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) model MM5,
with two interactive nested domains at resolutions 90 km and 30 km was used to simulate the Orissa Super cyclone, the most
intense Indian cyclone of the past century. The initial fields and time-varying boundary variables and sea surface temperatures
were taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (FNL) one-degree data set. Three categories of sensitivity
experiments were conducted to examine the various schemes of PBL, convection and explicit moisture processes. The results
show that the PBL processes play crucial roles in determining the intensity of the cyclone and that the scheme of Mellor-Yamada
(MY) produces the strongest cyclone. The combination of the parameterization schemes of MY for planetary boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch2
for convection and Mixed-Phase for explicit moisture produced the best simulation in terms of intensity and track. The simulated
cyclone produced a minimum sea level pressure of 930 hPa and a maximum wind of 65 m s−1 as well as all of the characteristics of a mature tropical cyclone with an eye and eye-wall along with a warm core structure.
The model-simulated precipitation intensity and distribution were in good agreement with the observations. The ensemble mean
of all 12 experiments produced reasonable intensity and the best track. 相似文献
6.
依据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水,ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式模拟的长江流域79个格点20世纪实验期(1941-2000年)以及未来3种排放情景(SRES-B1,A1B,A2)下21世纪前50年逐日降水数据,建立年最大强降水和汛期<1.27 mm/d的最长干旱持续天数序列。运用广义极值分布,广义帕雷托分布,广义逻辑分布与韦克比分布等4种分布函数定量拟合了长江流域降水极值的概率分布。研究表明:韦克比分布函数能够较好地拟合长江流域降水极值的概率分布。在3种排放情景下,未来降水极值的重现期呈现不同的空间分布特征。长江流域,尤其是中下游大部地区,1951-2000年间的50年一遇强降水和干旱事件,在2001-2050年间发展成为25年一遇降水极值事件。未来气候变暖条件下,降水极值重现期出现的这种变化趋势,将会对水资源趋势产生重大的影响。 相似文献
7.
Daily data of minimum and maximum temperature from 76 meteorological stations for 1960–2010 are used to detect the annual and seasonal variations of temperature extremes in the arid region, China. The Mann–Kendall test and Sen estimator are used to assess the significance of the trend and amount of change, respectively. Fifteen temperature indices are examined. The temperature extremes show patterns consistent with warming, with a large proportion of stations showing statistically significant trends. Warming trends in indices derived from daily minimum temperature are of greater magnitudes than those from maximum temperature, and stations along the Tianshan Mountains have larger trend magnitudes. The decreases in frequency for cold extremes mainly occur in summer and autumn, while warm extremes show significant increases in frequency in autumn and winter. For the arid region as a whole, the occurrence of cold nights and cold days has decreased by ?1.89 and ?0.89 days/decade, respectively, and warm nights and warm days has increased by 2.85 and 1.37 days/decade, respectively. The number of frost days and ice days exhibit significant decreasing trends at the rates of ?3.84 and ?2.07 days/decade. The threshold indices also show statistically significant increasing trends, with the extreme lowest temperatures faster than highest temperatures. The diurnal temperature range has decreased by 0.23 °C/decade, which is in accordance with the more rapid increases in minimum temperature than in maximum temperature. The results of this study will be useful for local human mitigation to alterations in water resources and ecological environment in the arid region of China due to the changes of temperature extremes. 相似文献
8.
Postglacial precipitation δ18O history has been reconstructed for two regions of Canada. Long-term shifts in the oxygen-isotope composition of annual precipitation (δ18Op) in southern Ontario appear to have occurred with a consistent isotope–temperature relation throughout the past 11,50014C yr. The modern isotope–temperature relation in central Canada near present boreal treeline evidently became established between 5000 and 4000 years ago, although the relation during the last glacial maximum and deglaciation may also have been similar to present. In the early Holocene, however, unusually high δ18Opapparently persisted, in spite of low temperature locally, probably associated with high zonal index. A rudimentary sensitivity analysis suggests that a small reduction in distillation of moisture in Pacific air masses traversing the western Cordillera, perhaps accompanied by a higher summer:winter precipitation ratio, could have been responsible for the observed effect. Equivalent isotope–temperature “anomalies” apparently occurred elsewhere in western North America in response to changing early-Holocene atmospheric circulation patterns, suggesting that a time-slice map of δ18Opfor North America during this period might provide a useful target for testing and validation of atmospheric general circulation model simulations using isotopic water tracers. 相似文献
9.
Acknowledgement of Reviewers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Variations in frequency and intensity of extreme events have substantial impact on water resources and environment, which in turn are reflected on agriculture, society, and economy. We assessed spatiotemporal changes in pattern of daily precipitation to identify drought- and flood-prone areas of Iran. To do this, we generated gridded daily precipitation for the period of 1962–2013 over Iran using measured daily precipitation and the Kriging approach. We applied 11 precipitation indices that were stated by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) to identify significant changes in frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events. According to significant changes of these 11 precipitation indices, drought- and flood-prone areas of Iran were, then, detected. We observed significant changes in pattern of daily precipitation over more than half of the country. 40% of the country, which were located in the elevated regions of Iran, particularly along Zagros Mountain, was identified as flood-prone areas. As a result, in these regions, there is a need for flood risk management based on changes in stormwater events such as runoff generated from rain on snow and snowmelt events. In addition, we detected drought-prone areas in large portion of the northwest of Iran and in the low elevated regions of the country that have semiarid or arid climate. This suggests that it is necessary to prepare a long-term drought plan to mitigate impacts of severe drought events. 相似文献
10.
Christine Vallet-Coulomb Françoise Gasse Corinne Sonzogni 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(19):4661-4674
We present an analysis of the rainfall-evaporation-atmospheric moisture cycle in a semi-arid tropical zone (southwestern Madagascar) to quantify the recycling and mixing processes that occur above an endorheic lake system (Lake Ihotry) during an annual cycle. The study combines an isotope mass balance with a detailed field investigation of the lake system and a previously established daily time-step lake water balance model. The mass balance and Craig-Gordon equations are used to calculate the isotopic composition of the evaporative flux from the lake surface (δE) and to derive a daily time series of the ambient atmospheric water vapour composition above the lake (δAL) during a 8-month dry season. Calculated δAL results from a mixing between regional moisture (δAR) and locally evaporated water (δE), the latter representing 50% of δAL at the end of the dry season. The contribution of recycled moisture to on-lake precipitation during the wet season is estimated to ?16%. We show that, as expected, the deuterium excess is high in recycled precipitation and low in evaporated precipitation, but also that the recycled moisture in an endorheic system may have a low deuterium excess resulting from the low deuterium excess in regional precipitation. In case of a long evaporative season, the atmospheric moisture is not in isotopic equilibrium with the annual composition of precipitation because of the contribution of the recycled vapour to the local atmospheric pool. Our approach demonstrates the importance of water recycling on the atmospheric moisture cycle and precipitation in a tropical semi-arid system, and can be applied to other natural systems, enlarging the potential range of investigation of the atmospheric vapour cycle and rainfall sources in tropical lands. It may also represent a valuable complement to direct water vapour sampling, in yielding the long-term evolution of the atmospheric vapour composition with spatially averaged values and smoothed temporal variations. 相似文献
11.
A 30 ka paleo-climate record of the Boise area, Idaho, USA has been delineated using groundwater stable isotopic compositions. Groundwater ages are modern (cold batholith), 5-15 ka (thermal batholith) , 10-20 ka (frontal fault) , and 20-30 ka (Snake River plain thermal). The stable isotopic composition of groundwaters have been used as a surrogate for the stable isotopic composition of precipitation. Using δ2H and δ18O compositions, local groundwater lines (LGWL's) were defined for each system. Each LGWL has been evaluated with defined slopes of 6.94 and 8, respectively, and resulting deuterium excess values (d) were found for each groundwater system for each slope. Time dependent changes in moisture source humidity and temperature, and Boise area recharge temperatures, calculated from stable isotopic data and the deuterium excess factors, agree with previous paleo-climate studies. Results indicate that from the last glacial maximum to the present time the humidity over the ocean moisture source increased by 9%, sea surface temperature at the moisture source increased 6-7°C, and local Boise temperature increased by 4-5°C. A greater increase of temperature at the moisture source as compared to the Boise area may impart be due to a shift in the moisture source area. 相似文献
12.
Oxygen isotopes from Chinese caves: records not of monsoon rainfall but of circulation regime 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Oxygen isotope variations in Chinese stalagmites have been widely interpreted as a record of the amount of East Asian summer monsoonal rainfall. This interpretation infers decreasing monsoonal rainfall from the mid‐Holocene and large, dipolar rainfall oscillations within glaciations. However, the speleothem δ18O variations conflict with independent palaeoclimate proxies (cave δ13C, loess/palaeosol magnetic properties, δ13C alkanes), which indicate no systematic decline in rainfall from the mid‐Holocene, and no glacial rainfall maxima. Using mass balance calculations (which incorporate seasonality effects in both δ18O concentration and amount of precipitation), we demonstrate that the cave δ18O variations cannot be accounted for by summer rainfall changes, or rainfall seasonality or winter cooling, but instead reflect changes in moisture source. A possible driver of the δ18O variations in Chinese stalagmites is precessional forcing of inter‐hemispheric temperature gradients, and resultant shifts in the position and intensity of the subtropical pressure cells. Through such forcing, Indian monsoon‐sourced δ18O may have dominated at times of high boreal summer insolation, and local Pacific‐sourced moisture at low insolation. Suppression of summer monsoonal rainfall during glacial stages may reflect diminished sea and land surface temperatures and the radiative impacts of increased regional dust fluxes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
文章依据冰芯、树木年轮等自然记录和历史文献记录,分析了中国北方不同地区近2000年的沙尘事件及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明,在干旱区西部,历史时期的沙尘变化主要受温度变化的制约,无论在10年尺度,还是百年尺度上,沙尘事件与温度变化均表现为显著的反相关,即气候寒冷期与沙尘频发事件相对应,气候温暖期与沙尘发生变弱期一致;在半干旱区,在10年尺度上温度和降水序列与沙尘发生频率均显著负相关,但在百年尺度上沙尘与降水变化的关系更为密切;在干旱区东部,沙尘与气候变化的关系具有明显的过渡性特征,气候变化对沙尘事件的作用主要在百年尺度上体现出来,沙尘与温度记录的负相关比降水更好,在10年尺度上气候与沙尘序列尽管也是负相关,但不显著。通过对现代气象记录的气温、降水变化和沙尘事件频数分析,其结果与历史时期情况基本一致。 相似文献
14.
Julian Brimelow Ronald Stewart John Hanesiak Bohdan Kochtubajda Kit Szeto Barrie Bonsal 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):761-785
From 2009 to 2011, the Canadian Prairies were subjected to exceptionally variable precipitation regimes, ranging between record drought and unprecedented flooding. Adjacent regions concurrently experienced droughts and floods, and individual areas transitioned rapidly from pluvial to drought conditions and vice versa. Such events had major impacts; for example, damages from floods in the Assiniboine River Basin (ARB) have exceeded $1 billion, and forest fires ravaged the town of Slave Lake, Alberta. This study first characterizes, and then assesses, these devastating natural hazards in terms of their physical processes (across multiple spatial and temporal scales) related to both the spatially contrasting precipitation states and rapid temporal transitions between these states. Subtle differences in large-scale atmospheric flow had marked impacts on precipitation. Primary factors controlling the distribution and amount of precipitation included the location and persistence of key surface and upper-air features, as well as their interaction. Additionally, multiple events—rather than individual extremes—were responsible for the flooding over the Saskatchewan River Basin and the ARB. Very heavy rainfall events (≥25 mm d?1) accounted for up to 55 % of warm season rain at some locations, and the frequency of heavy rainfall events was critical for determining whether a region experienced drought or pluvial conditions. This study has increased our knowledge of the characteristics, impacts and mechanisms of rapidly transitioning disparate precipitation states on the Canadian Prairies and will aid in better understanding both past and projected future hydro-climatic extremes in the region. 相似文献
15.
Sulphur isotope data from coexisting sulphides and sulphates from the Taolin Pb-Zn ore deposit have been used to estimate the temperatures of sulphur mineral precipitation. The data indicate that sulphide was the dominant sulphur species in solution at high temperatures and that sulphate was dominant at low temperatures. Also the data show that the δ34S value of total sulphur in solution was close to zero at high temperatures (~325°C) but had high positive values (+15%.) at low temperatures (~250°C). We interpret this phenomenon in terms of the effects of mineral precipitation on the isotopic composition of the solution. The increase in the δ34S value of total sulphur with decreasing temperature was brought about by the removal from the system, by precipitation, of isotopically light sulphides. 相似文献
16.
Matthew S. Lachniet Leah Johnson Yemane Asmerom Stephen J. Burns Victor Polyak William P. Patterson Lindsay Burt April Azouz 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(27-28):3348-3360
We present a high-resolution terrestrial archive of Central American rainfall over the period 100–24 and 8.1–6.5 ka, based on δ18O time series from U-series dated stalagmites collected from a cave on the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica. Our results indicate substantial δ18O variability on millennial to orbital time scales that is interpreted to reflect rainfall variations over the cave site. Correlations with other paleoclimate proxy records suggest that the rainfall variations are forced by sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in a fashion analogous to the modern climate cycle. Higher rainfall is associated with periods of a warm tropical North Atlantic Ocean and large SST gradients between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Rainfall variability is likely linked to the intensity and/or latitudinal position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Periods of higher rainfall in Costa Rica are also associated with an enhanced sea surface salinity gradient on either side of the isthmus, suggesting greater freshwater export from the Atlantic Basin when the ITCZ is stronger and/or in a more northerly position. Further, wet periods in Central America coincide with high deuterium excess values in Greenland ice, suggesting a direct link between low latitude SSTs, tropical rainfall, and moisture delivery to Greenland. Our results indicate that a stronger tropical hydrological cycle during warm periods and large inter-ocean SST gradients enhanced the delivery of low latitude moisture to Greenland. 相似文献
17.
Colin K. Ballantyne 《第四纪科学杂志》2007,22(4):343-359
Geomorphological mapping of northern Arran provides evidence for two advances of locally nourished glaciers, the younger being attributable to the Loch Lomond Stade (LLS) of ca. 12.9–11.5 k yr BP, primarily through the mutually exclusive relationship between glacial limits and Lateglacial periglacial features. The age of the earlier advance is unknown. Inferred LLS glacier cover comprised two small icefields and eight small corrie or valley glaciers and totalled 11.1 km2. ELAs reconstructed using area–altitude balance ratio methods range from 268 m to 631 m for individual glaciers, with an area‐weighted mean ELA of 371 m. ELAs of individual glaciers are strongly related to snow‐contributing areas. The area‐weighted mean ELA is consistent with a north–south decline in LLS ELAs along the west coast of Great Britain. This decline has an average latitudinal gradient of 70 m 100 km?1, equivalent to a mean southwards ablation‐season temperature increase of ca. 0.42°C 100 km?1. Mean June–August temperatures at the regional climatic ELA, estimated from chironomid assemblages in SE Scotland, lay between 5.7 ± 0.1°C and 4.1 ± 0.2°C. Empirical relationships between temperature and precipitation at modern glacier ELAs indicate equivalent mean annual precipitation at the ELA lay between 2002 ± 490 mm and 2615 ± 449 mm. These figures suggest that stadial precipitation on Arran fell within a range between +8% and ?33% of present mean annual precipitation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
Manika Gupta Prashant K. Srivastava Tanvir Islam Asnor Muizan Bin Ishak 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(10):4421-4431
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint space mission between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. In this study, the daily rainfall from TRMM has been utilized to simulate the soil moisture content up to 30 cm vertical soil profile of at an interval depth of 15 cm by using the HYDRUS 1D numerical model for the three plots. The simulated soil moisture content using ground-based rainfall and TRMM-derived rainfall measurements indicate an agreeable goodness of fit between the both. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency using ground-based and TRMM-derived rainfall was found in the range of 0.90–0.68 and 0.70–0.40, respectively. The input data sensitivity analysis of precipitation combined with different irrigation treatment indicates a high dependency of soil moisture content with rainfall input. The overall analysis reveals that TRMM rainfall is promising for soil moisture prediction in absence of ground-based measurements of soil moisture. 相似文献
19.
Geoffrey O. Seltzer 《第四纪科学杂志》1992,7(2):87-98
Glacial geological studies in tropical mountain areas of the Southern Hemisphere can be used to address two issues of late Pleistocene climate change: the global synchroneity of deglaciation and the magnitude of temperature reduction in the tropics. Radiocarbon dates from the Cordillera Real and from other areas in Perú and Bolivia suggest that late Pleistocene glaciation culminated between 14 000 and 12 000 yr BP, followed by rapid deglaciation. Because deglaciation was apparently synchronous with that in Northern Hemisphere regions, insolation change at high latitudes may not have been the only factor that produced global deglaciation at this time. Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Cordillera Real culminated when precipitation was 200 mm yr?1 higher and temperatures were 3.5° ±1.6°C lower than today; this produced an equilibrium-line altitude depression of about 300 ± 100 m on the western side of the cordillera. Prior to this, conditions were drier and probably at least as cold. However, the lack of moraines in the Cordillera Real dated to the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 18000 yr BP) precludes using the equilibrium-line altitude method to quantitatively evaluate the discrepancy between warm sea-surface temperatures and cold terrestrial conditions reconstructed with other proxies for this time period. 相似文献
20.
采用1981～2015年上海地区11个气象台站逐时降水资料,对上海汛期(6～9月)降水的日变化特征进行了分析,主要结论如下:(1)上海地区汛期日降水频率呈现出明显的双峰型特征,其中17～19时降水频率最高;降水强度呈现出单峰型日变化特征,在15～16时降水的强度最大。(2)上海8月局部降水事件发生最为频繁,绝大多数时次降水强度均较其他月份偏强;6月全区性降水事件所占比例较其他月份明显偏多,各时次降水频率均较其他月份明显偏高。(3)近30年来上午至中午上海全区性和区域性暴雨事件有增多趋势,导致大多数站点的降水频率在该时段呈现出明显增加趋势,但强度变化不显著;在下午到傍晚局部降水事件增多,导致大多数站点降水强度增强。 相似文献